Architecture possesses the potential to elevate one’s intellectual and visceral perceptions from unconscious passings to informed events. The quest for creating events involves an intermediary which promotes the transition from a casual involvement to an active engagement. This intermediary role is that of the experience. By imposing a presence, or creating a sense of place, architecture awakens the mind and stirs the soul. Doing this, the architecture is raised to a higher order, revealing a significance that is true, as something more, not as something else. The making of events through the experience fulfills the aspirations of architecture to unearth the events that dwell in the interaction between place and occasion. / Master of Architecture

Routes to sterically demanding organofluorine-containing phosphines are described, and the stereoelectronic properties and chemistry of the resulting new ligands investigated. The synthesis of Cy2P(CF=CF2), 3, has been accomplished. The nucleophilic substitution of Ph2P(CF=CF2) with tBuLi produces the (Z)-isomer, Ph2P(Z-CF=CF(tBu)), 5-(Z), predominantly, which has been shown to be less electron-withdrawing than Ph2P(CF=CF2), and similar in size to 3. The bis-trifluoropropynyl substituted phosphine PhP(tfp)2, 7, has been prepared, and its reaction with tBuLi investigated. This results in the formation of three previously unknown species, the gem¬-difluorocyclopropenyl-containing compound, PhtBuP(dfcp), 8, (Z)-Ph2P(CH=C(t¬Bu)CF3), 9, and PhtBuP(tfp), 10. The nucleophilic substitution occurs preferentially at the phosphorus centre, as shown by the reaction with one equivalent of tBuLi at -60°C, where compounds 9 and 10 are formed. A new route to perfluoroalkyl-containing phosphines has been discovered. The addition of a perfluoroalkyl iodide to Ph2PSiMe3 results in the formation of six new phosphines, and has been shown to be extendable to partially fluorinated systems. The route can also be applied to iPr2PSiMe3, and to the chiral phosphine PhMePSiMe3. Three examples, Ph2PRf (Rf = CF(CF3)2, 15, (sC4F¬9), 18, (cyc-C6F11), 19), have been produced on a preparative scale. The reaction of the bis-trimethylsilyl phenyl phosphine with (CF3)2CFI has been investigated, though it does not result in the production of the bis-perfluoroalkyl-substituted phosphine, instead the previously unknown P-chiral compound, PhP(H)CF(CF3)2, 27 is formed. Mechanistic studies have indicated that Ph2P-PPh2 is the intermediate, and that there is no evidence of a radical mechanism. There is no reaction between Me2(S)P-P(S)Me2 and (CF3)2CFI, though there is when Me2P-P(S)Me2 is used, suggesting that the lone pair of the intermediate diphosphine is necessary for the reaction to proceed. This has resulted in the formation of the new compound, Me2PCF(CF3)2, 28. The chemistry of the perfluoroalkyl-containing phosphines has been investigated; they do not quaternise, but are oxidatively sensitive. The phosphorus(V) selenides of 15, 18, and 19 have been prepared, and based on their 1JPSe coupling constants, the perfluoroalkyl-groups impart a greater electron-withdrawing effect than perfluorovinyl, trifluoropropynyl, or alkoxy fragments. The oxidation of 15 and 18 with XeF2 has also been accomplished, and shown to yield the corresponding F2PPh2Rf compounds. The molybdenum(0) pentacarbonyl complexes of 3, 7, and 15 have been synthesised and perfluoroalkyl-groups have again been shown to be more electron-withdrawing than perfluorovinyl and trifluoropropynyl groups by comparison of v(CO) values. The gold(I) chloride complexes of Ph2PCF3, 15, and 18 and the platinum(II) dichloride complexes of 3 and 15 have been prepared, and the size of these ligands has been estimated from the crystal structures. Compound 18 has been shown to be the largest of these compounds, with a cone angle of 187°.

