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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

An integrated detection and identification methodology applied to ground-penetrating radar data for humanitarian demining applications

Lopera-Tellez, Olga 17 March 2008 (has links)
Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a promising technique for humanitarian demining applications as it permits providing useful information about the subsurface based on wave reflections produced by electromagnetic (EM) contrasts. Yet, landmine detection using GPR can suffer from: (1) clutter, i.e, undesirable effects from antenna coupling, system ringing and soil surface and subsurface reflections; (2) false alarms, e.g., reflections from buried mine-like objects such as stones or metallic debris; (3) effects of soil properties on the GPR performance, such as attenuation. This thesis addresses these topics in an integrated approach aiming at reducing clutter, identifying landmines from false alarms and analysing GPR performance. For subtracting undesirable reflections, a new physically-based filtering algorithm is developed, which takes into account major antenna effects and soil surface reflection. It is applied in conjunction with a change detection algorithm for enhancing landmine detection. Landmine identification is performed using discriminant characteristics extracted from the pre-filtered data by a novel feature extraction approach in the time-frequency domain. For analysing the effects of soil properties, in particular soil dielectric permittivity, an EM model is coupled to pedotransfer functions for estimating the GPR performance on a given soil. The developed algorithms are validated using data acquired by two different hand-held GPR systems. Promising results are obtained under laboratory and outdoor conditions, where different types of soil (including real mine-affected soils) and landmines (including improvised explosive devices) are considered.
2

An integrated detection and identification methodology applied to ground-penetrating radar data for humanitarian demining applications

Lopera-Tellez, Olga 17 March 2008 (has links)
Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a promising technique for humanitarian demining applications as it permits providing useful information about the subsurface based on wave reflections produced by electromagnetic (EM) contrasts. Yet, landmine detection using GPR can suffer from: (1) clutter, i.e, undesirable effects from antenna coupling, system ringing and soil surface and subsurface reflections; (2) false alarms, e.g., reflections from buried mine-like objects such as stones or metallic debris; (3) effects of soil properties on the GPR performance, such as attenuation. This thesis addresses these topics in an integrated approach aiming at reducing clutter, identifying landmines from false alarms and analysing GPR performance. For subtracting undesirable reflections, a new physically-based filtering algorithm is developed, which takes into account major antenna effects and soil surface reflection. It is applied in conjunction with a change detection algorithm for enhancing landmine detection. Landmine identification is performed using discriminant characteristics extracted from the pre-filtered data by a novel feature extraction approach in the time-frequency domain. For analysing the effects of soil properties, in particular soil dielectric permittivity, an EM model is coupled to pedotransfer functions for estimating the GPR performance on a given soil. The developed algorithms are validated using data acquired by two different hand-held GPR systems. Promising results are obtained under laboratory and outdoor conditions, where different types of soil (including real mine-affected soils) and landmines (including improvised explosive devices) are considered.
3

Near-field Microwave Microscopy for Surface and Subsurface Characterization of Materials

