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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
81

Nanoskalige Halbleiter und funktionalisierte Kohlenstoffmaterialien: Darstellung, Charakterisierung und Anwendung in Elektrolumineszenzbauteilen

Schrage, Christian 04 October 2010 (has links) (PDF)
In dieser Arbeit werden zwei Schwerpunkte behandelt. Zum Einen soll der Einsatz nanoskaliger Materialien als Funktionskomponenten in Elektrolumineszenzbauteilen beschrieben werden. Dabei wird in einem ersten Aufbau ein transparenter Nanokompositfilm als emittierende Schicht in einem, den organischen Leuchtdioden, analogen Aufbau eingesetzt, während in einer zweiten Struktur eine transparente Elektrode, die auf nanoskaligen Kohlenstoffmaterialien (Kohlenstoffnanoröhren bzw. Graphenen) basiert, hinsichtlich ihrer Eignung als Alternative zu etablierten transparenten Elektroden untersucht werden soll. In weiterführenden Arbeiten werden die Erfahrungen aus der Graphensynthese auf die Generierung poröser, funktionalisierter Kohlenstoffmaterialien angewendet. Verbindend, wird die Röntgenkleinwinkelstreuung eingesetzt, um in vergleichenden Untersuchungen möglichst detailierte Informationen über die jeweiligen Systeme zu erhalten.
82

Spontaneous and stimulated X-ray Raman scattering

Sun, Yu-Ping January 2011 (has links)
The present thesis is devoted to theoretical studies of resonant X-ray scattering and propagation of strong X-ray pulses. In the first part of the thesis the nuclear dynamics of different molecules is studied using resonant X-ray Raman and resonant Auger scattering techniques. We show that the shortening of the scattering duration by the detuning results in a purification of the Raman spectra from overtones and soft vibrational modes. The simulations are in a good agreement with measurements, performed at the MAX-II and the Swiss Light Source with vibrational resolution. We explain why the scattering to the ground state nicely displays the vibrational structure of liquid acetone in contrast to excited final state. Theory of resonant X-ray scattering by liquids is developed. We show that, contrary to aqueous acetone, the environmental broadening in pure liquid acetone is twice smaller than the broadening by soft vibrational modes significantly populated at room temperature. Similar to acetone, the "elastic" band of X-ray Raman spectra of molecular oxygen is strongly affected by the Thomson scattering. The Raman spectrum demonstrates spatial quantum beats caused by two interfering wave packets with different momenta as the oxygen atoms separate. It is found that the vibrational scattering anisotropy caused by the interference of the "inelastic" Thomson and resonant scattering channels in O2. A new spin selection rule is established in inelastic X-ray Raman spectra of O2. It is shown that the breakdown of the symmetry selection rule based on the parity of the core hole, as the core hole and excited electron swap parity. Multimode calculations explain the two thresholds of formation of the resonant Auger spectra of the ethene molecule by the double-edge structure of absorption spectrum caused by the out-of- and in-plane modes. We predict the rotational Doppler effect and related broadening of X-ray photoelectron and resonant Auger spectra, which has the same magnitude as its counterpart-the translational Doppler effect. The second part of the thesis explores the interaction of the medium with strong X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) fields. We perform simulations of nonlinear propagation of femtosecond XFEL pulses in atomic vapors by solving coupled Maxwell's and density matrix equations. We show that self-seeded stimulated X-ray Raman scattering strongly influences the temporal and spectral structure of the XFEL pulse. The generation of Stokes and four-wave mixing fields starts from the seed field created during pulse propagation due to the formation of extensive ringing pattern with long spectral tail. We demonstrate a compression into the attosecond region and a slowdown of the XFEL pulse up to two orders of magnitude. In the course of pulse propagation, the Auger yield is strongly suppressed due to the competitive channel of stimulated emission. We predict a strong X-ray fluorescence from the two-core-hole states of Ne created in the course of the two-photon X-ray absorption. / QC 20110426
83

Etudes structurale et fonctionnelle de protéines impliquées dans la virulence chez S. pneumoniae et P. aeruginosa / Fonctional and structural analysis of proteins implicated in the pathogenesis of P. aeruginosa and S. pneumoniae