The terminal ligand in [(Ph₂phen)₂Ru(dpp)RhCl₂(TL)](PF₆)₃ (Ph2phen = 4,7-diphenyl1,10-phenanthroline; dpp = 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine; TL = terminal ligand – a 4,4′-disubstituted-2,2′-bipyridine where the substituent was carbomethoxy (dcmbpy), hydrogen (bpy) or methyl (Me₂bpy)). The electron-withdrawing ability of the substituent was shown to increase the rate of chloride loss upon electrochemical reduction, facilitating catalytic water reduction. The electronic properties of the terminal ligand also impact the photophysical properties of the molecule. The excited state lifetime of the complex with a dcmbpy terminal ligand was 93 ns while the excited state lifetimes of the complexes with a bpy or Me₂bpy terminal ligand were 44 ns and 47 ns, respectively. Ligand substitution was shown to influence the photocatalytic water reduction activity of these complexes with the dcmbpy complex producing approximately twice the amount of hydrogen (62 ± 7 turnovers in 20 h) as the other two complexes. / Master of Science

Electrochemical potentials of a series of anthraquinone derivatives were studied in both aqueous solution and acetonitrile. The long term goal of this work was to find derivatives which could be reduced easily for studies of photoinduced electron transfer in DNA. Our immediate goal was to find the substitution group that gave the least negative redox potential value. Of all derivatives studied, the anthraquinone imides as a class had the least negative redox potentials, in the range of -0.600 to -0.550 V vs. SCE. One of the anthraquinones studied, one derivative (deoxyadenosine conjugated with an ethynyl linker to an anthraquinone with two ester substituents) was also in this range. A study of a series of anthraquinones conjugated with ethynyl and ethanyl linkers showed that the ethynyl linker was more effective than the ethanyl linker in lowering the redox potential of anthraquinone.

Este estudo visa demonstrar o modelo de avaliação de empresa adotado pelo Judiciário Brasileiro, para fins de apuração dos haveres do sócio retirante, modelo este que reflita o entendimento majoritário da jurisprudência Brasileira. O sócio retirante ou dissidente é aquele que se retira da sociedade por vontade própria, por exclusão dos demais sócios, por morte, por falência do sócio, ou em decorrência da penhora judicial das quotas sociais do sócio. Avaliar uma empresa é uma tarefa difícil, eis que as empresas representam um conjunto de ativos e passivos; sendo que existem inúmeros ativos e passivos intangíveis de difícil mensuração. A lei brasileira dispõe que os haveres do sócio retirante serão apurados por um balanço especial para esse fim. Esse balanço é denominado de balanço de determinação. O balanço de determinação equivale a um balanço patrimonial, nos moldes da contabilidade tradicional, que será apurado na data da resolução da sociedade em relação ao sócio retirante. O balanço de determinação equivale a um balanço patrimonial, nos moldes da contabilidade tradicional, que será apurado na data da resolução da sociedade em relação ao sócio retirante. Segundo a jurisprudência dos Tribunais pátrios, o balanço de determinação deverá contemplar os ativos e passivos intangíveis. Os ativos intangíveis estariam contemplados no fundo de comércio, segundo a jurisprudência dos Tribunais. Existem vários modelos de avaliação de empresas a serem aplicados, sobretudo os modelos apresentados pela ciência econômica, contábil e financeira. O modelo de avaliação de empresas baseado no fluxo de caixa descontado é método mais utilizado pelos peritos avaliadores de empresas. A legislação vigente permite que os sócios possam pactuar no contrato social qualquer critério de avaliação de empresa, para fins de apurar os haveres do sócio retirante. Identificando o modelo adotado pelo Judiciário Brasileiro, quiçá o presente estudo poderá na solução dos conflitos societários e assim contribuir com o Poder Judiciário, no sentido de reduzir o número de processos que tanto oneram a sociedade Brasileira. / This study aims to demonstrate the assessment model adopted by the Brazilian judiciary company, for purposes of calculating the assets of the migrant partner, this model that reflects the prevailing understanding of Brazilian law. The migrant or dissident shareholder is one who withdraws from society by choice, by exclusion of the other partners, through death, bankruptcy partner, or as a result of judicial pledge of the shares of the partner. Evaluate a company is a difficult task, behold companies represent a set of assets and liabilities, and there are numerous intangible assets and liabilities are difficult to measure. Brazilian law provides that the assets of the migrant partner will be calculated by a special balance for this purpose. This balance is called balance determination. The balance of determination equals a balance sheet, along the lines of traditional accounting, which will be determined on the date of the resolution of the company in relation to socio retirante. O balance determination equals a balance sheet, along the lines of traditional accounting, which will be determined the date of the resolution of the company in relation to socio retirante. According to the jurisprudence of the courts patriotic, balance determination must include intangible assets and liabilities. Intangible assets were included in goodwill, according to the jurisprudence of the courts. There are various models of business valuation to be applied, especially the models presented by economics, accounting and finance. The evaluation model based companies in the discounted cash flow method is mostly used by business appraisers. Current law allows the partners can collude on any social contract evaluation criteria of business for purposes of ascertaining the assets of the partner retirante. Identifying the model adopted by the Brazilian judiciary, perhaps the present study may in resolving corporate conflicts and thus contribute to the judiciary, in order to reduce the number of processes that encumber both the Brazilian society.

