Within urban geography the development of defensive strategies encompassing the fortification and privatisation of the city has attracted significant attention during the 1990s. This research is articulated in the light of these recent debates concerning risk, security, and the spatial restructuring of contemporary Western cities. In this context, the concern of this thesis is with examining how the perceived risk of terrorist attack led to changes in the physical form and institutional infrastructure of the City of London between 1992 and 1997 during which the City was a prime terrorist target. To undertake this enquiry an urban landscape approach was adopted which took account of the three interrelated components of landscape - namely form (the arrangement of the built environment) which is constructed and activated through a number of social, economic, and political processes that gives the built environment cultural and symbolic meaning. Methodologically this research was based on a series of interviews with the police, security experts, insurers, risk managers, terrorism analysts, and other business organisations, as well as being supplemented by an array of documentary and archival material. Such an approach provided the framework to interpret the key processes and institutional decisions involved in the evolution of enhanced City security. This thesis has explored the formal and informal strategies adopted by a number of key urban managers as they attempted to reduce both the physical and financial risk of terrorism through a series of place-specific security initiatives and insurance policies. It is shown that the terrorist threat led to increased fortification, a substantial rise in terrorism insurance premiums and changing institutional relations at a variety of spatial scales. It is argued that these changes were necessary to protect this area from further attack and to preserve the City's reputation as a global financial centre as well as London's position as a so-called world city. 1 Furthermore, this thesis argues that for both political and legal necessity the security measures deployed were advanced not in terms of an anti-terrorist effort, but in relation to the unintended by-products of such approaches, namely decreases in general crime, reduced levels of pollution and enhanced traffic management capabilities. ii

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Student Number : 0415430J - MA research report - Faculty of Humanities / This paper investigates contemporary world city discourse, specifically in regards to the role of arts and culture, and with a focus on the implications of this discourse and policy in the urban African context. The historical legacies of colonial policies and thinking are explored in order to understand the current status of African cities within the world system. These dominant narratives are critiqued and some alternative modes of understanding Africa within the global context are explored. These various discourses are used to investigate the implications in a specific context - that of the current urban regeneration project taking place in Newtown, Johannesburg. This paper will contextualise the language and policy relating to arts and culture from a national government to a city level, in order to unpack some the assumptions that underpin these policies and the impacts that this language and policy have on the arts within a uniquely African urban context.

This is a study of India's major cities and how they are faring under the conditions of contemporary globalisation. This contemporary globalisation is a part of the economic globalisation that took place in India especially after 1991, when the new economic policies were incorporated. These new economic policies were targeted at making India integrate into the larger world economy by introducing more open trade. The sectors that received major attention under the new policies were industrial and the services sector as a whole with particular emphasis on producer services (banking and insurance). As a result of liberalisation and privatisation of these sectors many new producer services firms came up in major Indian cities. Therefore, the main focus is on the inter-city relations based upon the type of advance producer services firms that are operating from these cities. Also it looks at the nodes that the major Indian cities form in larger world city network.

