觀察中國早期帝國管治形態的視角眾多，其中最具資料根據的是地方簿籍制度的運行。自簡牘面世而來，學界對簿籍的歸類和分析未曾間斷，成為重要的研究基礎。現已知其運行地區之廣泛、針對範圍之精細，對於理解秦漢地區管治模式均有助益。然而，簡牘不僅是文字資料的承載物，本身的形制與書寫形態同樣是寶貴的考古資料遺存，在討論秦漢簿籍制度的過程中不能將三者割裂。 / 本文的目的在於將秦漢簿籍系統置於地方行政的視野之下，帶出秦漢簿籍的歷史意義。分析的層次主要有二：第一，簿籍檔案的形制發展。里耶秦簡的面世提供了秦制資料，從秦到漢經歷了簿籍概念的成熟化和專門化過程；第二，在簿籍系統成熟的背景下出現眾多二次書寫形式。二次書寫的定義為在同一簡牘載體上出現兩次或三次的書寫次序，說明簿籍有自身的構成次序。涵蓋範圍包括糧食、金錢、人員流動以及物品記錄，簿籍構成的過程與帝國物資與人員流動的實況同步。二次書寫以及相應的簿籍構成過程與秦漢地方日常行政手續息息相關，對之作出辨認等同還原當時行政場境，同時也是體現秦漢地方管治實況的重要視角。 / Documentation of local records is one of the most prominent indexes to evaluate the level of ancient state development by revealing the effectiveness of regional administration and the supervision of centralized government. The documentation system in Qin and Han Dynasties is the earliest accessible point allowing us to take a glimpse of the centralization process, which is marked by its extensive establishment in terms of both geography and range of recorded items. Excavated Qin and Han bamboo slips convey how the system developed and contributed to local administration. / In pursuit of outlining the administrative role of documentation, this paper attempts to observe the formatting process of Qin and Han local documents by interpreting their outstanding, yet often overlooked, writing sequence. It is characterized by several indications, such as different hand-writings and deviating writing position, implying that local documents underwent at least two writing processes. It also illuminates the transition progress of local documents, their utility in different stages, and most importantly, the interrelation of recording and governing. Recognizing writing sequence on bamboo slips sheds light on the steps of documentation, details of daily administration, as well as how Qin and Han local authorities communicated. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 梁煒傑. / Thesis (M.Phil.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2015. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 232-249). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Liang Weijie.

Uncertainties in engineering design exist due to the random nature of loads and materials, lack of knowledge, and imperfect modelling of design parameters. Conventional design methods based on deterministic procedures do not always yield designs having consistent safety. In recent years considerable research has been conducted in the use of probability theory for modelling uncertainties in engineering designs and several probabilistic design formats have been developed. Probability based design methods provide a unified procedure applicable to all construction materials, all loads, and all types of uncertainties. Code committees are currently working on the development of the new design codes for various construction materials such as steel, concrete, and wood based on probabilistic concepts. The objective of this study is to study a probability based design format for wood members. Reliability analysis of wood structural elements such as beams, columns, and beam-columns is conducted, and the risk level is measured by the reliability or safety index, β. Wood members subjected to dead plus live load and dead plus snow load combinations are considered. After conducting a reliability analysis of current designs, a target reliability index is selected. The reliability index is then used in conjunction with the predetermined load factors and load combinations to determine resistance factors. Finally, a design format is proposed for Load and Resistance Factor Design for wood structures. / M.S.

The subject of this project is the development of a computer program that assists in the preliminary selection of wooden beams for residential scale buildings. It is a useful project because the program is intended to assist the architectural designer; it does not provide comprehensive engineering. With this purpose in mind, the intention is to simplify the process of sizing wooden members, to generate graphic visualization, and to make clear the analytic and decision making process incorporated in the program's construction. The user is presumed to be a designer or architectural student. Efforts towards the design of the program have been aimed at making the software effective for designers and students. This project deals with such issues as logical sequence or flow, decision points, and conceptual organization of display screens for the purpose of focusing the users attention on vital information. / Master of Architecture