Cordoba Erazo, Maria Fernanda 16 November 2015 (has links)
This dissertation presents an investigation on the capabilities of Near-Field Microwave Microscopy (NFMM) for the characterization of surface and subsurface materials. Subsurface characterization refers to the detection, differentiation and imaging of dielectric, and metallic features that are coated with an insulating layer. The design, simulation and modeling, and testing of a dielectric resonator (DR)-based NFMM and a coaxial transmission line resonator-based NFMM are discussed in detail in this work. Additionally, materials differentiation and imaging capabilities of each microscope are examined using several bulk samples, liquids, GaAs MMIC circuits, and gold/glass testing patterns. The 5.7 GHz DR-based NFMM uses a microwave probe that consists of a commercial gold-coated probe tip coupled to a DR through a non-resonant microstrip line. The probe is enclosed in an aluminum cavity to preserve the quality factor of the probe (Q=986) and therefore to enhance its sensitivity. The development of a lumped-element model of this DR-based probe is discussed in this work. Characteristics of this design are its high Q and the ability to resolve differences in permittivity (E’r) of insulting bulk samples and liquids as small as ∆E’r =1.75 and ∆E’r =0.04, respectively. The imaging capabilities of this design were verified using a GaAs MMIC phase shifter. It was found that a 10 um wide microstrip line is successfully resolved and that the spatial resolution of the microscope is 50 um when using a tungsten tip with an apex radius of 25 um. Additionally, measurement of the electrical resistance of an additive manufactured resistor was measured using the DR-based NFMM without the need of contacts. The percent difference between the electrical resistance measured using the DR-based NFMM and a four-point probe is 9.6%. Furthermore, the DR-based NFMM allows simultaneous imaging of topography and RF electrical conductivity of rough thick films without the need of an additional distance sensor; this ability is demonstrated for a rough CB028 thick film. The 5GHz coaxial resonator transmission line-based NFMM employs a half-wavelength coaxial transmission line resonator terminated in a sharp tungsten tip as the microwave probe. A quartz-tuning fork based distance following feedback system is integrated with the microwave probe in order for the NFMM to operate in non-contact mode. The Q of the probe is degraded by 30% (Q=55) due to the presence of the quartz tuning fork. Despite the low Q, this NFMM is able to differentiate several insulating bulk samples (3.8 < E’r < 25) even if they are coated with an insulating layer of thickness similar to the apex radius of the tungsten tip. Finally, the coaxial resonator transmission line-based NFMM is able to image subsurface permittivity distribution of a flexible polymer-composite PDMS-Ba0.55Sr0.45TiO3 49% which is coated with 10 um thick parylene-C layer. Measurements performed at a tip-sample distance of 100 nm reveal that within an area of 50 um x 50 um, the relative permittivity of the polymer-composite is not constant but varies between 6.63 and 11.78.
4

Optimisation des installations de chauffage de billettes par induction électromagnétique dans l’industrie de la forge afin d’améliorer son efficacité énergétique / Optimisation of billet induction heating devices in forging industry to improve its energy efficiency

Paya, Bernard 05 December 2017 (has links)
La première partie de ce mémoire donne un panorama des trente années de recherche passées au sein de la R&D d’EDF dans le domaine du chauffage par induction dans l’industrie. Les différentes actions menées ont porté sur différentes thématiques : les travaux de modélisation numérique, l’expertise en chauffage par induction dans ses secteurs traditionnels, le développement de solutions innovantes dans d’autres secteurs industriels, La conduite de projet internes R&D puis projets externes avec des financements publics français ou européens, le rayonnement international et le soutien aux jeunes.La deuxième partie présente une synthèse des travaux scientifiques les plus marquants qui ont abouti à la réalisation d’un logiciel d’optimisation des installations de chauffage par induction de billettes afin d’en améliorer les performances énergétiques. La modélisation numérique du chauffage est abordée en 1D par le couplage entre un calcul électromagnétique par la méthode des éléments finis et pas à pas dans le temps et un calcul thermique transitoire par la méthode des différences finies implicites. Le domaine de validité du modèle 1D a été étendu par la mise en place de coefficients correctifs sur le champ magnétique. Les travaux concernant l’inducteur permettent de décrire précisément leur comportement électrique (résistance) et thermique (refroidissement) ; une solution de récupération est même proposée. La modélisation simplifiée de l’onduleur à résonance alimentant l’inducteur permet de décrire son comportement global sans devoir entrer dans les détails de fonctionnement de l’électronique de puissance : suivi de la fréquence de résonance du circuit oscillant, adaptation des consignes à l’impédance du circuit et aux limitations du générateur. Les données électromagnétiques des matériaux et leur évolution avec la température sont mesurées à l’aide d’un équipement conçu sur-mesure. Ces différents travaux sont validés par comparaison avec des modèles numériques plus complexes et avec des expérimentations. Des processus d’optimisation énergétique de la chauffeuse ont été élaborés agissant, soit sur les paramètres électriques de la ligne, soit sur la conception d’un nouvel inducteur.Mémoire de doctorat présenté dans le cadre de la « Validation des Acquis par l’Expérience » / The first part of this dissertation gives an overview of thirty years of research work done in the frame of EDF R&D Division in the domain of industrial induction heating. The different works concerned many themes: numerical modelling, expertise in induction heating in conventional sectors, development of innovative solutions in other industrial sectors, project management inside EDF first, then collaborative projects with French or European financial support, international recognition and support for young researchers.The second part shows a summary of the most relevant scientific works which leaded to a software of billet induction heating optimisation in order to improve its energy efficiency. Numerical modelling is approached in a 1D configuration, coupling an electromagnetic model using a finite elements and step by step in time method with a thermal transient model using an implicit finite difference method. The validity domain is extended thanks to the use of an attenuation coefficient applied to the magnetic field. Works regarding inductor allows to describe more accurately the electrical (resistance) and thermal (cooling) behaviour; a solution for energy recovery is also proposed. The simplified model of the resonant inverter supplying the inductor allows to describe globally its behaviour without going deep in the details of the power electronics: following the resonant frequency of the oscillating circuit, adapting the set points to the circuit impedance and the power supply limitations. Electromagnetic physical data of metals and their evolution with temperature are measured with a tailor-made equipment. All these works are validated by comparison with more complex numerical models or with experiments. Energy optimisation procedures for the heating device are developed, acting either on the line electrical parameters or on the design of a new inductor.PhD dissertation presented in the frame of the “Validation of Professional Experience”
5