Este estudo visa demonstrar o modelo de avaliação de empresa adotado pelo Judiciário Brasileiro, para fins de apuração dos haveres do sócio retirante, modelo este que reflita o entendimento majoritário da jurisprudência Brasileira. O sócio retirante ou dissidente é aquele que se retira da sociedade por vontade própria, por exclusão dos demais sócios, por morte, por falência do sócio, ou em decorrência da penhora judicial das quotas sociais do sócio. Avaliar uma empresa é uma tarefa difícil, eis que as empresas representam um conjunto de ativos e passivos; sendo que existem inúmeros ativos e passivos intangíveis de difícil mensuração. A lei brasileira dispõe que os haveres do sócio retirante serão apurados por um balanço especial para esse fim. Esse balanço é denominado de balanço de determinação. O balanço de determinação equivale a um balanço patrimonial, nos moldes da contabilidade tradicional, que será apurado na data da resolução da sociedade em relação ao sócio retirante. O balanço de determinação equivale a um balanço patrimonial, nos moldes da contabilidade tradicional, que será apurado na data da resolução da sociedade em relação ao sócio retirante. Segundo a jurisprudência dos Tribunais pátrios, o balanço de determinação deverá contemplar os ativos e passivos intangíveis. Os ativos intangíveis estariam contemplados no fundo de comércio, segundo a jurisprudência dos Tribunais. Existem vários modelos de avaliação de empresas a serem aplicados, sobretudo os modelos apresentados pela ciência econômica, contábil e financeira. O modelo de avaliação de empresas baseado no fluxo de caixa descontado é método mais utilizado pelos peritos avaliadores de empresas. A legislação vigente permite que os sócios possam pactuar no contrato social qualquer critério de avaliação de empresa, para fins de apurar os haveres do sócio retirante. Identificando o modelo adotado pelo Judiciário Brasileiro, quiçá o presente estudo poderá na solução dos conflitos societários e assim contribuir com o Poder Judiciário, no sentido de reduzir o número de processos que tanto oneram a sociedade Brasileira. / This study aims to demonstrate the assessment model adopted by the Brazilian judiciary company, for purposes of calculating the assets of the migrant partner, this model that reflects the prevailing understanding of Brazilian law. The migrant or dissident shareholder is one who withdraws from society by choice, by exclusion of the other partners, through death, bankruptcy partner, or as a result of judicial pledge of the shares of the partner. Evaluate a company is a difficult task, behold companies represent a set of assets and liabilities, and there are numerous intangible assets and liabilities are difficult to measure. Brazilian law provides that the assets of the migrant partner will be calculated by a special balance for this purpose. This balance is called balance determination. The balance of determination equals a balance sheet, along the lines of traditional accounting, which will be determined on the date of the resolution of the company in relation to socio retirante. O balance determination equals a balance sheet, along the lines of traditional accounting, which will be determined the date of the resolution of the company in relation to socio retirante. According to the jurisprudence of the courts patriotic, balance determination must include intangible assets and liabilities. Intangible assets were included in goodwill, according to the jurisprudence of the courts. There are various models of business valuation to be applied, especially the models presented by economics, accounting and finance. The evaluation model based companies in the discounted cash flow method is mostly used by business appraisers. Current law allows the partners can collude on any social contract evaluation criteria of business for purposes of ascertaining the assets of the partner retirante. Identifying the model adopted by the Brazilian judiciary, perhaps the present study may in resolving corporate conflicts and thus contribute to the judiciary, in order to reduce the number of processes that encumber both the Brazilian society.

