In recent years, GraphQL has become a popular Web API language. Due to GraphQL’spopularity, third-party libraries have also grown steadily alongside it. One such library isGraphQL Tools, which provides tools such as query delegation and schema wrapping. Onecore element of GraphQL is its schema. In part, the schema describes the relations betweendata in a data source. Every GraphQL server needs a schema, which in turn utilizes resolverfunctions that retrieve the data from the data source. Schema wrapping allows developers to create GraphQL schemas that delegate queriesto another remote server. This allows the user to modify the behavior of the remote schema,without modifying its contents. However, some JavaScript knowledge is required to im-plement the schema wrapping. This thesis proposes a declarative approach to wrappingschemas with the help of custom GraphQL directives. The main objective of the approach isto enable less knowledgeable developers to wrap schemas with less effort. The declarative approach was tested by implementing a prototype. The effects on per-formance was tested with a benchmarking tool called Linköping GraphQL Benchmark(LinGBM). The prototype delegated queries to a remote server also created by LinGBM.The benchmarking tool was run against both the wrapper server and the remote server.The results indicated that the overhead of the wrapper server was mostly due to internalfunctions of GraphQL Tools. Therefore, automatically generating a server with the pro-posed declarative approach did not seem to impose significant performance losses. Con-sidering the decreased programming effort by using the declarative approach, the slightperformance loss can be seen as manageable.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de avaliar a decomposiÃÃo da folhagem de marmeleiro (Croton sonderianus), em funÃÃo da forma de acondicionamento e disposiÃÃo do material no solo na estaÃÃo seca e na estaÃÃo chuvosa. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Experimental Vale do AcaraÃ, onde foram selecionadas duas Ãreas com 1 ha cada. Uma Ãrea apresentava a vegetaÃÃo preservada e a outra Ãrea sofreu aÃÃes antropogÃnicas. Foram acondicionados 30 g de folhagem de marmeleiro em 72 sacolas de decomposiÃÃo (que foram confeccionadas com malha telada de n 0 com 30 cm x 30 cm) as quais foram divididas em 3 tratamentos: sacolas com ambas as faces livres (A); sacolas com a face superior protegida por um plÃstico transparente (B), sacolas com a face superior protegida por lona branca (C). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em um arranjo fatorial de 3 x 2 x 2 x 2, sendo 3 tipos de sacolas x 2 Ãreas x 2 posiÃÃes x 2 estaÃÃes, com trÃs repetiÃÃes. Foi mensurada a temperatura ambiental, mÃxima e mÃnima, a temperatura do solo, assim como a umidade presente no mesmo, e a radiaÃÃo solar. As taxas de decomposiÃÃo real foram obtidas atravÃs de equaÃÃo, em que houve a subtraÃÃo da porcentagem inicial de biomassa vegetal pela quantidade restante nas sacolas ao fim de cada estaÃÃo. A forma de acondicionamento do material, as posiÃÃes em que os mesmos estavam assim como a influÃncia das estaÃÃes do ano e seus fatores abiÃticos caracterÃsticos, influenciaram na taxa de decomposiÃÃo da folhagem de marmeleiro, sendo que ocorrem maiores taxas de decomposiÃÃo na Ãrea preservada durante o perÃodo chuvoso. / The research was conducted to evaluate the decomposition of leaves of marmeleiro (Croton sonderianus), depending on the shape and arrangement of the packing material in the soil in the dry and rainy seasons. The experiment was conducted at the Fazenda Experimental Vale do AcaraÃ, where two areas were selected with 1 ha each. One area showed the preserved vegetation and other anthropogenic area suffered. Were placed 30 g of leaves of marmeleiro in 72 bags of decomposition (which were made with mesh screened from No. 0 to 30 cm x 30 cm) which were divided into three treatments: bags with both free surfaces (A); bags with the top surface protected by a transparent plastic (B), bags with the top surface protected by white canvas (C). The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial arrangement of 3 x 2 x 2 x 2, and 3 types of bags x 2 x 2 locations x 2 seasons, with three replications. Was measured at ambient temperature, maximum and minimum soil temperature and the moisture present in it, and solar radiation. Decomposition rates were obtained by real equation, in which there was the subtraction of the initial percentage of plant biomass by the amount remaining in the bags at the end of each season. The form of packaging material, the positions in which they were as well the influence of the seasons and their abiotic characteristics, influence the rate of decomposition of leaves of marmeleiro, with higher rates of degradation occur in the preserved during the rainy season.