Modélisation électromagnétique et homogénéisation de composites tissés pour applications en compatibilité électromagnétique. / Electromagnetic modeling and homogenization of woven composite materials for electromagnetic compatibility applications.

Al achkar, Ghida 14 December 2018 (has links)
Les matériaux composites sont largement utilisés dans l'industrie automobile comme pièces de structure. Alliant légèreté et bonnes propriétés mécaniques, ils ont remplacé les métaux classiquement adoptés dans la fabrication de moyens de transport. Toutefois, l'emploi des matériaux composites doit tenir compte de leur comportement électromagnétique. En effet, les composites à fibres conductrices, généralement moins conducteurs que les métaux, engendrent une interaction avec les ondes électromagnétiques, différente de celle introduite par les alliages métalliques. Il s'avère donc important de développer des outils de modélisation permettant de mieux appréhender le comportement électromagnétique de matériaux composites, et d'éclairer les changements qu'apportent ces matériaux sur la distribution des champs, provenant d'une multitude de sources externes, au voisinage des systèmes mécatroniques. Par ailleurs, l'étude du comportement électromagnétique de matériaux composites permet de tirer parti de leurs propriétés mécaniques attractives afin d'alléger les boîtiers de blindage en gardant un niveau d'atténuation conforme aux normes de l'industrie. Cependant, la modélisation numérique de structures composites de grande taille, telles que les boîtiers de blindage, bien que classiquement adoptée pour les structures métalliques, est rendue complexe par le fait que les composites présentent des hétérogénéités à l'échelle microscopique, et que leurs mécanismes de blindage diffèrent de ceux des conducteurs homogènes. Le calcul numérique s'avère envisageable une fois le composite remplacé par un matériau homogène ayant une réponse identique face à une sollicitation électromagnétique. Ainsi, au travers de ce travail de thèse, nous proposons une technique d'homogénéisation permettant d'estimer les propriétés électriques équivalentes que nous appliquons aux composites à fibres conductrices unidirectionnelles et tissées. Les résultats obtenus sont utilisés pour la simulation numérique d'un boîtier de blindage. / Composite materials are widely used in the automotive industry as structural components. By combining lightness and robust mechanical properties, they are increasigly replacing the conventionnally used metallic alloys, for the manufacturing of vehicle parts. However, the use of composite materials is not without consequences on the electromagnetic behavior of these parts. Since carbon fiber reinforced composites are generally worse conductors of electricity than metals, they interact differently with the electromagnetic waves which surround them. It is therefore important to develop modeling tools to better understand the electromagnetic behavior of composite materials. This is to explain the changes that these materials bring to the distribution of waves, generated by a multitude of external sources, in the vicinity of mechatronic systems. On the other hand, the study of the electromagnetic behavior of composite materials makes it possible to determine the possibility of taking advantage of their attractive mechanical properties in order to further reduce the weight of electromagnetic shielding enclosures while maintaining a level of attenuation in accordance with the standards of the industry. However, numerical modeling of large composite structures, such as shielding enclosures, although conventionally adopted for metal structures, is hindered by the fact that composites exhibit heterogeneities at the microscopic scale. The numerical calculation becomes possible once the composite is replaced by a homogeneous material that exhibits an identical response to an identical electromagnetic solicitation. In this work, we present a homogenization technique, based on finite element simulation and an optimisation method, that computes an estimate of the equivalent electrical properties of unidirectional and woven fiber reinforced composites. The results are then used to simulate the shielding effectiveness of an enclosure constructed by combining composite materials and metallic alloys.
6