Izoré, Thierry 10 October 2011 (has links)
Cette thèse est composée de deux parties : Le première partie rend compte de l'étude structurale de la protéine RrgA. RrgA est associée au pilus du pathogène Streptococcus pneumoniae et participe aux premières étapes de colonisation chez l'hôte en se liant à plusieurs composés de la Matrice Extra Cellulaire. Nous avons résolu la structure de cette protéine à 1.9 Å par cristallographie aux rayons-X. RrgA possède une structure allongée formée de quatre domaines alignés d'origine eucaryote et procaryote. En effet, trois domaines ayant des similarités structurales avec les IgG et le domaine Cna-B semblent servir de piédestal pour orienter et présenter le domaine fonctionnel de type Intégrine. Nous avons confirmé la formation de deux ponts isopeptidiques stabilisateurs par spectrométrie de masse. De plus, le domaine intégrine possède deux insertions particulières dont la présence pourrait être impliquée dans la reconnaissance des divers substrats par RrgA. La deuxième partie de cette thèse est axée sur l'étude structurale du complexe ATPase et de ExsB, la pilotine présumée du système de sécrétion de type III chez Pseudomonas aeruginosa, bactérie opportuniste et jouant un rôle majeur dans l'infection des patients atteints de mucoviscidose. Pour la première fois, nous avons mis au point un protocole d'expression et de purification sous forme soluble de l'ATPase PscN en complexe avec une protéine partenaire, PscL. Des cristaux de ce complexe ont été obtenus au robot du PSB. Par ailleurs, nous avons confirmé l'expression de la lipoprotéine ExsB chez P. aeruginosa que nous avons localisée au sein de la membrane externe. De plus, nous avons résolu la structure de cette protéine qui présente un nouveau repliement et qui établie les bases structurales pour l'étude des pilotines pour tous les systèmes de sécrétion de type III de la famille Ysc. / This manuscript is made up of two parts The first part describes the structural study of RrgA from Streptococcus pneumoniae. This protein is a pilus-associated adhesin that is able to bind to several components of the Extra Cellular Matrix and thus, participates in the first steps of host colonization. We solved the structure of RrgA to 1.9 Å by X-Ray crystallography. We showed that RrgA folds into an elongated 4-domain structure, and these domains display both eukaryotic and prokaryotic origins. Actually, three out of the four domains are reminiscent of IgG and Cna-B structures and act like stalks to orient and display the large Integrin-like domain. We confirmed the presence of two isopeptide bonds by mass spectrometry and hypothesised that the two inserted arms in the integrin domain could explain the wide variety of substrates RrgA can bind. The second part of this manuscript focuses on the structural studies of the ATPase complex as well as ExsB, the putative pilotin of the type III secretion system from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This bacterium is a major threat in hospital-acquired infections and the main pathogen found in cystic-fibrosis suffering patients. For the first time we were able to express and purify the ATPase PscN in complex with its partner PscL. Crystallization trials led to a very promising condition that is being refined. Moreover, we confirmed expression of the lipoprotein ExsB in P. aeruginosa that we localised in the outer membrane. To have a better understanding of this protein, we also solved its high-resolution structure that displays a novel fold and our study paves the way for coming studies concerning pilotins.
84

Desenvolvimento de ferramentas computacionais para o estudo de macromoléculas / Development of computational tools for the study of macromolecules