The Insight Segmentation and Registration Toolkit (ITK) is a long-established image processing library used for image analysis, visualisation, and image-guided surgery applications. ITK is a collection of C++ classes that can potentially pose usability problems for users without appropriate C++ programming experience. In order to remove the programming complexities and facilitate rapid prototyping, an implementation of ITK within a higher-level visual programming environment is presented: SimITK. ITK functionalities are automatically wrapped into "blocks" within the visual programming environment of MATLAB, Simulink, where these blocks can be connected to form workflows: visual schematics that closely represent the structure of a C++ program. The heavily C++ templated nature of ITK does not facilitate direct interaction between Simulink and ITK; an intermediary is required to convert respective datatypes and allow intercommunication. As such, a SimITK "Virtual Block" has been developed that serves as a wrapper around the ITK class responsible for resolving the datatypes used by ITK to native types used by Simulink. Part of this challenge surrounds the automated capturing and storage of the pertinent class information (name, inputs/outputs, acceptable datatypes, and allowed dimensionalities) that needs to be reflected within the final block representation. The WrapITK package, included with ITK, serves to generate initial class representations as complex eXtended Markup Language (XML) files that are consolidated and refined to organise the information into an easily accessible structure when extracting during wrapping. Once refined, the data are transferred into custom-written SimITK-templates - one template for each required filetype - through a series of custom-keyword substitutions that replace special keywords with appropriately retrieved XML information and/or programming code. The primary result from the SimITK wrapping procedure is the generation of multiple Simulink Block libraries. From these libraries, blocks are selected and interconnected to demonstrate case study examples: a 3D segmentation workflow using cranial-CT data and a 3D MRI-to-CT registration workflow. Suggestions for future development are included as well as several appendices containing a list of classes, code comparisons between ITK C++ and SimITK workflow, installation documentation (both user and developer), as well as example file templates used to integrate ITK within Simulink. / Thesis (Master, Computing) -- Queen's University, 2011-09-13 16:48:53.906

In the past twenty years, our world has experienced a number of disasters, ranging from hurricanes to acts of terrorism. While both natural and anthropogenic disasters are inevitable, being able to simulate their progression and impact can provide guidance for preemptive measures to mitigate casualties and property damage. Specifically, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations can be used to simulate wind forces associated with hurricanes or pressure waves associated with explosions. However, even a simple CFD simulation is time consuming and requires highly-specialized expertise. This paper aims to reduce the processing time by utilizing readily available geometry models, and a surface wrapping algorithm that allows for fast and seamless way of repairing geometry. Both of these processes are automated which also reduces the amount of training in various software packages.

The objective of this study was to determine the possible application of ultrasonic inspection for non-destructive, online evaluation of the integrity of heat sealed, flexible package structure commonly used in packaging of aseptic and shelf-stable food products. A scanning acoustic microscope (SAM), Olympus UH-3, and image analysis system were used to establish the operational parameters to ultrasonically inspect the heat seal closure of various flexible packages. The frequency range, attenuation, and focal length (Z-value) were determined respectively for paper laminate containers, plastic and plastic/aluminum pouches and plastic trays with plastic or plastic/aluminum lidding materials. The SAM images of channel leakers, blisters and wrinkles were sufficiently characteristic to allow their identification. The same should be possible in an on-line, ultrasonic testing device through proper design of the transducers and scanning mechanism of the inspection system and by monitoring of the ultrasonic signal. Channel leakers of 20 μm diameter were successfully detected in all package structures with the exception of the paper laminate which scattered the ultrasonic waves. The frequency used for inspection ranged from 30 to 100 MHz and best results were obtained when focussing at the seal bottom surface. As a general rule, lower frequencies were used for inspection of relatively thick seals or laminates containing an aluminum layer. Geometry, thickness, surface characteristics, and laminate composition of the seal to be inspected were found to affect SAM's performance. The SAM was able to detect defects as small as 20 μm when working in the pulse mode, using focussed transducers of frequency ranging between 30 and 100 MHz. However, because smaller defects could not technically be manufactured at the seal interface, this value is not definite and it is believed that smaller defects could be successfully detected, especially in the higher frequency range. For optimum results, seals to be inspected should be free of embossment, flat, and should remain parallel to the surface of the transducer during inspection. Finally, biotests showed that a 20 μm channel leaker in a seal of 5 mm width was of sufficient size to cause post-process contamination in Meal Ready to Eat (MRE, plastics/AI structure) pouches. / Master of Science