Utilisation des propriétés électromagnétiques en sécurité des réseaux sans fil / Signal-Based security in wireless networks

Ben Hamida, Sana 27 February 2012 (has links)
La sécurité des systèmes de communication mobiles/sans fil est problématique, car ceux-ci sont généralement construits suivant une topologie répartie ou arborescente. Les noeuds qui composent ces réseaux sont caractérisés par des ressources limitées et connectés généralement entre eux d'une manière ad-hoc sans l'aide d'une tierce personne de confiance. Les méthodes de sécurité matures issues du monde des réseaux filaires s'appuient souvent sur des procédés nécessitant des systèmes centralisés et des ressources importantes qui sont difficiles à mettre en place dans des réseaux à fortes contraintes. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, on propose de nouvelles solutions de sécurité qui exploitent les propriétés du médium électromagnétique et de l'interface de radiocommunication dans le but d'assurer des communications sécurisées. La thèse est structurée en deux parties. La première est dédiée au problème de génération de clés de cryptage en exploitant les propriétés des systèmes de communication à bande de fréquence ultra large (ULB). Trois phases sont nécessaires pour convertir le canal radio en clés secrètes: l'estimation du canal, la quantification et l'accord mutuel entre noeuds. Des expérimentations ont été effectuées pour valider les hypothèses sur lesquelles se fondent les méthodes de génération de clés (c.-à-d. la réciprocité et la décorrélation spatiale du canal). Notre étude a montré que la robustesse de ces techniques de sécurité repose sur le choix des algorithmes de numérisation utilisés pour la conversion de la signature du canal ULB vers un format de clé. Une solution adaptative d'extraction a été proposée, évaluée et testée. La robustesse contre les attaques de prédiction du canal a été également examinée. La deuxième partie traite le problème des intrusions illégitimes aux réseaux sans fil. Dans un premier temps, nous testons expérimentalement une méthode basée sur les variations électromagnétiques afin de détecter l'attaque d'écoute passive "eavesdropping" dans les réseaux de capteurs. Par la suite, nous présentons nos travaux concernant l'attaque relais qui est une variante de l'attaque de l'homme-du-milieu et qui est considérée comme un grand défi en particulier pour les systèmes d'authentification. Une nouvelle approche basée sur la détection de la variation des caractéristiques du bruit a été proposée. Des études théoriques et expérimentales ont été conduites pour vérifier la validité de la proposition dans les systèmes de communication de type RFID. / Security in mobile wireless networks is considered a major impediment since these environments are a collection of low-cost devices. They are generally collected in ad hoc manner without the help of trusted third party. Therefore, conventional security methods are always inappropriate. Recent contributions propose to explore the radio communication interface and to turn the radio propagation problems into advantages by providing new alternatives to enhance security. In this thesis, we investigate the signal-based security concept and study its effectiveness through experiments. The first part of this dissertation discusses the problem of key generation from Ultra Wide Band channel. To derive secret keys from channel measurements three stages are required: channel estimation, quantization and key agreement. A campaign of measurements has been performed to confirm the fundamental channel requirements for key generation (i.e., the reciprocity and the spatial decorrelation). Results show that the robustness of such techniques depends on the channel information used as source of randomness as well as on the underlying algorithms. Analysis on the impact of each stage (i.e. the quantization and the key agreement) on the security has been presented. An adaptive key extraction method is proposed, performances are evaluated and robustness against deterministic channel prediction attacks is presented. The second part of the dissertation considers the problem of intrusion detection. First, we test a method based on electromagnetic radiation to discover the presence of an adversary in the receiver/emitter vicinity. Then, the problem of relay attack detection is investigated in RFID systems. A relay attack is a man-in-the middle attack, where the adversary is able to successfully pass the authentication phase by relaying messages between the legitimate verifier and the prover. A new solution based on the noise channel is proposed to detect this attack. Experimental and theoretical results are provided to test the effectiveness of the new proposition.
7