Ferreira, Carolina Tatiani Alves [UNESP] 31 August 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Carolina Tatiani Alves Ferreira null (carolinatatiani@hotmail.com) on 2016-10-11T17:47:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_final.pdf: 2971956 bytes, checksum: ff2c42bfe3830597c9ccad5a4c364c97 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-10-18T17:04:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ferreira_cta_me_sjrp.pdf: 2971956 bytes, checksum: ff2c42bfe3830597c9ccad5a4c364c97 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-18T17:04:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ferreira_cta_me_sjrp.pdf: 2971956 bytes, checksum: ff2c42bfe3830597c9ccad5a4c364c97 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Estudos recentes têm explorado o comportamento de macromoléculas em solução e a implicação das mudanças conformacionais. Apesar da importância deste assunto, há um número limitado de técnicas para observar as alterações nestes sistemas. Isto se deve a complexidade e aos altos custos envolvidos. Uma técnica que apresenta vantagens com relação aos tamanhos das proteínas estudadas e baixos custos em comparação à outras similares é o espalhamento de raios-X à baixo ângulo , ou SAXS - do inglês small angle X-ray scattering. Entretanto, os resultados possuem uma baixa resolução, pois consiste apenas no "envelope" da partícula e não possui nenhuma informação sobre as estruturas secundárias, terciárias ou quaternárias. O objetivo deste trabalho é o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta capaz de descrever teoricamente estruturas terciárias em solução, baseado no conhecimento das estruturas secundárias e do perfil de espalhamento de SAXS. As simulações geram novas conformações por um algoritmo de pivot. O critério de Metropolis minimiza a energia potencial formada pela energia de Lennard-Jones e um termo associado à similaridade entre os perfis de espalhamento teórico e experimental. Esta ferramenta obteve resultados iniciais satisfatórios e, após uma fase de calibração, estará disponível online à comunidade científica, no site: http://oliveira.df.ibilce.unesp.br/. / Recent studies have been exploring the dynamical behavior of macromolecules in solution and the implication of conformational changes. Despite all the importance revolving this subject, there are a limited number of techniques to observe these system variations. This is due to the complexity and costs involved. One interesting technique that presents no protein size limitations and has relatively low costs is the Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS). However, it provides low-resolution results, consisting only of the particle’s “envelope” that does not provide any accuracy on secondary, tertiary or quaternary structures. This work aims the development of a tool to provide theoretical structural description of representative conformations in solution based only on the secondary structure informations and the experimental scattering profile. The simulations generates new conformations by a pivot algorithm. The Metropolis criteria minimizes the potential energy composed by a Lennard-Jones term and an energetic term related to the similarity of the experimental and theoretical scattering profiles. The software achieved some satisfactory initial results and it will be available online to the scientific community, after a calibration phase, at http://oliveira.df.ibilce.unesp.br/.
85

Caracterização de tecidos mamários através de modelos estatísticos utilizando o espalhamento de raios-x\". / Breast Tissue Characterization by Statistical Models Using X-Ray Scattering

Diego Merigue da Cunha 24 March 2006 (has links)
Em um exame mamográfico, quando os fótons de raios-X incidem sobre a mama, uma parte destes fótons é transmitida sem ser desviada da trajetória inicial (radiação transmitida primária), permitindo a formação da imagem mamográfica, e outra é dispersa de sua trajetória inicial pelo tecido (radiação espalhada), atuando de forma deletéria na imagem mamográfica. Entretanto, recentes investigações têm demonstrado que a radiação espalhada pode ser útil na caracterização de tecidos. O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver um modelo de diagnóstico de alterações no tecido mamário utilizando as informações presentes na distribuição angular da radiação espalhada (perfil de espalhamento). Os perfis de espalhamento de 40 amostras de tecidos mamários foram obtidos utilizando um difractômetro comercial SIEMENS D5005, operando em modo reflexão na energia de 8,04 keV e variando o detector da posição angular de 5º a 150º, correspondendo a um intervalo de x de 0,03Å-1 a 0,62 Å-1. As amostras de tecido foram previamente classificadas histopatologicamente como tecidos normais, fibroadenomas (neoplasias benignas) e diferentes tipos de carcinomas (neoplasias malignas). Neste trabalho, três modelos de diagnóstico baseados na análise estatística dos perfis de espalhamento foram desenvolvidos. O primeiro, analisa seis parâmetros extraídos dos perfis de espalhamento, já o segundo e o terceiro utilizam análise multivariada (análise de componentes principais e análise de discriminante, respectivamente) para reconhecimento de padrões. Para cada modelo, valores de sensibilidade, especificidade e índice de concordância entre o diagnóstico baseado no modelo utilizado e o diagnóstico histopatológico foram obtidos. Dentre os modelos desenvolvidos, aquele que utiliza análise de discriminante proporciona o melhor diagnóstico das alterações encontradas no tecido, permitindo diferenciar tecidos normais e neoplasias benignas e malignas. Com base nos resultados obtidos conclui-se que modelos baseados na análise estatística dos perfis de espalhamento permitem classificar histologicamente tecidos mamários. / In mammography, when x-ray photons reach the breast, a fraction of these photons is transmitted without interaction with any tissues (primary transmitted radiation), allowing the formation of the mammographic image, and another fraction of them is deviated by the tissue from its initial trajectories (scattered radiation), reducing the image contrast. However, recent investigations have demonstrated that scattered radiation can be a useful diagnostic tool. The purpose of this work is to develop a diagnostic model for breast tissue characterization using the angular distribution of the scattered radiation (scattering profile). The scattering profiles of 40 breast tissue samples were obtained in a SIEMENS D5005 diffractometer, operating in reflection mode at 8,04keV, and varying the angular position of the detector from 5º to 150º, corresponding to an x interval from 0,03 Å-1 to 0,62 Å-1. All tissue samples were previously classified histopathologically as normal tissues, fibroadenomas (benign alteration) and several types of carcinomas (malignant alteration). Three models of diagnostic based on the statistical analysis of the scattering profiles were developed. The first one was constructed using six parameters extracted from the scattering profiles and the second and third models used the whole information from the scattering profiles. The latter two used multivariate analysis (principal component analysis and discriminant analysis, respectively) for pattern recognition. For each model, values of sensitivity, specificity and rate of agreement between the model diagnostic and histopathological results were obtained. Among the developed models, the discriminant analysis provides the best diagnostic of the lesions present in the tissues (normal tissues, benign and malignant alterations). From the results, it is possible to conclude that models based on the statistical analysis of the scattering profiles allow the histological classification of breast tissues.
86