A presente dissertação investiga a literatura internacional e nacional acerca das teorias de cidade mundial, global e pós-moderna, destacando a sua relação com a metrópole de São Paulo. Para tanto, como recurso teórico, foi utilizada a pesquisa bibliográfica. Dessa forma, ressalta-se que os conceitos de cidade mundial e cidade global não apresentam diferenças significativas, sendo utilizados pelos autores a depender de sua preferência. Já o conceito de cidade pós-moderna tem uma utilização mais restrita se comparado com os termos anteriores. Principalmente na literatura internacional, o conceito de cidade pós-moderna apresenta uma inclinação para abordagens de fenômenos culturais da sociedade. Já na literatura nacional, tal conceito é pouquíssimo utilizado e, quando presente, relaciona-se mais com um padrão de planejamento urbano o qual, por sua vez, prioriza as necessidades dos atores hegemônicos. Assim, verificou-se que existem duas formas principais de apreensão do conceito de cidade mundial/global. Uma dessas formas foi denominada forma-diagnóstico, constituindo o resultado da investigação das novas formas-conteúdo da cidade contemporânea. E a outra apreensão foi denominada forma paradigma-planejamento estratégico, a qual se relaciona com o modelo defendido de cidade que deve ser seguido para se conquistar competitividade na globalização. Sendo o planejamento estratégico a operacionalização desse modelo. Por fim, destaca-se que grande parte da literatura nacional, inclusive na Ciência Geográfica, considera a metrópole de São Paulo uma cidade mundial/global. Nesse sentido, diversos autores destacam seu contexto histórico-geográfico, apontando, assim, uma especificidade do fenômeno: é uma cidade mundial/global da semiperiferia do capitalismo. A literatura internacional, no geral, também considera São Paulo uma cidade mundial/global. Contudo, neste último caso, poucos estudos dedicaram-se a estabelecer relação com São Paulo, já que se concentram, sobretudo, na análise de suas realidades locais. / This dissertation investigates the international and national literature concerning the theories of world, global and post-modern city, highlighting its relations with São Paulo Metropolis. For that, as theoretical resource, it was used the bibliographical research. Thus, it points out that the concepts of world city and global city do not present significant differences, it has been used by the authors depending on the preference of each one. Yet, the concept of post-modern city has a more restricted utilization, if it was compared with the previous terms. Mostly in the international literature, the concept of post-modern city presents an inclination for cultural phenomena approaches in the society. However, in the national literature, such concept is used just a little and, when it appears, it relates more to a pattern of urban planning which prioritizes the needs of hegemonic actors. This way, it was verified that there are two main forms to apprehend the world/global city concept. One of these forms was denominated diagnostic form, constituting the result of new content forms investigation of the contemporary city. And the other apprehension was denominated paradigm strategic planning form, which is related with the model of city that should be followed to acquire competitiveness in the globalization. The strategic planning is the operationalization of this model. Finally, it is highlighted that great part of the national literature, includes in the Geographical Science, considers São Paulo Metropolis a world/global city, as well as in the international literature. In this sense, several authors highlight its historicalgeographical context, and they point to, this way, a phenomenon specificity: its a world/global city of the capitalisms semi periphery. The international literature, in general, also considers São Paulo a world/global city. However, in this last case, few studies have been dedicated to establish relations with São Paulo, since they concentrate, above all, in the analysis of their local realities.

Istanbul undertakes about half of the imports and exports of the country which has been increasing the importance. It is the most developed city in Turkey with a population reaching up to 13.255.685 people in 2010 consisting of %17.98 of the national population. The service sector demand and the real estate production are expected to be high together with the Istanbul&rsquo / s rising position in the globalization process. Upon the increase in demand for global sectors, the production of the commercial real estate tends to increase, which can be observed from construction statistics that are published by the Turkish Statistical Institute. The world city literature developed in several respects. As to the world city/global city concept, there are three main theories that play major roles in understanding the emergence of global command centers and strongly influenced the world city literature that belong to John Friedmann, Saskia Sassen and Manuel Castells. Developments in lines with the world city/global city concept appeared in Istanbul with the 1980&rsquo / s reforms towards economic liberalization, together with the support of the Government to make Istanbul a &lsquo / global city&rsquo / . The city is the primary gateway of Turkey to the global economy and Istanbul has been well ranked in academic rosters of world cities since the beginning of the 21 st century. v When the case of Istanbul is considered, the city as a world city is expected to be relatively at an earlier stage of globalization process, and with respect to these major theories / the attribution of Istanbul seems to have similarity with Friedmann&rsquo / s (1986) &lsquo / world city&rsquo / vision. The main data that reflect the supply of commercial real estate as related to demand in the globalization process are obtained from the data of the Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK), under the published categories of &lsquo / Hotel and etc constructions&rsquo / , &lsquo / Office, Wholesale and Retail Commerce&rsquo / , &lsquo / Traffic and Communication Buildings&rsquo / , &lsquo / Industry and Storage&rsquo / , and &lsquo / Public, Entertainment, Education and Hospital&rsquo / . In order to figure out the place of Istanbul in the globalization process in the country, Istanbul&rsquo / s data are compared with the same data for Ankara and Izmir comprising the years between 2002 and 2010. It is aimed to figure out the developed sectors of Istanbul and to clarify how Istanbul is leading in the production of real estate for the global sectors of both manufacturing and service activities. The developments in respect of globalization process of the city can be expected in the direction of the formation of world city as defined in line with the Friedmann&rsquo / s theory, since not only buildings for service sector activities are produced in Istanbul, but also industrial real estate production at almost equal level during much of the investigated period. It is expected that global city functions, in lines with the Saskia Sassen&rsquo / s framework will develop as world city functions consolidate in Istanbul. Therefore, the commercial real estate production is expected to be more rapid and more in line with the growth of world city functions in Istanbul, compared to two other most developed cities of Turkey which are Ankara and Izmir.

