The purpose of this thesis is to identify and discuss various popular images of the Mormon women of Utah between 1852 and 1890, the period during which the Latter-day Saints openly practiced plural marriage. The phrase "in the toils" refers to the basic image present in the minds of many Americans--that the women of the church were an oppressed, unhappy, enslaved group of individuals. This image, expressed in different ways, is found in many published writings of the period examined. After demonstrating the presence of this "in the toils" image, this study then attempts to analyze and evaluate its significance. Certainly this negative image had a bearing on anti-Mormon sentiment in general and opposition to the practice of polygamy. Moreover, the image seemed to generate more from nineteenth century values toward women and the family than it did from observable realities of the Mormon woman's condition. Several more realistic and historically valid images of the nineteenth century Mormon woman are suggested here. Another aspect of this subject is the manner in which the Mormon women themselves responded vii to their misrepresentation among non-Mormons. ' They identified themselves with an image of moving "onward for Zion," many of them, at least publicly, wholeheartedly endorsing their church and its teaching concerning plurality of wives. This paper has been based on numerous types of primary sources published between 1852 and 1890, including periodical articles, novels, reformers' tracts, travel accounts, newspapers, and public documents. The Mormon perspective has been studied through sermons, public testimonials of Mormon women, the Woman's Exponent, and a number of secondary sources.

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Background Endometriosis affects about one in ten women and is a chronic disease. The endometrium grows outside the uterus cavity and causes pain and suffering that leads to a reduced quality of life. Aim The aim of this study was to investigate women´s experience of pain when living with endo-metriosis. Method The method used was a qualitative integrative compilation inspired by meta-synthesis where nine qualitative articles were analyzed. Results In this study three main themes and six sub-themes emerged. These showed that pain, infertility, heavy and long periods as symptoms when diagnosed with endometriosis affects woman in her daily life. This contributes to lost function and isolation when it comes to social relationships, love life, work, studies and everyday life. Conclusion Women with endometriosis need to receive care based on their individual problems and meet healthcare professionals who has knowledge and competence regarding endometriosis. This to provide the best possible conditions to alleviate suffering for these women.

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of Strong Black Woman attitudes on how African American women perceive and cope with stress. The study included 100 Black female faculty, staff, and students from five universities in the eastern region of the United States including a large, public, research university; a small, private, religious-affiliated university; and three public, historically Black universities. The following research questions guided the study: a) What are the respondents’ levels of Strong Black Woman attitudes, perceived stress, and culture-specific coping? b) How does perception of stress predict Strong Black Woman attitudes? c) How does perception of stress predict the use of culture-specific forms of coping? d) How do Strong Black Woman attitudes mediate the relationship between perception of stress and culture-specific coping? These questions were explored through quantitative research analysis using an Information Questionnaire to collect data regarding demographic background, the Strong Black Woman Cultural Construct Scale (Hamin, 2003), the Perceived Stress Scale – 10 item (Cohen, Kamarck, Mermelstein,1983; Cohen & Williamson,1988), and the Africultural Coping Systems Inventory (Utsey, Adams, and Bolden, 2000). Simple linear regression revealed that Strong Black Woman attitudes of Caretaking, and Affect Regulation, as well as the Cognitive-Emotional Debriefing form of culture-specific coping were associated with higher levels of stress. Finally, multiple regression analysis revealed that Strong Black Woman attitudes did not have a mediating effect on participants’ level of perceived stress and their coping behaviors used in response to stress. Implications of the findings suggest a need to develop an empirical, theoretical, and clinical understanding of the impact of Strong Black Woman attitudes on women’s wellness. / Ph. D.

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