Potencialidades do uso da espectrometria de raios-x aliada a quimioterapia na analise das substancias restritas pela diretiva europeia 2002/95/EC - RoHS / Potentialities of x-ray spectrometry combined to chemometrics to analyze the restricted substances by European Directive 2002/95/EC - RoHS

Oliveira, Lidiane de, 1982- 15 August 2008 (has links)
Orientador: Maria Izabel Maretti Silveira Bueno / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T20:33:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_Lidianede_M.pdf: 4129293 bytes, checksum: dfd187be78cdfad4de2c7f489eff5300 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Esse trabalho representa uma inovação na área de química analítica, abordando novas potencialidades da técnica de fluorescência de raios-X e utilizando o espalhamento da radiação como medida analítica e a quimiometria para tratamento dos dados. As potencialidades dessa técnica para análise das substâncias restritas pela Diretiva Européia 2002/95/EC ¿ RoHS foram avaliadas a partir de estudos realizados com um equipamento de EDXRF, equipado com um tubo de ródio como fonte de raios-X. As amostras analisadas eram soluções contendo cinco diferentes elementos (cádmio, chumbo, mercúrio, bromo e cromo). Além de adequado, o método proposto mostrou-se bastante rápido, simples e eficaz, bem como não destrutivo e de baixo custo, com grande potencial de substituir de forma eficiente as três técnicas analíticas usadas tradicionalmente. Os modelos de calibração apresentaram bons coeficientes de regressão (> 0,99), baixos valores de erros de previsão para amostras externas (< 15%, exceto para especiação de cromo) e limites de detecção e quantificação abaixo dos limites de controle definidos pela norma. Com esse mesmo método também foi possível a especiação direta de cromo utilizando um aparelho de raios-X convencional, fato inédito na literatura científica. Nesse caso os modelos de calibração também apresentaram bons coeficientes de regressão (> 0,97) e baixos valores de erros de previsão para amostras externas (< 10%) / Abstract: This work represents an innovation in analytical chemistry, dealing with new potentialities of X-ray fluorescence technique and using X-ray scattering effects and chemometrics for processing the data. The potential of this technique to analyze the restricted substances by European Directive RoHS/2002/95/EC were evaluated from studies with an EDXRF equipment, fitted with a rhodium tube as an X-ray source. The samples evaluated were solutions containing five different elements (cadmium, lead, mercury, bromine and chromium). Besides appropriate, the proposed method proved to be very fast, simple and effective, as well as not destructive and of low cost, with great potential to efficiently replace the three analytical techniques used traditionally. The calibration models present high values of regression coefficients (> 0,99), low values of prediction errors for external samples (< 15%, except for speciation of chromium) and limits of detection and quantification below the RoHS control limits. With this same method, it was possible the direct speciation of chromium using a conventional X-ray apparatus, an unprecedented fact in the scientific literature. In this case, the calibration models also present high values of regression coefficients (> 0,97) and low values of prediction errors for external samples (< 10%) / Mestrado / Quimica Analitica / Mestre em Química
87

Aplicação de técnicas de espalhamento de raios X na caracterização estrutural de proteínas e modelagem computacional utilizando vínculos experimentais obtidos por SAXS / Application of X-ray scattering techniques in protein structure characterization and computational modeling using experimental restraints obtained by SAXS

