Muitas crianças e adolescentes são vítimas de maus-tratos infantis, no Brasil e no Peru, e estas práticas constituem-se em uma violação aos seus direitos. Em ambas as sociedades, tais direitos são preconizados e garantidos por dispositivos legais, tendo em vista sua proteção integral, sendo que um destes dispositivos prevê a suspensão temporária do direito de guarda pelos pais/responsáveis. A presente investigação propõe-se a conhecer melhor as famílias brasileiras e peruanas nessa situação, em termos de exposição a fatores de risco maleáveis, específicos para os maus-tratos, situados no micro e no exosistema. O referencial é o da Teoria Bioecológica e o Modelo Transacional. Trabalhou-se com amostras de conveniência no Brasil, na cidade de Ribeirão Preto - SP (n=30) e no Peru, na cidade de Arequipa (n=30), formadas por adultos mãe/pai ou cuidador, responsável legal. Os instrumentos utilizados para a coleta de dados foram: um Roteiro de Entrevista de Caracterização Sociodemográfica da Família; o Inventário de Potencial de Maus-Tratos Infantis (CAP); a Escala de Avaliação da Coesão e Adaptabilidade Familiar Versão IV (FACES IV); o Inventário de Estilos Parentais - Práticas Educativas Maternas/Paternas (IEP) ou, a depender da idade da criança, o Roteiro de Entrevista de Habilidades Sociais Educativas Parentais (RE-HSE-P); e o Questionário de Apoio Social (QAS). Cada instrumento foi corrigido segundo seus próprios critérios técnicos, sendo que os dados obtidos puderam ser categorizados e comparados estatisticamente. Os resultados indicaram que as famílias investigadas, em ambas as sociedades, seriam vulneráveis em termos socioeconômicos. No Brasil, embora padecendo menos do ponto de vista econômico, devido ao fato de serem, em sua maioria, beneficiárias de ajuda governamental, as famílias teriam baixo status social, tendo em conta o baixo nível de escolaridade dos pais/cuidadores e a situação de desemprego. No Peru, as famílias também teriam baixo status social, embora tendo em média uma escolaridade mais alta que as brasileiras. Essas, contudo, viveriam em condições mais precárias, com baixa renda, advinda de trabalho informal, e em moradias mais precárias, em regiões da cidade caracterizadas por escasso acesso aos serviços básicos. Nos dois países, as famílias perceberiam seus bairros como violentos ou perigosos: no Brasil, devido à venda de drogas; no Peru, devido à venda de álcool, aos roubos e ao pouco policiamento. Elas também se assemelhariam no tocante a aspectos de configuração: a maioria seria desconstituída e, por vezes, reconstituída, denotando-se histórico de violência entre os parceiros íntimos, para a maioria. Com relação às características pessoais dos pais/cuidadores, destaca-se que no Brasil estes seriam, em sua maioria, usuários de substâncias psicoativas e teriam familiares com envolvimento criminal. Em relação aos instrumentos padronizados, sublinha-se que, de modo geral, nas duas amostras, os dados indicaram a existência de problemáticas consideradas fatores de risco específicos para os maus-tratos. Focalizando as diferenças estatisticamente significativas (p<0,05) entre as amostras, destaca-se que no CAP os participantes brasileiros pontuaram mais alto na subescala rigidez, indicando uma problemática maior nesse plano. No FACES, as amostras apresentaram diferenças nas escalas Coesão, Flexibilidade, Comunicação e Satisfação Familiar, denotando maior disfuncionalidade na amostra brasileira. O IEP diferenciou as amostras somente na dimensão de Punição inconsistente, denotando que a amostra peruana empregaria com maior frequência esta prática negativa. Em síntese, os dados sugerem que as famílias no sistema de proteção infantil efetivamente vivem problemas associados à ocorrência dos maus-tratos. Novas pesquisas na área devem se dedicar a conhecer e a analisar se os serviços que lidam com essas famílias e com seus filhos têm contemplado suas necessidades. / Many children and adolescents are victims of child abuse in Brazil and Peru; these practices constitute a violation of their rights. In both societies such rights are recommended and guaranteed by the law, in view of its full protection, with one of these law disposition standing a temporary suspension of guard by parents / guardians. This research proposes to better understand Brazilian and Peruvian families in this context in terms of exposure to manageable risk factors specific to ill-treatment, located in the micro and exosistema. The theoretical framework is the bio-ecological theory and the transactional model. We worked with convenience samples in Brazil, in the city of Ribeirão Preto - SP (n = 30), and Peru, in the city of Arequipa (n = 30) were composed, formed by adults - mother / parent or caregiver, guardian. The instruments used for data collection were: A Sociodemographic Family characterization Interview; the Child Abuse Potential (CAP); the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale- IV (FACES IV); Inventory of Parenting Styles - Educational Practices Maternal / paternal (IEP) or, depending on the age of the child, the Interview Script Education Social Skills Parental (RE-HSE-P); and the Social Support Questionnaire (SAQ). Each instrument has been analysed according to their own technical criteria, and data could be categorized and compared statistically. The results indicated that the families investigated in both countrys would be vulnerable in socioeconomic terms. In Brazil, although suffering less from the economic point of view, due to the fact that they are mostly beneficiaries of government aid programms, families have low social status, due to the low level of parents / caregivers`s education and the unemployment situation. In Peru, families also have low social status, while having on average higher education scores than the Brazilian. These, however, would live in precarious conditions, with low income, related to informal work ones and in precarious houses, in city regions characterized by poor access to basic services. In both countries, families perceive their neighborhoods as violent or dangerous: in Brazil, due to the sale of drugs; in Peru, due to the sale of alcohol, theft and little policing. They also would resemble regarding the configuration aspects: most would broked and sometimes reconstituted, showing up history of intimate partners violence, for most. With regard to parents/caregivers`s personal characteristics, in Brazil they would be, mostly psychoactive substances users and have family members with criminal envolvement. Regarding standardized instruments, it is emphasized that, in general, in both samples, the data indicate the presence of problematics considered specific risk factors for maltreatment. Focusing on statistically significant differences (p <0.05) between samples is emphasized that, in the CAP, , Brazilian participants scored higher in subscale Rigidity, indicating a larger problem here. In FACES, the samples showed differences in cohesion scales, flexibility, communication and family satisfaction, showing increased dysfunctionality in the Brazilian sample. The IEP differentiated samples only in the size of inconsistent punishment, indicating that the Peruvian sample used more often this negative practice. In summary, the data suggest that families in the child protection system effectively face problems associated with the occurrence of maltreatment in significant levels. New research in the area should be devoted to know and consider whether the services dealing with these families and their children contemplate their needs.

