published_or_final_version / Chinese Historical Studies / Master / Master of Arts

Cheung Yin-ki. / Thesis submitted in: December 2003. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 121-132). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Modern Women in Shanghai --- p.11 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Modeng (Modern) --- p.24 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- """Queens"": Female Students in Shanghai" --- p.35 / Chapter Chapter 5: --- """Flower Vase"": Pink-Collar Women in the Workplace" --- p.50 / Chapter Chapter 6: --- Beautification and Modern Women --- p.69 / Chapter Chapter 7: --- Conclusion --- p.92 / Appendix --- p.100 / Bibliography --- p.121

From a group of six people in 1830 to a worldwide congregation of about fourteen million members in 2012, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, commonly known as the Mormon Church in public and in media coverage, has grown from an insignificant religious group from New York to a globally recognized and organized religious group. The Church��s congregation consists of people from different gender, class, racial, ethnic, cultural, and national backgrounds. With this diversity among its members, the Church has to find ways to cope with multiple challenges. Among all of the challenges facing Church leaders and members, one of the most prevalent topics of debate throughout the years concerns the status of Mormon women. Many of these debates run in tandem with issues associated with the various waves of feminist movements in the West. Mormon women have been seen as being oppressed by the patriarchal church organization. Many feminists, including feminists of Mormon faith, challenged such oppression and fought for their rights including the right to hold the priesthood and equal position in the Church organization. However, these voices are, for the most part, limited to Caucasian Mormon women. Through analysis of interviews with Hong Kong Chinese Mormon women, this study recognizes previously unheard or marginalized voices that shed light on new aspects of these debates. / published_or_final_version / Literary and Cultural Studies / Master / Master of Arts

published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / Clinical Psychology / Master / Master of Social Sciences

No description available.

余志明. / 論文 (哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 1999. / 參考文獻 (leaves 114-119). / 附中英文摘要. / Yu Zhiming. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi) -- Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 1999. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 114-119). / Fu Zhong Ying wen zhai yao. / Chapter (一) --- 引言 --- p.1 / Chapter (二) --- 宋代以前的貞節觀念 --- p.7 / Chapter (三) --- 宋人對婦女改嫁的態度 / Chapter (1) --- 皇室對婦女改嫁的態度 --- p.41 / Chapter (2) --- 士人對婦女改嫁的態度 --- p.49 / Chapter (3) --- 民間對婦女改嫁的態度 --- p.60 / Chapter (四) --- 宋代婦女的守節行爲 / Chapter (1) --- 夫死守節不嫁 --- p.64 / Chapter (2) --- 賊人相逼寧死不從 --- p.70 / Chapter (3) --- 士人對婦女守節的態度 --- p.77 / Chapter (五) --- 宋代法律與貞節 --- p.90 / Chapter (六) --- 宋代理學與婦女守節 --- p.102 / Chapter (七) --- 結語 --- p.113 / Chapter (八) --- 徵引資料 --- p.114

published_or_final_version / Nursing Studies / Master / Master of Nursing in Advanced Practice