Dielectric Characterization of Biological Tissues for Medical Applications

Fornés Leal, Alejandro 02 December 2019 (has links)
[ES] Conocer las propiedades electromagnéticas de los tejidos biológicos con la mayor exactitud posible tiene una gran importancia en el diseño de un elevado número de aplicaciones biomédicas. El diseño de dispositivos médicos inalámbricos, antenas superficiales e intracorporales, evaluación de tasas de absorción electromagnética, técnicas de tratamiento y detección de cáncer como la hipertermia e imágenes médicas son ejemplos de aplicaciones que requieren esta información para su desarrollo. Debido a que el cáncer provoca modificaciones estructurales en las células que a su vez generan cambios en las propiedades electromagnéticas, es posible desarrollar aplicaciones de detección de cáncer que se basen en este hecho. Un objetivo potencial es el cáncer de colon (CRC), debido a que los tejidos de colon sospechosos son accesibles de forma más o menos sencilla durante procedimientos endoscópicos. Este tipo de cáncer es uno de los más extendidos, siendo responsable de aproximadamente el 10% de casos y muertes totales. Existe un gran número de factores de riesgo que pueden explicar la aparición de la enfermedad, aunque esencialmente la probabilidad se incrementa significativamente con el aumento de la edad de la población. Los programas de cribado sobre la población son críticos: si el cáncer se detecta en etapas tempranas, la probabilidad de sobrevivir se incrementa en gran medida, y además se reducen los costes asociados. Uno de los objetivos principales de esta tesis es proponer aplicaciones que ayuden en la detección de CRC durante la colonoscopia haciendo uso de las diferencias en las propiedades electromagnéticas. Aparte de mejoras en el diagnóstico, complementar la colonoscopia puede conllevar otros beneficios colaterales como una reducción en la carga de anatomía patológica. Para demostrar la viabilidad y el potencial desarrollo futuro de estas aplicaciones, en esta tesis se miden y se trata de encontrar diferencias entre las propiedades electromagnéticas de tejidos sanos, cancerosos y patológicos de colon humano. Las medidas han sido llevadas a cabo mediante la técnica del coaxial terminado en abierto. Con el propósito de incrementar la precisión del método, se ha evaluado el principio de funcionamiento y se ha mejorado el proceso de calibración. Dos fuentes de tejido de colon han sido analizadas en esta tesis: tejidos procedentes de colonoscopias (biopsias) y tejidos obtenidos a partir de procedimientos quirúrgicos. Aparte de tejido sano, se estudian las siguientes patologías: Adenocarcinomas (CRC), adenomas sin displasia, adenomas con bajo grado de displasia, adenomas con alto grado de displasia, hiperplasias y hamartomas. Debido a la alta variabilidad entre distintos sujetos, las propiedades electromagnéticas de los tejidos sospechosos de un paciente en concreto deben ser siempre comparadas con las propiedades de sus tejidos sanos, no evaluadas de forma independiente. El segundo gran objetivo de esta tesis es el desarrollo de una nueva base de datos de las propiedades electromagnéticas de tejidos biológicos medidas in vivo. Ahora mismo, las colecciones disponibles están limitadas en número de tejidos o frecuencias caracterizadas, obligando a los investigadores a escoger bases de datos más completas pero realizadas ex vivo. No obstante, usar este tipo de colecciones tienen fuentes de incertidumbre adicionales dado que las medidas están condicionadas por la deshidratación de los tejidos y la perdida de flujo sanguíneo. El desarrollo de esta nueva base de datos puede facilitar el diseño de aplicaciones que requieran conocer las propiedades electromagnéticas con alto grado de precisión. / [CA] Conéixer les propietats electromagnètiques dels teixits biològics amb la major exactitud possible té una gran importància en el disseny d'un gran nombre d'aplicacions biomèdiques. El disseny de dispositius metges sense fil, antenes superficials i intracorporales, l'avaluació de taxes d'absorció electromagnètica, tècniques de tractament i detecció de càncer com ara la hipertèrmia i imatges mediques són exemples d'aplicacions que requerixen esta informació. Com el càncer provoca modificacions estructurals en les cèl·lules que generen canvis en les propietats electromagnètiques, es possible desenrotllar aplicacions de detecció de càncer que es basen en este fet. Un objectiu potencial és el càncer de colon (CRC), pel fet que els teixits de colon sospitosos són accessibles de forma més o menys senzilla durant procediments endoscòpics. Este tipus de càncer és un dels més estesos, sent responsable d'aproximadament el 10% de casos i morts totals. N'hi ha un gran nombre de factors de risc que poden explicar l'aparició de la malaltia, encara que en resum la probabilitat s'incrementa significativament amb l'augment de l'edat de la població. Els programes de cribratge sobre la població són crítics. Si el càncer es detecta en etapes primerenques, la probabilitat de sobreviure s'incrementa en gran manera, i a més es reduïxen els costos associats. Un dels objectius principals d'esta tesi és proposar aplicacions que ajuden en la detecció de CRC durant la colonoscòpia fent ús de les diferències en les propietats electromagnètiques. A banda de millores en el diagnòstic, complementar la colonoscòpia pot comportar altres beneficis col·laterals