Interval analysis is an essential tool in the construction of validated numerical solutions of Initial Value Problems (IVP) for Ordinary (ODE) and Partial (PDE) Differential Equations. A validated solution typically consists of guaranteed lower and upper bounds for the exact solution or set of exact solutions in the case of uncertain data, i.e. it is an interval function (enclosure) containing all solutions of the problem. IVP for ODE: The central point of discussion is the wrapping effect. A new concept of wrapping function is introduced and applied in studying this effect. It is proved that the wrapping function is the limit of the enclosures produced by any method of certain type (propagate and wrap type). Then, the wrapping effect can be quantified as the difference between the wrapping function and the optimal interval enclosure of the solution set (or some norm of it). The problems with no wrapping effect are characterized as problems for which the wrapping function equals the optimal interval enclosure. A sufficient condition for no wrapping effect is that there exist a linear transformation, preserving the intervals, which reduces the right-hand side of the system of ODE to a quasi-isotone function. This condition is also necessary for linear problems and "near" necessary in the general case. Hyperbolic PDE: The Initial Value Problem with periodic boundary conditions for the wave equation is considered. It is proved that under certain conditions the problem is an operator equation with an operator of monotone type. Using the established monotone properties, an interval (validated) method for numerical solution of the problem is proposed. The solution is obtained step by step in the time dimension as a Fourier series of the space variable and a polynomial of the time variable. The numerical implementation involves computations in Fourier and Taylor functoids. Propagation of discontinuo~swaves is a serious problem when a Fourier series is used (Gibbs phenomenon, etc.). We propose the combined use of periodic splines and Fourier series for representing discontinuous functions and a method for propagating discontinuous waves. The numerical implementation involves computations in a Fourier hyper functoid. / Mathematical Sciences / D. Phil. (Mathematics)

Interval analysis is an essential tool in the construction of validated numerical solutions of Initial Value Problems (IVP) for Ordinary (ODE) and Partial (PDE) Differential Equations. A validated solution typically consists of guaranteed lower and upper bounds for the exact solution or set of exact solutions in the case of uncertain data, i.e. it is an interval function (enclosure) containing all solutions of the problem. IVP for ODE: The central point of discussion is the wrapping effect. A new concept of wrapping function is introduced and applied in studying this effect. It is proved that the wrapping function is the limit of the enclosures produced by any method of certain type (propagate and wrap type). Then, the wrapping effect can be quantified as the difference between the wrapping function and the optimal interval enclosure of the solution set (or some norm of it). The problems with no wrapping effect are characterized as problems for which the wrapping function equals the optimal interval enclosure. A sufficient condition for no wrapping effect is that there exist a linear transformation, preserving the intervals, which reduces the right-hand side of the system of ODE to a quasi-isotone function. This condition is also necessary for linear problems and "near" necessary in the general case. Hyperbolic PDE: The Initial Value Problem with periodic boundary conditions for the wave equation is considered. It is proved that under certain conditions the problem is an operator equation with an operator of monotone type. Using the established monotone properties, an interval (validated) method for numerical solution of the problem is proposed. The solution is obtained step by step in the time dimension as a Fourier series of the space variable and a polynomial of the time variable. The numerical implementation involves computations in Fourier and Taylor functoids. Propagation of discontinuo~swaves is a serious problem when a Fourier series is used (Gibbs phenomenon, etc.). We propose the combined use of periodic splines and Fourier series for representing discontinuous functions and a method for propagating discontinuous waves. The numerical implementation involves computations in a Fourier hyper functoid. / Mathematical Sciences / D. Phil. (Mathematics)

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<p>Data warehousing is a generally accepted method of providing corporate decision support. Today, the majority of information in these warehouses originates from sources within a company, although changes often occur from the outside. Companies need to look outside their enterprises for valuable information, increasing their knowledge of customers, suppliers, competitors etc.</p><p>The largest and most frequently accessed information source today is the Web, which holds more and more useful business information. Today, the Web primarily relies on HTML, making mechanical extraction of information a difficult task. In the near future, XML is expected to replace HTML as the language of the Web, bringing more structure and content focus.</p><p>One problem when considering XML-sources in a data warehouse context is their lack of update awareness capabilities, which restricts eligible data warehouse maintenance policies. In this work, we wrap XML-sources in order to provide update awareness capabilities.</p><p>We have implemented a wrapper prototype that provides update awareness capabilities for autonomous XML-sources, especially change awareness, change activeness, and delta awareness. The prototype wrapper complies with recommendations and working drafts proposed by W3C, thereby being compliant with most off-the-shelf XML tools. In particular, change information produced by the wrapper is based on methods defined by the DOM, implying that any DOM-compliant software, including most off-the-shelf XML processing tools, can be used to incorporate identified changes in a source into an older version of it.</p><p>For the delta awareness capability we have investigated the possibility of using change detection algorithms proposed for semi-structured data. We have identified similarities and differences between XML and semi-structured data, which affect delta awareness for XML-sources. As a result of this effort, we propose an algorithm for change detection in XML-sources. We also propose matching criteria for XML-documents, to which the documents have to conform to be subject to change awareness extension.</p>