Reis, Marcelo Augusto dos, 1978- 13 December 2013 (has links)
Orientador: Ricardo Aparicio / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T05:53:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Reis_MarceloAugustodos_D.pdf: 42698206 bytes, checksum: fa5cd41ff5c44a71b42dd07db4a8fd79 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Neste trabalho de tese, o problema da caracterização estrutural de proteínas foi abordado de maneira contextualizada e com um viés em modelagem computacional utilizando vínculos experimentais obtidos com a técnica de espalhamento de raios X a baixos ângulos (SAXS, Small-Angle X-ray Scattering). Parte das pesquisas foram concentradas na caracterização estrutural da proteína SurE de Xylella fastidiosa (XfSurE) por técnicas experimentais e computacionais. Estudos estruturais da XfSurE realizados com a técnica de SAXS apontaram para um arranjo tetramérico da enzima apo e, do nosso conhecimento, foi a primeira estrutura em solução descrita na literatura para esta família de proteínas. Quando associada às técnicas computacionais ¿ como, por exemplo, análise de modos normais de vibração¿a interpretação das análises por SAXS foi realçada. Neste caso, o vínculo experimental imposto pela curva I(q) possibilitou que uma estrutura em solução fosse modelada apenas com o uso de um único modo normal, cujo efeito estaria relacionado com as possíveis transições alostéricas de XfSurE. Em outra frente de trabalho, um novo programa denominado SAXSTER foi desenvolvido. SAXSTER tem a habilidade de gerar modelos estruturais mais prováveis para uma proteína-alvo a partir de alinhamentos ótimos obtidos por threading e de estruturas similares identificadas em um banco de dados, com o auxílio de SAXS. A partir dos dados de entrada, é realizada uma busca no Protein Data Bank para que a estrutura da proteína-alvo possa ser predita. O programa foi testado para 553 proteínas não redundantes. Foi demonstrado que SAXSTER pode melhorar consistentemente o resultado global da classificação dos alinhamentos, com p-valores que variam de 10 a 10. De acordo com TM-score médio, conclui-se que SAXSTER tende a melhorar o desempenho preditivo conforme a estrutura da proteína-alvo se afasta da forma globular / Abstract: In this work, the protein structure problem was approached from two different perspectives: from the computational modeling to the experimental data mainly collected by Small-Angle X-ray Scattering technique (SAXS) whose data were also used as constraint for modelling. Part of the research was focused on the structural characterization of the protein SurE of Xylella fastidiosa (XfSurE) by experimental and computational techniques. Structural studies of XfSurE performed by SAXS technique indicated a tetrameric arrangement of the apo enzyme and to our knowledge, this was the first solution structure of a SurE protein described in the literature. When combined with computational techniques ¿ for instance, normal mode analysis ¿ the interpretation of SAXS analysis was enhanced. In that case, the experimental constraints imposed by the I(q) curve allowed to reach a new structure model that fits the SAXS profile using only a single normal mode. This effect would be associated with the possible allosteric transitions of the XfSurE. It was also developed a new program called SAXSTER (SAXS-assisted multi-source ThreadER). SAXSTER has the ability to generate more likely structural models for the target protein from optimal alignments obtained by threading and similar structures identified in the Protein Data Bank aided by SAXS. The program was tested on 553 nonredundant proteins. It was shown that SAXSTER can consistently improve the overall classification of the alignments, with p-values ranging from 10 to 10. According to average TM-score, a more promising use of the SAXSTER algorithm would be to improve the template recognition results for protein whose structure is more rod-like than globular-like ones / Doutorado / Físico-Química / Doutor em Ciências
88

Nanomateriais de carbono preparados pelo método do arco elétrico = caracterização através de SAXS, XRD e microscopia eletrônica / Carbon nanomaterials prepared by the method of eletric arc : characterization through SAXS, XRD and electron microscopy