Este estudo visa demonstrar o modelo de avaliação de empresa adotado pelo Judiciário Brasileiro, para fins de apuração dos haveres do sócio retirante, modelo este que reflita o entendimento majoritário da jurisprudência Brasileira. O sócio retirante ou dissidente é aquele que se retira da sociedade por vontade própria, por exclusão dos demais sócios, por morte, por falência do sócio, ou em decorrência da penhora judicial das quotas sociais do sócio. Avaliar uma empresa é uma tarefa difícil, eis que as empresas representam um conjunto de ativos e passivos; sendo que existem inúmeros ativos e passivos intangíveis de difícil mensuração. A lei brasileira dispõe que os haveres do sócio retirante serão apurados por um balanço especial para esse fim. Esse balanço é denominado de balanço de determinação. O balanço de determinação equivale a um balanço patrimonial, nos moldes da contabilidade tradicional, que será apurado na data da resolução da sociedade em relação ao sócio retirante. O balanço de determinação equivale a um balanço patrimonial, nos moldes da contabilidade tradicional, que será apurado na data da resolução da sociedade em relação ao sócio retirante. Segundo a jurisprudência dos Tribunais pátrios, o balanço de determinação deverá contemplar os ativos e passivos intangíveis. Os ativos intangíveis estariam contemplados no fundo de comércio, segundo a jurisprudência dos Tribunais. Existem vários modelos de avaliação de empresas a serem aplicados, sobretudo os modelos apresentados pela ciência econômica, contábil e financeira. O modelo de avaliação de empresas baseado no fluxo de caixa descontado é método mais utilizado pelos peritos avaliadores de empresas. A legislação vigente permite que os sócios possam pactuar no contrato social qualquer critério de avaliação de empresa, para fins de apurar os haveres do sócio retirante. Identificando o modelo adotado pelo Judiciário Brasileiro, quiçá o presente estudo poderá na solução dos conflitos societários e assim contribuir com o Poder Judiciário, no sentido de reduzir o número de processos que tanto oneram a sociedade Brasileira. / This study aims to demonstrate the assessment model adopted by the Brazilian judiciary company, for purposes of calculating the assets of the migrant partner, this model that reflects the prevailing understanding of Brazilian law. The migrant or dissident shareholder is one who withdraws from society by choice, by exclusion of the other partners, through death, bankruptcy partner, or as a result of judicial pledge of the shares of the partner. Evaluate a company is a difficult task, behold companies represent a set of assets and liabilities, and there are numerous intangible assets and liabilities are difficult to measure. Brazilian law provides that the assets of the migrant partner will be calculated by a special balance for this purpose. This balance is called balance determination. The balance of determination equals a balance sheet, along the lines of traditional accounting, which will be determined on the date of the resolution of the company in relation to socio retirante. O balance determination equals a balance sheet, along the lines of traditional accounting, which will be determined the date of the resolution of the company in relation to socio retirante. According to the jurisprudence of the courts patriotic, balance determination must include intangible assets and liabilities. Intangible assets were included in goodwill, according to the jurisprudence of the courts. There are various models of business valuation to be applied, especially the models presented by economics, accounting and finance. The evaluation model based companies in the discounted cash flow method is mostly used by business appraisers. Current law allows the partners can collude on any social contract evaluation criteria of business for purposes of ascertaining the assets of the partner retirante. Identifying the model adopted by the Brazilian judiciary, perhaps the present study may in resolving corporate conflicts and thus contribute to the judiciary, in order to reduce the number of processes that encumber both the Brazilian society.

This study compares certain factors of Austin College financial aid recipients to the same factors in their classmates who received no financial assistance. First, this study attempts to determine whether there are significant differences in selected variables between these two groups. Second, the study seeks to identify the causes for students' withdrawing from the College. Subjects were randomly selected from two groups: (l) 100 subjects receiving financial assistance; and (2) 100 subjects not receiving such assistance. The sources of data for this study were students'. records located in the Educational Advising Center, the Records Office, and the. Counseling Center.