Consistent between-individual differences in behaviour (termed “animal personality”) may be driven by adaptive differences in behavioural and physiological life-history traits. The Pace of Life Syndrome (POLS) hypothesis predicts a suit of correlations between those life-history traits along a fast-slow continuum. Therefore, according to the POLS, individuals that are fast-paced would be bolder, more explorative, show high growth-rates, lower immunity and a higher metabolic rate. A mechanistic link between such traits could also explain variation in cognitive traits, where bold individuals are faster at a given task but pay less attention to external cues and therefore make decisions less accurately. Here, I tested the POLS hypothesis focusing on between and within-individual variance in boldness, metabolic rate (MR), cognitive performance (as decision-making performance) and exploration in the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus. In addition, I also investigated the potential role of anthropogenic disturbances (constant light exposure) as a driver of between and within-individual variation in boldness. Hermit crabs demonstrated consistent between-individual differences in boldness and exploration, providing evidence for the presence of animal personality. However, variation between individuals in boldness, exploration and cognitive performance were not underpinned by variation in MR. Although there were no between-individual correlations among MR and behaviour, MR did co-vary with within-individual variance in boldness. My results indicate that less predictable hermit crabs, on average, have a higher MR during startle responses compared with those that are relatively consistent in their behaviour. Boldness was positively correlated with exploration rate, indicating that more explorative were also bolder, as well as cognitive performance, as bold individuals had a better performance than shy. Finally, constant light exposure is likely to modify hermit crab personality and physiology. Hermit crabs kept under a constant light regime were less bold and had a higher metabolic rate, than when kept under standard light and dark regime, indicating possible effects light pollution in this species. These results only partially support the POLS hypothesis.