The gradually changing behavior of the population, towards urbanization, ledto an increased shortage of available housing. This development has resultedin a serious issue in Sweden, where too few firms are providing solutions formulti-family houses in wood. Potential firms that could fill this increasingdemand are those in the single-family house industry. Yet, these firms mightface considerable problems with productivity, predominately derived fromincreasing production costs and inadequate production development.Developing these firms are associated with long-term investments, whichis investigated by evaluating the industry structure for sellers, highlightingthe financial and market situation within their industry. These factors aregrowing in importance due to the current market concentration, where morefirms are required to focus on product development driven by the demand toprefabricate wooden elements, volumes or modules in an industrialized way.This thesis studies Swedish firms producing wooden single-familyhouses, with the aim to investigate their possibilities to enter the woodenmulti-family house industry in Sweden.Investigations will be conducted by applying Altman’s Z’ value, riskposition model, the Herfindahl-Hirschman index, the Herfindahl-Hirschmannumber equivalent, productivity ratio model for profitability and finally amodel measuring market Concentration Ratio.Results show that the industry tends towards perfect competition with toomany firms involved, i.e. firms mainly have to compete by prices. Further,firms are grouped into three zones; risk, grey or safe zone. The levels withinthese zone show a reduction of firms in the red zone over time. Related to thecurrent risks, many firms have promising positions to invest in productdevelopment towards wooden multi-family houses, in addition to theircurrent products, even though firm productivity has declined during thestudied time frame. The results that the investigated firms have goodpossibilities gaining a competitive advantage by diversifying into thegrowing wooden multi-family house industry.

Thesis is devoted to the Wooden churches of the Slovak part of Carpathian Mountain Area, which were added to the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 2008. The wooden churches have extraordinary worldwide walue but people do not know much about them.

Thesis (M.Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1982. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography: p. 133-135. / by Nicholas Todd Harris. / M.Arch.

郭文德. / "2011年8月". / "2011 nian 8 yue". / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 289-300). / Abstract in Chinese and English. / Guo Wende. / 摘要 --- p.i / 目錄 --- p.iii / 圖表目錄 --- p.v / Chapter 第一章 --- 緒論 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一節 --- 硏究背景 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二節 --- 硏究材料 --- p.2 / Chapter 第三節 --- 硏究方法 --- p.5 / Chapter 第四節 --- 重要槪念解釋 --- p.9 / Chapter 第五節 --- 前人硏究綜述 --- p.15 / Chapter 第二章 --- 傳世文獻所見孫吳屯田槪況 --- p.12 / Chapter 第一節 --- 興辦過程 --- p.22 / Chapter 第二節 --- 分佈地區 --- p.27 / Chapter 第三節 --- 敗壞原因 --- p.35 / Chapter 第四節 --- 出土材料對傳世文獻的補證作用 --- p.40 / Chapter 第三章 --- 「嘉禾吏民田家莂」非屯田辨~論莂券記載土地性質 --- p.44 / Chapter 第一節 --- 關於「嘉禾吏民田家莂」記載土地爲屯田的論說 --- p.44 / Chapter 第二節 --- 公、私田與「租」、「稅」之分 --- p.55 / Chapter 第三節 --- 產權經濟學的檢驗 --- p.70 / Chapter 第四章 --- 「限米」與孫吳屯田 --- p.79 / Chapter 第一節 --- 「限米」意義諸說 --- p.79 / Chapter 第二節 --- 竹簡「限米」帳簿記錄槪況 --- p.88 / Chapter 第三節 --- 「限米」與孫吳屯田的關係 --- p.102 / Chapter 第五章 --- 孫吳屯田基層農官及勞動辨述 --- p.112 / Chapter 第一節 --- 基層農官 --- p.112 / Chapter 第二節 --- 常規勞動者 --- p.121 / Chapter 第三節 --- 補讁勞動者 --- p.131 / Chapter 第四節 --- 其他勞動者 --- p.137 / Chapter 第六章 --- 結論 --- p.153 / Chapter 附表： --- 走馬樓三國吳簡竹簡「限米」帳簿記錄分類統計 --- p.155 / 引用書目 --- p.289