Le patient de réanimation est dans la plus part des cas un patient vulnérable et dépendant. Les principes fondamentaux de l’éthique sont bousculés et le réanimateur est face à des de nombreuses interrogations éthiques qui jalonnent le parcours du patient de son admission à sa sortie. Malgré une réflexion éthique formalisée guidant les décisions d’admission et de non-admission en réanimation pour les malades à haut risque de mortalité, la part laissée à la subjectivité est importante. Il n’y a pas cependant de situation figée pour laquelle un patient ne doit pas bénéficier de la réanimation. Une décision de non-admission en réanimation s'apparente à une décision de limitation thérapeutique. Ce schéma éthique s’accorde avec les principes éthiques : autonomie, bienfaisance, non malfaisance et justice distributive mais l'urgence rend souvent difficile l'analyse complète du dossier du patient.Le manque de lits de réanimation disponibles est susceptible d’influer sur la stratégie de triage soulignant l’impact de critères subjectifs dans le processus décisionnel. Ceci peut conduire à une sur-mortalité. Les études princeps réalisées sur les décisions de limitations et d’arrêt thérapeutiques (LAT) ont été à l’origine du débat sur la non-obstination déraisonnable aboutissant à terme à la promulgation de la Loi Leonetti. Ces données ont permis de corriger des dysfonctionnements éthiques lors des décisions de LAT. A la suite des questionnements récents de notre société nous avons analysé la réflexion des réanimateurs sur l’euthanasie.La réalisation de prélèvements d’organe chez des patients décédés d’arrêt cardiaque impose l’admission en réanimation de patients pour les quels les traitements n’ont plus l’objectif de les sauver, mais de préserver leurs organes pour le bien d’autrui. Ces situations soulignent les interrogations sur : la définition de la mort, l’instrumentalisation du corps, le consentement au don, l’information des proches et plus largement du public. / The critically ill patient is a vulnerable and dependent patient. The fundamental principles of ethics are rushed and the physician is faced with many ethical issues along the route of the patient from the discussion of his admission to discharge.Despite a formal ethical reflection guiding decisions of admission and non ICU admission these decisions of patients at high risk of mortality, the part left to subjectivity is important. The evolution of medical knowledge and advances in supported patients that there are no fixed position for which a patient should not receive resuscitation. A determination of non-ICU admission is similar to a decision of withholding or withdrawing therapies. This ethical scheme fits well with the ethical principles autonomy, beneficence , non-maleficence and distributive justice. The urgency makes it difficult to complete analysis of patient records because the data are not always available. The lack of available beds is likely to affect the sorting strategy highlighting the impact of subjective criteria in decision-making. This could induce excess mortality. The initial studies dedicated to withholding and withdrawing therapies have been the source of debate on the non-unreasonable obstinacy leading eventually to the enactment of the Leonetti's Law. These data were used to correct malfunctions in real ethical decisions of withholding or withdrawing. Following the recent issues of our society on euthanasia, we completed our reflection and asked if intensivists would support a law of exception euthanasia.The realization of organ harvesting in patients who died of cardiac arrest requires taking in resuscitation of patients for which treatments have more goals to save for, but to preserve their bodies for the sake of other patients. These situations highlight the questions: the definition of death, the manipulation of the body, the implicit or explicit consent and the information aspects of family and wider public.

V ANGICKÉM JAZYCE THE FUTILE TREATMENT IN THE INTENSIVE CARE The theoretical part is define the concept of the futile treatment, analyze its legal and ethical context, especially within nursing and medical interventions, categorize the treatment and summarize the procedure of making decisions of changing the treatment in the Czech Republic. The purpose of the theoretical part is mapping the situations when the intensive care is pointless and how to proceed in the situations like these. The practical part will process a qualitative research by a form of personal interviews with several representatives of the professional public. The purpose of the practical part is to describe their personal experiences with this issue and to know their opinions of the situations when the futile retreatment is under way and how to categorize a treatment correctly. These interviews isprocessed by a form of the final discussion then. KEY WORDS: futile retreatment, intensive care, categorization, life quality, withdrawing, withholding, interview, euthanasia