Abstract This research is designed to see the level of innovativeness of fashion brands in terms of being sustainable. It also aims to find out if there is a relation between business models and innovativeness within sustainability of fashion brands. Following the literature review, desk research, consumer survey and expert interviews are carried out. Desk research is made through web pages of fashion brands and some organizations. The information from the web pages revealed a lot about the current sustainability actions. In this desk research, 10 companies are examined in regard to their sustainability actions, to learn about what has been done and to see what can be considered as innovative in terms of sustainability. Following the desk research, a consumer survey is designed to explore the consumer opinion on the topics of sustainability and innovation. A consumer survey of 100 people is conducted at the Swedish School of Textiles. Due to the need for conscious knowledge about sustainability and innovation, people who studies or works in the textile school is specifically chosen as a cluster. The sample is called “Informed consumers” and is believed to have savvy about innovation and sustainability. How sustainability actions of brands are perceived, how consumers evaluate fashion brands and what they understand from “innovativeness” are some questions explored in the survey. Results are given via frequency distribution charts and maps. Following the survey, 5 interviews are made with contacts from the companies to study the issue also from the perspective of the business world. These expert interviews are verbally structured and are explained within the research. The method of interviews is qualitative research method and the result provides the reader an insight. To propose an assessment method for fashion companies, “The Innovation within Sustainability Index” is constructed. Although this index is inspired by some current environmental index models, the final model is original and includes the consumer perspective as well as author’s own evaluation on the innovative sustainability actions of the fashion companies. The companies which are evaluated in the index are: H&amp;M, Lindex, Gina Tricot, Zara, Acne, Filippa K, Patagonia and Nike. At the end, it was not possible to point out significant relation between business models and innovativeness within sustainability. However, this result may differ when the model is applied to larger samples. / Program: Master Programme in Fashion Management

Nous développons des modèles probabilistes pour l’impression à l’échelle micrométrique. Tenant compte de l’aléa de la forme des points qui composent les impressions, les modèles proposés pourront être ultérieurement exploités dans différentes applications dont l’authentification de documents imprimés. Une analyse de l’impression sur différents supports papier et par différentes imprimantes a été effectuée. Cette étude montre que la grande variété de forme dépend de la technologie et du papier. Le modèle proposé tient compte à la fois de la distribution du niveau de gris et de la répartition spatiale de l’encre sur le papier. Concernant le niveau de gris, les modèles des surfaces encrées/vierges sont obtenues en sélectionnant les distributions dans un ensemble de lois de forme similaire aux histogrammes et à l’aide de K-S critère. Le modèle de répartition spatiale de l’encre est binaire. Le premier modèle consiste en un champ de variables indépendantes de Bernoulli non-stationnaire dont les paramètres forment un noyau gaussien généralisé. Un second modèle de répartition spatiale des particules d’encre est proposé, il tient compte de la dépendance des pixels à l’aide d’un modèle de Markov non stationnaire. Deux méthodes d’estimation ont été développées, l’une approchant le maximum de vraisemblance par un algorithme de Quasi Newton, la seconde approchant le critère de l’erreur quadratique moyenne minimale par l’algorithme de Metropolis within Gibbs. Les performances des estimateurs sont évaluées et comparées sur des images simulées. La précision des modélisations est analysée sur des jeux d’images d’impression à l’échelle micrométrique obtenues par différentes imprimantes. / We develop the probabilistic models of the print at the microscopic scale. We study the shape randomness of the dots that originates the prints, and the new models could improve many applications such as the authentication. An analysis was conducted on various papers, printers. The study shows a large variety of shape that depends on the printing technology and paper. The digital scan of the microscopic print is modeled in: the gray scale distribution, and the spatial binary process modeling the printed/blank spatial distribution. We seek the best parametric distribution that takes account of the distributions of the blank and printed areas. Parametric distributions are selected from a set of distributions with shapes close to the histograms and with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov divergence. The spatial binary model handles the wide diversity of dot shape and the range of variation of spatial density of inked particles. At first, we propose a field of independent and non-stationary Bernoulli variables whose parameters form a Gaussian power. The second spatial binary model encompasses, in addition to the first model, the spatial dependence of the inked area through an inhomogeneous Markov model. Two iterative estimation methods are developed; a quasi-Newton algorithm which approaches the maximum likelihood and the Metropolis-Hasting within Gibbs algorithm that approximates the minimum mean square error estimator. The performances of the algorithms are evaluated and compared on simulated images. The accuracy of the models is analyzed on the microscopic scale printings coming from various printers. Results show the good behavior of the estimators and the consistency of the models.