com una reducció en la càrrega d'anatomia patològica. Per a demostrar la fiabilitat i el potencial desenrotllament d'aquestes aplicacions, en aquesta tesi es mesuren i es tracta de trobar diferències entre les propietats electromagnètiques de teixits sans, cancerosos i patològics de colon humà. Les mesures han sigut realitzades mitjançant la tècnica del coaxial acabat en obert. Amb el propòsit d'incrementar la precisió del mètode, s'ha avaluat el seu principi de funcionament i s'ha millorat el procés de calibratge. Dos fonts de teixit de colon s'han analitzat en aquesta tesi: teixits procedents de colonoscòpies (biòpsies) i teixits obtinguts a partir de procediments quirúrgics. Apart de teixit sà, s'estudien els següents teixits: Adenocarcinomes (CRC), adenomes sense displàsia, adenomes amb baix grau de displàsia, adenomes amb alt grau de displàsia, hiperplàsies y hamartomes. Degut a l'alta variabilitat entre diferents subjectes, les propietats electromagnètiques dels teixits sospitosos d'un pacient en particular han de ser comparades amb les propietats dels seus teixits sans, no avaluats independentment. El segon gran objectiu d'esta tesi és el desenrotllament d'una nova base de dades de les propietats electromagnètiques de teixits biològics mesurades in vivo. Ara mateix, les col·leccions disponibles estan limitades en nombre de teixits o freqüències caracteritzades, obligant els investigadors a triar bases de dades més completes però realitzades ex vivo. No obstant això, este tipus de col·leccions te fonts d'incertesa addicionals atés que les mesures estan condicionades per la deshidratació dels teixits i la pèrdua de flux sanguini. El desenrotllament d'esta nova base de dades pot facilitar el disseny d'aplicacions que requerisquen conéixer les propietats electromagnètiques amb alt grau de precisió. / [EN] Nowadays, a careful knowledge of the electromagnetic properties of biological tissues is required for developing a great number of applications. The development of wireless medical devices, the design of in-body and on-body antennas, specific absorption rate evaluations, cancer treatment techniques such as hyperthermia and detection techniques like medical imaging are some examples of applications that rely on these data. Since cancer causes modifications on the biological structure of cells that can lead in turn to changes in the electromagnetic properties of the tissues, it is possible to develop novel detection applications taking advantage of it. One potential target is colorectal cancer (CRC), as suspicious tissues can be accessed quite easily through colonoscopy procedures. This kind of cancer is one of the most spread kinds, being responsible of about 1 out of 10 new cancer cases and deaths. There are several risk factors currently related to the apprising of this cancer, although in essence the higher the age of the population, the higher the incidence of CRC. Screening programs are key for detecting and diagnosing cancer: if found at early stages, the probability of survival increases greatly, and the cost of the treatment can be reduced as well. One of the major objectives of this dissertation is proposing applications for detecting CRC that aid in the colonoscopy procedures by making use of the differences in electromagnetic properties. Aside from enhancement in the diagnosis of CRC, improving the colonoscopy procedure can lead to collateral benefits like a lowering of the burden of anatomical pathology unit. With the aim at demonstrating the feasibility and the potential future development of these applications, in the framework of this thesis the dielectric properties of healthy, cancerous and pathological human colon tissues are measured and compared in order to find electromagnetic differences. Measurements are carried out by means of an open-ended coaxial system. Its principle of operation has been revisited with the aim at maximizing the accuracy of the method, and the calibration procedure has been optimized serving the same purpose. Two main sources of colon tissue have been analyzed: samples from colonoscopy biopsies and samples from surgery resections. Besides healthy tissue, the following colon tissues have been characterized: Adenocarcinomas (CRC), adenomas without dysplasia, adenomas with low-grade dysplasia, adenomas with high-grade dysplasia, hyperplastic polyps and hamartomatous polyps. Given the variability that can appear among subjects, the electromagnetic properties of suspicious tissues from a particular patient have to be always compared with those of his healthy ones, not evaluated independently. The second major objective of this thesis involves the development of a new database of electromagnetic properties of biological tissues obtained at in vivo conditions. Nowadays, the available collections are limited either in the number of tissues or the measured frequencies, and hence researchers have to make use of more complete databases but that were performed ex vivo. The drawback of using these collections is that results can be compromised by factors such as lack of blood perfusion and tissue dehydration. Developing this new database can facilitate the design of applications that needs of a careful knowledge of these properties. / Fornés Leal, A. (2019). Dielectric Characterization of Biological Tissues for Medical Applications [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/132188
8