Restrepo Arteta, Juan Manuel, 1985- 20 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Carlos Alberto Luengo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T08:54:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RestrepoArteta_JuanManuel_M.pdf: 2754803 bytes, checksum: 3b4fd1850713269584e6a61f694bcb7a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Os Nanotubos de Carbono (CNTs) tiveram sua origem numa das grandes descobertas da história científica recente, a dos fulerenos e outras estruturas complexas de carbono. Os CNTs se destacam pelas suas propriedades físicas que podem ter diferentes aplicações. Neste trabalho é apresentada uma introdução na produção deste material através do método de arco elétrico, assim como a construção do equipamento e seu funcionamento. Logo, a fuligem obtida em diferentes lugares do reator é caracterizada utilizando-se Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura e Microscopia de força atômica, equipamentos que ajudam a dar uma imagem a resoluções muito pequenas e ter uma ideia das formas e os tamanhos das partículas. Entanto, os princípios do espalhamento de raios x a baixo ângulo são tratados para ajudar a caracterizar quantitativamente as amostras. Parâmetros como o tamanho da fuligem, forma, dimensão fractal e porosidade são analisados. Resumindo, nesta tese apresentamos os detalhes da preparação e caracterização estrutural de partículas de carbono obtidas pela descarga por arco / Abstract: Carbon nanotubes (CNT) had their origin in one of the greatest scientific discoveries of recent history: the fullerenes and other complex carbon structures. The CNTs have remarkable physical properties and are being studied for different practical applications. This work presents an introduction to their production using the electric arc method, the construction of the instrumentation and details of sample preparation.. Subsequently, the soot obtained in different places of the reactor was characterized using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, experiments that allowed the registration of images with mícron size resolution and gave an idea of shapes and sizes of the particles. Also, the principles of small angle x-ray scattering were applied to characterize the samples. Parameters such as the size of the soot particles, shape, fractal dimension and porosity were analyzed. Summarizing, the main objective of this thesis was to describe the preparation and structural characterization of the carbon particles obtained by arc discharge / Mestrado / Física / Mestre em Física
89

Estudos de espalhamento de Raios X a baixos ângulos por sistemas biológicos : teoria e aplicações