This thesis presents a study of an ancient Chinese timber structure- the main hall of the Foguang temple built in China in the Tang Dynasty (857), which is regarded as one of the most important temples in that period. The research represents a detailed digital model of the structural timber components and their connectivity. The research questions are: - Firstly, how to identify and represent the structural components, and the ways they are assembled. This is not covered in the few previous studies of the temple, which just offered brief introductions and general descriptions of the construction of the timber structure. - Secondly, how to create a digital model for such a structure where there is insufficient or incompatible information. These are common issues that arise in the simulation and representation of historic architecture. The outcome of the research is the presentation of a digital model that is much more detailed than previously existing representations. During the process, two concepts were developed and adopted: - Firstly, the concept of "building an ideal model". Rather than seeking the representation of the timber structure as built, the notion outlined in this thesis is to create an ideal digital model according to the vocabulary of structural components and the predefined spatial relations of their assembly connectivity. - Secondly, the concept of "simplest adaptation". When choosing from a number of reasonable hypotheses about a component or assembly detail, it is assumed to be the simplest possible adaptation of an already accepted component or assembly detail. The thesis is organized as followings: Chapter 1: an introduction to the research on ancient Chinese architecture. Chapter 2: a review of the computer simulation and representation of historic architecture. Chapter 3: a discussion about the methodology on the concept of "building an ideal model", and the methodology for modelling when there is a lack of information. Chapter 4: a record of the digital modelling process. Chapter 5: discussions on and conclusions of the research. The thesis has an accompanying CD which contains the representation information, including: - A 2D 'Flash' presentation that shows the brief contents of the research. - 3D animations that represent in detail the timber structure and the assembly process. - A database that represents the structural components and their relations. / Thesis (M.Arch.)--School of Architecture, Landscape Architecture & Urban Design, 2005.

A considerable amount of research has focused on load-sharing and system effects in repetitive-member wood floor systems subject to transverse loading. However, relatively few studies have been conducted to investigate load-sharing and system effects in repetitive-member wall systems which may be subject to combined transverse and gravity (vertical) loading, and which may have different boundary conditions from floors. This research investigates load-sharing and system effects in light-frame wood wall systems and seeks to develop repetitive-member system factors for codified design that rationally account for load sharing and other system effects. These factors are intended for use in the design of individual wall members, much as repetitive-member factors are used in the design of parallel-member floor and roof systems. As part of this research, an analytical model was developed to account for partial composite action, two-way action, and openings in the wall system. The model was validated using experimental test results and was shown to be able to predict reasonably well the response of light-frame wall systems. The model was then incorporated into a Monte Carlo simulation to perform reliability analyses of light-frame wall systems. Since the structural model is complex, and including a time-history analysis within the time-dependent simulation was not computationally practical, the load combination issue was considered separately from the reliability analysis. Sensitivity studies were conducted to investigate how different system parameters affect strength and reliability of light-frame wall systems. The reliability of light-frame wall systems was next evaluated using a portfolio of representative light-frame wall systems designed according to current code provisions. This portfolio approach was also used in evaluating system factors for light-frame wall systems. Thus, two different approaches (a reliability-based approach and a strength-ratio approach) were considered for developing system factors for member-design to account for load sharing, partial composite action and other system effects. Using the strength-ratio approach, a new framework for system factors (i.e., partial system factors) is suggested in which the effects of partial composite action, load sharing, load redistribution and system size (number of members) are treated separately. / Graduation date: 2003

Stability analysis of truss chords loaded by a combination of axial and lateral forces is studied. A simple model based on beam-column theory is proposed and analyzed. The continuous truss chord is replaced by a beam column loaded by end moments replacing the effect of adjacent members. The solution yields deflections and moments allowing one to compute the stress at any point of the truss chord. Analytical and numerical solutions are applied to an example of a wood truss with a continuous top chord. The numerical solution for the deformations converges rapidly. Non-converging results indicate instability. A new design procedure for wood truss chords subjected to possible buckling is proposed. The procedure is based on the analysis of a beam-column model and a mechanics of materials approach. / Graduation date: 1994