In-body to On-body Experimental UWB Channel Characterization for the Human Gastrointestinal Area

Pérez Simbor, Sofía 16 December 2019 (has links)
[ES] La población mundial en países desarrollados está envejeciendo y con ello existe un aumento de enfermedades en gran medida causadas por la edad. Las nuevas tecnologías médicas pueden ayudar a detectar, diagnosticar y tratar estas enfermedades y con ello ahorrar dinero, tiempo y recursos de los sistemas sanitarios. Las tecnologías inalámbricas implantables han abierto un nuevo panorama para la próxima generación de tecnologías médicas. Frecuencias como la Ultra Wide-Band (UWB) de 3.1 a 10.6 GHz están siendo consideradas para la nueva generación de dispositivos inalámbricos para dentro del cuerpo humano. Las características como el reducido tamaño de las antenas, la baja potencia de transmisión y la alta velocidad de datos son las más buscadas en este tipo de dispositivos. El problema surge porque el cuerpo humano depende de la frecuencia de modo que a mayores frecuencias, mayores son las pérdidas por propagación. Conociendo el canal de transmisión se puede solventar el problema de las altas pérdidas. Esta tesis tiene como objetivo caracterizar el canal de radio frecuencia (RF) para la nueva generación de dispositivos médicos implantables. Para caracterizar el canal se han empleado tres diferentes metodologías: simulaciones numéricas, medidas en phantom y experimentos en animales vivos. Las medidas en phantom fueron realizadas en un nuevo sistema de medidas expresamente disen¿ados para medidas de dentro a fuera del cuerpo humano en la banda de frecuencias UWB. Además, se utilizó un novedoso recipiente con dos capas de phantom imitando la zona gastrointestinal del cuerpo. Estos phantoms fueron creados para este tipo de medidas y son extremadamente precisos a las frecuencias UWB. Para los experimentos en animales se utilizaron cerdos y se intentó reproducir en ellos las medidas previamente realizadas en phantom. Las simulaciones software se realizaron con la intención de replicar ambas metodologías. Una vez realizados los experimentos se realizó un extensivo estudio del canal en dominio frecuencial y temporal. Mas en detalle, se compararon las antenas usadas en la recepción y transmisión, el efecto de la grasa en el canal, la formas del recipiente contenedor de phantom y las componentesmulticamino. Como resultado se ha propuesto un modelo de propagación del canal para la banda baja de las frecuencias UWB (3.1 -5.1 GHz) para la zona gastrointestinal del cuerpo humano. Este modelo de propagación ha sido validado utilizando las tres metodologías previamente descritas y comparada con otros estudios existentes en literatura. Finalmente, se midió el canal de propagación para una determinada aplicación a bajas frecuencias con señales UWB. También se realizaron medidas del canal de propagación en la zona cardíaca del cuerpo humano desde un punto de vista de seguridad de datos. Los resultados obtenidos en esta tesis confirman los beneficios que tendría la utilización de frecuencias UWB para las futuras generaciones de dispositivos médicos implantables. / [CA] La població mundial a països desenvolupats està envellint-se i enfrontant-se a un augment d'infermetats principalment causades per la edat. Les noves tecnologies mèdiques poden ajudar a detectar, diagnosticar i tractar aquestes malalties, estalviant diners, temps i recursos sanitaris. Els dispositius implantables sense fils han generat un nou panorama per a les noves generacions de dispositius mèdics. Les freqüències com la banda de UWB estan sent considerades per a les futures tecnologies implantables. La reduïda grandària de les antenes, la baixa potència de transmissió i les altes velocitats de dades son característiques buscades per als dispositius implantables. Per contra, els éssers humans depenen de la freqüència en el sentit que a majors freqüències, majors les pèrdues per propagació quan el senyal travessa el cos humà d'interior a exterior. Per solventar aquestes pèrdues el canal de propagació s'ha d'entendre i conèixer de la millor manera possible. Aquesta tesi doctoral te com a objectiu caracteritzar el canal de radio freqüència (RF) per a la nova generació de dispositius mèdics implantables. S'han emprat tres metodologies diferents per a realitzar aquesta caracterització: simulacions software, mesures amb fantomes i experiments amb animals vius. Els experiments amb fantomes es van realitzar a un sistema de mesures dissenyat expressament per a les transmissions de dins a fora del cos humà a les freqüències UWB. També es van utilitzar un contenidor per als fantomes de dues capes, imitant l'area gastrointestinal dels humans. Per als experiments a animals es van emprar porcs, replicant els experiments al laboratori en fantomes de la forma més semblant possible. Les simulacions software foren dissenyades per a imitar les experiments amb fantomes i animals. Després dels experiments el canal de propagació es va investigar exhaustivament des del domini freqüèncial i temporal. S'ha observat com les antenes en transmissió i recepció afecten al senyal, la influència de la grassa, la forma del contenidor de fantoma i les possibles contribucions multicamí. Finalment es proposa un nou model de propagació per a les baixes freqüències UWB (3.1 a 5.1 GHz) per a la zona GI del cos humà. El model es va validar utilitzant les tres metodologies abans esmentades i també foren comparades amb model ja existents a la literature. Finalment des d'un punt de vista aplicat, el canal es va avaluar per al senyal UWB a baixes freqüències (60 MHz). A més a més, per a la nova generació de marcapassos sense fil es va investigar el canal des d'un punt de vista de seguretat de dades. Els resultats obtinguts a aquesta tesi confirmen els avantatges d'emprar la banda de freqüències UWB per a la nova generació de dispositius médics implantables. / [EN] The current global population in developed countries is becoming older and facing an increase in diseases mainly caused by age. New medical technologies can help to detect, diagnose and treat illness, saving money, time, and resources of physicians. Wireless in-body devices opened a new scenario for the next generation of medical devices. Frequencies like the Ultra Wide-band (UWB) frequency band (3.1 - 10.6 GHz) are being considered for the next generation of in-body wireless devices. The small size of the antennas, the low power transmission, and the higher data rate are desirable characteristics for in-body devices. However, the human body is frequency ependent, which means higher losses of the radio frequency (RF) signal from in- to out-side the body as the frequency increases. To overcome this, the propagation channel has to be understood and known as much possible to process the signal accordingly. This dissertation aims to characterize the (RF) channel for the future of in-body medical devices. Three different methodologies have been used to characterize the channel: numerical simulations, phantom measurements, and living animals experiments. The phantom measurements were performed in a novel testbed designed for the purpose of in-body measurements at the UWB frequency band. Moreover, multi-layer high accurate phantoms mimicking the gastrointesintal (GI) area were employed. The animal experiments were conducted in living pigs, replicating in the fairest way as possible the phantom measurement campaigns. Lastly, the software simulations were designed to replicate the experimental measurements. An in-depth and detail analysis of the channel was performed in both, frequency and time domain. Concretely, the performance of the receiving and transmitting antennas, the effect of the fat, the shape of the phantom container, and the multipath components were evaluated. Finally, a novel path loss model was obtained for the low UWB frequency band (3.1 - 5.1 GHz) at GI scenarios. The model was validated using the three methodologies and compared with previous models in literature. Finally, from a practical case point of view, the channel was also evaluated for UWB signals at lower frequencies (60 MHz) for the GI area. In addition, for the next generation of leadless pacemakers the security link between the heart and an external device was also evaluated. The results obtained in this dissertation reaffirm the benefits of using the UWB frequency band for the next generation of wireless in-body medical devices. / Pérez Simbor, S. (2019). In-body to On-body Experimental UWB Channel Characterization for the Human Gastrointestinal Area [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/133034

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