Bereavement, an unavoidable event in everyone’s life, brings endless missing, grief, and suffering to people. Among all kinds of bereavement, losing a child is considered the most sorrowful and traumatizing. It is extremely difficult for parents who lose a child to recover from their deepest pain. On May 12, 2008, an earthquake, measuring 8.0 Ms, occurred in Wenchuan, Sichuan province, China. The earthquake killed more than 70,000 people and left about 20,000 missing. During the earthquake, some school buildings collapsed and as a result, hundreds of students died. Their parents experienced overwhelming bereavement. To understand what bereaved mothers experience and how they cope with bereavement after the loss of children, the author conducted this longitudinal study based on the dual process model of coping with bereavement (DPM), and applied qualitative inquiry using interpretative phenomenological analysis. In this study, the author has reported on her 4 waves of interviews with these parents, regarding how they coped with grief over 2 years. The author conducted 4 waves of in-depth, face-to-face interviews with mothers who lost their children during the Wenchuan earthquake (N= 43). The findings reveal that three levels of stresses exist in these bereaved mothers’ (BMs) grief experiences, including individual, family, and society levels. On the individual level, they experienced not only emotional distress, such as overwhelming grief, despair, and anger, but they also experienced cognitive distresses, such as regret, guilt, meaninglessness and hopelessness. On the family level, BMs experienced various stresses, such as family incompleteness, despair of their family life, and tensions with their spouses. On the society level, these BMs experienced pressure from social expectations and public opinion. They felt segregated and detached from their social networks. Life became meaningless to these BMs, resulting in suicidal thoughts. These BMs practiced a variety of coping strategies to deal with their endless grief and stresses in their daily lives. These BMs actively worked through their grief and negative emotions. They adjusted their cognition to deal with their children’s deaths, and made efforts to reconstruct their lives; through things like having another child, rebuilding their life purpose, and rebuilding relationships with others. Avoidance strategies included proactive avoidance and reactive avoidance coping. Respite was manifested in the BMs temporarily devoting themselves to other things in order to distract themselves from tremendous bereavement. This study verifies and enriches the DPM in the Chinese socio-cultural context, while indicating suggestions for social work practice and social policy. / published_or_final_version / Social Work and Social Administration / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a complex phenomenon of abusive partners’ behavior and is a serious public health problem that affects women’s health. It includes physical assaults, psychological aggressions, sexual abuse, and controlling behavior. Over the years, IPV was thought to be associated with chronic psychological stress. Although Chinese women have been shown using a variety of strategies to appraise, as well as cope with their abuse experience, not much is known about the relationships among psychological stress, appraisal of IPV as a stressor, coping strategies and emotional states in abused Chinese women. This study aimed (a) to differentiate women’s cognitive appraisal of IPV as a “threat” or a “challenge”; (b) to examine the relationship among women’s cognitive appraisals, coping strategies and emotional states; (c) to investigate the effect of cognitive appraisal and coping strategies on the relationship between IPV severity and emotional states. A cross-sectional, quantitative study was conducted. A total of 200 abused and 100 non-abused community-dwelling Chinese women aged 18 or above were recruited via poster advertisements in community centers and domestic violence support agencies in Hong Kong for this study. Participants were interviewed using a questionnaire to elicit their violence experience, cognitive appraisal, coping strategies, psychosocial readiness, social stress, self-efficacy and emotional states. Among the abused women group, 23.3% and 34.7% of them appraised IPV as a “threat” and “challenge” respectively, while 11.4% reported the co-existence of “threat” and “challenge” appraisal. Although abused women used a variety of coping strategies to cope with partner’ abusive behavior, however, their efforts were perceived as somewhat helpful. A proposed model, conceptualized from the transactional model of stress and coping, the stress process model and the psychosocial readiness model, was tested using structural equation modeling. It revealed that violence severity had a significant impact on women’s adaptational outcomes, i.e. emotional states in terms of psychological symptoms and distress intensity, and self-efficacy. This relationship was significantly mediated by cognitive appraisal and coping strategies. The psychosocial readiness of abused women was also found as a crucial mediator in the relationship of violence severity and coping strategies. Besides, a significant indirect effect of social stress on the relationship between IPV severity and adaptational outcomes was observed. Furthermore, financial difficulties had a significant effect on cognitive appraisal of abused women. It indicated that an increase in financial difficulties therefore increased the threat appraisal of abused women and in turns affecting their coping strategies and adaptational outcomes. However, immigration status had no effect on cognitive appraisal, psychosocial readiness, coping strategies social stress and outcomes among Chinese abused women. This study identified the mediating effects of cognitive appraisal and coping strategies on abused women’s self-efficacy and emotional states. The findings of this study advanced the current knowledge of cognitive appraisal and coping in women survivors of IPV. Intervention focus on coping may be effective in buffering the violence-related psychological stress and, special attention shall be paid to the psychosocial readiness of abused Chinese women to facilitate the effectiveness of coping strategies. / published_or_final_version / Nursing Studies / Master / Master of Philosophy

This dissertation explores the discursive voices present in a late Qing inner alchemy (neidan) compilation, the Nudan hebian. Inner alchemy is a meditation/visualization practice centered on purification of the physical body as the essential element in gaining physical immortality; therefore the physical body is of utmost importance. Yin-yang theory associates male with heaven and yang, and female with earth and yin. (Kunjue 1a) In neidan, both men and women must purge the earthly elements from their mind-body matrix to create a 'golden yang immortal's body' (Hutian xingli nudan shize 463a). This process can be accomplished by men through self-cultivation, but in mainstream Qing Daoism, women were limited by their gender, and could not attain complete mind-body purification without resort to outside assistance from the gods. / The theoretical consequences of these limitations notwithstanding, many women practiced neidan and were thought to have reached the highest states of perfection. The symbolic processes through which this becomes possible are complex and often contradictory. Some Nudan hebian texts reveal many levels of discursive play, rendering new meanings for old symbols and revealing rifts and commonalities in the tradition. Exploration of these rifts and commonalities reveals important dilemmas and understandings operative in the particular socio-historical contexts in which they were drafted, and offers a gender-sensitive historical perspective on the development of neidan during the late Qing period.