Oliveira, Cristiano Luis Pinto de 28 April 2005 (has links)
Orientador: Iris Concepcion Lineares de Torriani / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica "Gleb Wataghin" / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T15:02:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_CristianoLuisPintode_D.pdf: 31759545 bytes, checksum: a92d80aac97e4e41bdf268c343cbd43e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Apresentamos nesta tese estudos relacionados à obtenção de parâmetros estruturais e modelagem ab initio para macromoléculas biológicas e sistemas densos de partículas elipsoidais a partir de dados de espalhamento de raios X a baixos ângulos. Aspectos teóricos e experimentais são discutidos, complementados por simulações computacionais e pela apresentação de resultados experimentais que exemplificam a aplicação dos métodos de cálculo revelando assim os alcances e limites da técnica. Progressos recentes em biologia molecular estrutural revelam que a correlação entre a forma e a função de macromoléculas biológicas é crucial para a compreensão dos processos biológicos. Além disso, diversos estudos associam várias doenças a defeitos estruturais em proteínas, aumentando ainda mais o interesse na determinação das estruturas protéicas. A técnica de espalhamento de raios X a baixos ângulos permite a obtenção de parâmetros estruturais de proteínas, apresentando diversas vantagens sobre a cristalografia de proteínas e a ressonância magnética nuclear, mesmo não atingindo alta resolução. Trataremos, portanto, dois assuntos principais: estudos de sistemas diluídos e estudos de sistemas densos. Para o estudo de sistemas diluídos o enfoque principal será na modelagem estrutural de proteínas em solução, onde são apresentados e discutidos diversos métodos de simulação tanto da estrutura das macromoléculas quanto de seus parâmetros hidrodinâmicos. Estes métodos foram aplicados ao estudo de diversos problemas, tais como: (i) as estruturas das hemoglobinas extracelulares de Biomphalaria glabrata e Glossoscolex paulistus, proteínas gigantes com elevada cooperatividade funcional entre suas subunidades; (ii) as diferenças estruturais entre as formas livres e ligadas a lipídeos da proteína básica de mielina, uma das proteínas principais do axônio nervoso e cujo mal funcionamento leva a doenças neuronais; (iii) a interação entre proteínas e polímeros, tema relevante para processos de cristalização e construção de sistemas bio-poliméricos; e (iv) a estrutura da proteína precursora amilóide, proteína transmembrana que, apesar de diversas funções conhecidas, é uma das precursoras principais do Mal de Alzheimer. Já no estudo de sistemas densos é apresentada uma nova metodologia baseada em simulações de Monte Carlo para elipsóides de revolução. Como elipsóides podem servir de sistemas modelos para diversos sistemas reais, simulações de propriedades de soluções concentradas destes sistemas são de grande interesse. Com base nestas simulações, funções de espalhamento e funções de correlação puderam ser calculadas para um grande intervalo de anisotropias e concentrações, permitindo a obtenção de funções numéricas que podem ser utilizadas no estudo de sistemas reais uma vez que não existem expressões analíticas para este tipo de sistema. Como aplicação, este método foi utilizado no estudo de nanopartículas de ferro em matriz de silício, fornecendo parâmetros estruturais do sistema. / Abstract: In this dissertation, theoretical and experimental aspects of the calculation of structural parameters and ab-initio modeling for biological macromolecules and condensed particle systems are being discussed. Two main applications will be presented, complemented by computational simulations and many experimental results. For dilute systems the focus will be on the structural modeling of several proteins in solutions, including the calculation of hydrodynamic parameters. Recent developments in structural molecular biology reveal that knowledge about the correlation existing between the structure and function of biological macromolecules is crucial for the understanding of biological processes. Many studies have proved that structural defects detected in certain proteins are responsible for serious diseases. Small angle X-ray scattering has proved to be very useful in the determination of the low resolution structure of macromolecules in solution. This technique offers clear advantages with respect to other techniques, like singlecrystal X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance. The low resolution structural studies of proteins included: (i) the 3D solution structure of the extracellular hemoglobin from the species Biomphalaria glabrata and Glossoscolex paulistus, giant proteins with high functional cooperativity between their subunits; (ii) the determination of the structural differences between the lipid free and lipid bound forms of myelin basic protein (MBP), one of the most important proteins of the axon sheath whose bad functioning leads to neural diseases; (iii) the study of protein-polymer interactions, relevant subject for crystallization processes and development of bio-polymeric systems; (iv) the 3D solution structure of the amyloid precursor protein, APP, transmembrane protein which is related to the Alzheimer disease. For the study of dense systems, a Monte Carlo based method for the simulation of a system of hard ellipsoids of revolution was developed. Ellipsoidal particles can be used as model systems for many real problems and simulations of the properties of concentrated solutions are of great interest. As a result of these simulations, scattering functions and correlation functions could be derived for a wide interval of anisotropies, permitting the calculation of numerical functions that can be used in real systems. As an example, this method was used for the study of iron nanoparticles in a silica matrix, leading to the determination of mean radius and size distribution of the particles. / Doutorado / Física da Matéria Condensada / Doutor em Ciências
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Measurement of equation of state of compressed hydrogen and deuterium

Falk, Katerina January 2011 (has links)
Detailed understanding of the equation of state of light elements such as the hydrogen isotopes in the warm dense matter (WDM) regime is essential for the modeling of the inner structure of many astrophysical objects, in particular Jovian planets as well as inertial confinement fusion (ICF) research. In these systems quantum degeneracy and strong inter-particle forces play an important role making its theoretical description extremely challenging. The Omega laser was used to drive a planar shock wave in cryogenically cooled deuterium creating WDM conditions. We used a set of independent diagnostics to measure the thermodynamic conditions of WDM including velocity interferometry (VISAR), streaked optical pyrometry (SOP) and x-ray Thomson scattering (XRTS). With a narrow-band x-ray backlighter probe at backscattering geometry the spectrally resolved XRTS accessed the boundary of collective and non-collective regimes making our measurement sensitive to both electron temperature and density. This work presents a full set of measurements of the thermodynamic properties for different laser intensity drives creating warm dense deuterium at various degrees of degeneracy and coupling. The measured electron densities and temperatures ranged between 0.2 and 2.15x10<sup>23</sup> cm<sup>−3</sup> and 0.6 − 20 eV respectively. The scattering measurement confirmed the findings from the VISAR and SOP data and together densityfunctional molecular dynamics (DFT-MD) simulations provides a novel self-consistent approach for an accurate characterization of the microscopic structure of WDM. Complementary to the laser compression work, findings from project employing static compression hydrogen with the use of diamond anvil cells is also be presented. The first direct measurement of the local field correction to the Coulomb interactions in degenerate plasma was obtained from inelastic scattering (20 keV probe) at the Diamond Light Source synchrotron facility.

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