Couple therapy is successful in treating relationship distress. However, couple therapy does not benefit everyone. Consequently, it is important to study factors that predict therapeutic success. One such factor is what predicts the development of the therapeutic alliance in couple therapy. The purpose of this study was to code therapist behaviors, therapist warmth, empathy, presence, validation, collaboration, and technique factors (systemically-based techniques and session structure), in the first session of couple therapy to examine their ability to predict two aspects of the therapeutic alliance, between- and within-alliance, after the session for males and females. The hypotheses were tested utilizing multiple one-way ANOVAs. Results indicated that none of the therapist variables predicted either of the outcome alliance variables for males or females. More research needs to be done to find what therapist behaviors predict the therapeutic alliance.

abstract: Temporal bisection is a common procedure for the study of interval timing in humans and non-human animals, in which participants are trained to discriminate between a “short” and a “long” interval of time. Following stable and accurate discrimination, unreinforced probe intervals between the two values are tested. In temporal bisection studies, intermediate non-reinforced probe intervals are typically arithmetically- or geometrically- spaced, yielding point of subjective equality at the arithmetic and geometric mean of the trained anchor intervals. Brown et al. (2005) suggest that judgement of the length of an interval, even when not reinforced, is influenced by its subjective length in comparison to that of other intervals. This hypothesis predicts that skewing the distribution of probe intervals shifts the psychophysical function relating interval length to the probability of reporting that interval as “long.” Data from the present temporal bisection study, using rats, suggest that there may be a within-session shift in temporal bisection responding which accounts for observed shifts in the psychophysical functions, and that this may also influence how rats categorize ambiguous intervals. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Psychology 2019

Generational cycles of teenage pregnancy trend among many families create economic, social, and health problems on teen parents and their families. Scholarly literature includes quantitative studies addressing the issue of teenage pregnancy but there is not many qualitative studies about the family cycle of teenage pregnancy among a highly-concentrated area of African American females in the Southern region of the United States. The life history theory and the socialization and social control theories of the intergenerational transmission of early childbearing served as the theoretical framework.. A qualitative case study is designed to identify factors that contributed to generational cycles of teenage pregnancy among families in the Southern region of the United States. Data were collected using questionnaires from 3 family triads of teenage mothers. Data were analyzed and display tables were created. The results indicated that participants had a lack of knowledge of proper contraceptive use and experienced peer pressure to engage in sexual behaviors. Teenagers looked at their mothers and sister's pregnancy in a favorable way making their pregnancy acceptable within families. Most participants felt teenagers should wait before becoming pregnant. Participants felt teenage mothers could overcome obstacles associated with teenage pregnancies. Pregnancy prevention programs may benefit from the results of this study through parenting programs to teach mothers, who were pregnant in their teen age, how to communicate with their teenage daughters about their sexual experiences.

Cette thèse comprend cinq manuscrits d'articles. Deux de ces manuscrits sont publiés, l’un est actuellement en révision et deux sont en préparation pour soumission.Les animaux diffèrent de manière stable au cours du temps et dans différents contextes dans leur comportement, un phénomène souvent nommé personnalité animale. Les animaux diffèrent ainsi dans leur niveau d’expression de différents traits de personnalités. Cependant l’étude de la stabilité des traits de personnalité chez les jeunes animaux apporte des résultats controversés. Les deux principaux objectifs de cette thèse ont donc été d’évaluer comment l’environnement précoce des animaux façonnait leur personnalité et si l’expression de leur comportement était stable au cours du développement. Notre modèle d’étude était un petit rongeur d’origine sauvage, la souris glaneuse Mus spicilegus. Cette souris se trouve dans les zones agricoles d’Europe centrale et orientale. Il s'agit d'une espèce monogame et la femelle et le mâle participent aux soins parentaux. Les principaux résultats de cette thèse soulignent la stabilité des réponses comportementales des souris glaneuses dans des contextes sociaux et non-sociaux tôt lors de la période post-natale jusqu’à la maturité. De nombreux traits de personnalité étaient associés à travers différents contextes ; formant ainsi ce qu'il est convenu d'appeler un syndrome comportemental. Cette stabilité dans le comportement était avérée que l'analyse porte sur la totalité de l'échantillon ou qu'elle prenait en compte les différences intra-portées. L’environnement précoce et en particulier la présence du père apparaissent déterminants dans l’émergence et la modulation de la personnalité. Les individus élevés sans père montraient une plus grande réactivité dans deux tests différents par rapport à ceux élevés avec les deux parents. Différentes personnalités étaient associées à des mécanismes physiologiques. Confrontés à un stresseur chronique, les individus exprimant différentes personnalités montraient des différences physiologiques caractérisées par des profils immunologiques et hormonaux distincts. D'autre part les couples possédant des scores similaires d’anxiété, indépendamment du score des deux partenaires du couple, avaient une plus grande probabilité de reproduction durant la période d’observation, que les couples aux scores différents suggérant de potentiels avantages évolutifs. Cette thèse aborde en parallèle les aspects proximaux et ultimes du comportement chez un même modèle biologique ce qui est un but rarement atteint dans une étude éthologique. / This thesis includes five manuscripts. Two are already published, one is currently under review and two others are in preparation for submission.Animals frequently show consistent individual differences in behaviour across time and contexts, a phenomenon called animal personality. Animals have been thus described to differ in the expression level of different specific personality traits. However, consistencies in animal personality traits in young animals are especially controversial. One of the main aims of this thesis was therefore to investigate how the early environment experienced shapes the behavioural phenotype and whether the expression of behaviour remains stable over ontogeny. To this end, we used a small rodent of wild origin, the mound-building mouse Mus spicilegus, as an animal model. This monogamous mouse occurs in a variety of agricultural and steppe-like habitats in Central and South Eastern Europe, and is characterized by bi-parental care. The main results of this thesis highlight the consistency of personality traits in the mound building mouse from the early postnatal period until around maturity, both in social and non-social contexts. Various personality traits were associated across context, thus forming a behavioural syndrome. Such consistencies across time and context were present when looking at the individual level but also when focusing on the relative differences among siblings within a litter. The early developmental environment proved to be decisive in modulating the emergence personality of the individual, via the presence or absence of the father. Pups growing up in absence of the father showed indications of a higher responsiveness in two different tests compared to pups raised by mothers only. We showed how personality differences are related to physiological parameters. Different personality types coped physiologically different with a chronic stressor, apparent by their hormonal and immunological profiles. Pairs with similar anxiety scores, independently of the scores of both partners of the pair, had a higher probability of breeding, and brought forward the onset of breeding during the observation period, which carries along potential fitness benefits. This dissertation brings thus together some insights into the proximate and ultimate aspects underlying consistent individual differences in behaviour, which is seldom the case in a same model species.