A presente dissertação investiga a literatura internacional e nacional acerca das teorias de cidade mundial, global e pós-moderna, destacando a sua relação com a metrópole de São Paulo. Para tanto, como recurso teórico, foi utilizada a pesquisa bibliográfica. Dessa forma, ressalta-se que os conceitos de cidade mundial e cidade global não apresentam diferenças significativas, sendo utilizados pelos autores a depender de sua preferência. Já o conceito de cidade pós-moderna tem uma utilização mais restrita se comparado com os termos anteriores. Principalmente na literatura internacional, o conceito de cidade pós-moderna apresenta uma inclinação para abordagens de fenômenos culturais da sociedade. Já na literatura nacional, tal conceito é pouquíssimo utilizado e, quando presente, relaciona-se mais com um padrão de planejamento urbano o qual, por sua vez, prioriza as necessidades dos atores hegemônicos. Assim, verificou-se que existem duas formas principais de apreensão do conceito de cidade mundial/global. Uma dessas formas foi denominada forma-diagnóstico, constituindo o resultado da investigação das novas formas-conteúdo da cidade contemporânea. E a outra apreensão foi denominada forma paradigma-planejamento estratégico, a qual se relaciona com o modelo defendido de cidade que deve ser seguido para se conquistar competitividade na globalização. Sendo o planejamento estratégico a operacionalização desse modelo. Por fim, destaca-se que grande parte da literatura nacional, inclusive na Ciência Geográfica, considera a metrópole de São Paulo uma cidade mundial/global. Nesse sentido, diversos autores destacam seu contexto histórico-geográfico, apontando, assim, uma especificidade do fenômeno: é uma cidade mundial/global da semiperiferia do capitalismo. A literatura internacional, no geral, também considera São Paulo uma cidade mundial/global. Contudo, neste último caso, poucos estudos dedicaram-se a estabelecer relação com São Paulo, já que se concentram, sobretudo, na análise de suas realidades locais. / This dissertation investigates the international and national literature concerning the theories of world, global and post-modern city, highlighting its relations with São Paulo Metropolis. For that, as theoretical resource, it was used the bibliographical research. Thus, it points out that the concepts of world city and global city do not present significant differences, it has been used by the authors depending on the preference of each one. Yet, the concept of post-modern city has a more restricted utilization, if it was compared with the previous terms. Mostly in the international literature, the concept of post-modern city presents an inclination for cultural phenomena approaches in the society. However, in the national literature, such concept is used just a little and, when it appears, it relates more to a pattern of urban planning which prioritizes the needs of hegemonic actors. This way, it was verified that there are two main forms to apprehend the world/global city concept. One of these forms was denominated diagnostic form, constituting the result of new content forms investigation of the contemporary city. And the other apprehension was denominated paradigm strategic planning form, which is related with the model of city that should be followed to acquire competitiveness in the globalization. The strategic planning is the operationalization of this model. Finally, it is highlighted that great part of the national literature, includes in the Geographical Science, considers São Paulo Metropolis a world/global city, as well as in the international literature. In this sense, several authors highlight its historicalgeographical context, and they point to, this way, a phenomenon specificity: its a world/global city of the capitalisms semi periphery. The international literature, in general, also considers São Paulo a world/global city. However, in this last case, few studies have been dedicated to establish relations with São Paulo, since they concentrate, above all, in the analysis of their local realities.

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檢視中國的城市化進程與全球城市化研究將為被忽略的地區帶來新的視野 / The examination of urbanization processes in China with the combination of global and world city research are expected to provide new insights to this neglected area. Global city idea had often emerged in contemporary city development plans, mainly indicating rapid modernization efforts via building a so-called global city. The wide-scale embeddedness of this idea suggests that it became the synonym of international competitiveness and prosperity. The best example of that is China with its massive network of cities. Until recently public datas were less accessible regarding the major Chinese cities, sith the reasons behind their growth and properity are still widely unexplored. The goal of this thesis would be to collect data and examine the most relevant segments of a specific Chinese city, namely Shanghai in the context of global city formation and competition. In order to justify or deny the overall achievements of industrial and spatial restructuring, the thesis will rely on the latest datas, including the related theoretical aspects and two short case studies. There are multiple layers of conducting city-related research from which, there are statistically less traceable ones. Thus, the intention of the thesis is to highlight two, internationally relevant and comparable areas, such as the financial industry and the newly upgraded free trade zone. According to the author’s intentions the strengths and the weaknesses of Shanghai as a global city will be empirically tested, while at the same time there will be a strong emphasis on the introduction of world- and global cities’ theoretical background as well. Within that the Chinese global city idea will be distinguished from its Western counterpart and the contraints of current political system will be pointed out in terms of operation or management. The main subject of inquiry would be to learn more about the extent of global city transformation in the city, compared to the general assumptions on an actual global city. Since this thesis has its own limitations both in size and data processing capability, thus it mainly analyzed and used second-hand sources to derive its conclusions. The main purpose of this work would be to contest the aspects of Shanghai’s global citiness.