This project is a creative production that combines image, sound, and narrative. It uses these elements to employ a twist as a device for a paradigm and genre shift in a short film text. My short film introduces a plot that is seemingly linear. Yet, the twist presents a piece of information that reveals the actual non-linear nature of the story, which in turn necessitates the re-interpretation of the plot. The aim of this project is to explore how a twist in a narrative-based short film can alter the cues and perceptions the audience receive from the plot. The project is predominantly practice-based (80%).

This study examined the attitudes of elementary school teachers and parents on school choice for parents within the system, and suggestions and feasibility on the implementation of alternative education in Tainan City. The findings were as follows: the attitude of elementary educators and parents on the "school choice for parents" and "the alternative education school management" hold a positive perception; alternative education school management within the system, "financial resources" is the first level of concern, second "performance evaluation"¡Fmost of principals can adapt to the times and realize that the school choice for parents is the trend of the times, but teachers are worried about the expansion of school choice will affect the teachers¡¦ professional autonomy; the problems encountered and focused with the implementation of "alternative education school within the system" in Tainan City are "the retention for excellent teachers", "the communication and the marketing of alternative education school management within the system", and "decree amendments and deregulation. " Based on the findings, this study offered following suggestions: 1. The suggestions for alternative education school management within the system: (1) Financial resources: The integration of resources and funding from local community and parents association, and in conjunction with the "school-based financial management" concept in planning and prioritizing school resources and funding. (2)Performance evaluation: The establishment of sound professional supervision and performance evaluation systems, and in collaboration with professors from university education departments to develop effective evaluation systems for individual students and effective systems for learning assessment. (3)Personnel organization: The development of the school-based teacher training credit certification and the independent selection process for teachers based on the needs of the school curriculum; the development of the appropriate, flexible, dynamic and open organizational structure. (4)Curriculum and instruction: The development of the school-based curriculum for instantaneous research and discussion within the organization; the group instruction based on major and minor areas of study in accordance with students¡¦ preference. 2. The suggestions for general school management : (1)Focus on school reforms and performances to expedite the improvement on school features and brand name in order to carve out a niche during the time of low birthrate and rising awareness of parents. (2)Curriculum and instruction are the essence of school management, principals should exhibit leadership and influence in incorporating school teachers¡¦ professional competence and integrate the programs of study to enliven teaching contents and methods in order to develop the school-based curriculum. (3)Teacher training and professional growth are the focus of attention and therefore only with the contemporaneous teacher training and learning can there be creative and effective teachings. (4)Schools and communities are now closely connected with each other, and school management is closely related to community development. Schools should integrate the databases and resources network of the community to expand the efficiency of community resources in order to assist in school management, teacher¡¦s professional growth and student learning. (5)Schools should implement and carry out complete teacher evaluation for professional development, instructional evaluation, school evaluation and other evaluation systems and mechanisms in order to bring about the effectiveness of school management.