A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts (Counselling Psychology) in the Department of Psychology at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2009. / The major aim of the study was to document xenophobic experiences and meaning of non-national students at the South African tertiary institutions, so that appropriate action may be taken to ameliorate the situation. The results of this study clearly point to the fact that international students throughout the University of Zululand subjectively experience discriminatory practices to a certain extent. As much as xenophobic experiences have not reached the element of violence against non-nationals, it is unpredictable if these experiences will never happen again. It is apparent that non-national students experience most of the xenophobic attacks within the campus perpetrated by both students and staff members. The themes that emerged were inclusive of the language barrier, discrimination, aggression, negative attitude and abuse. Based on the findings of this study, and the evidence from literature the meaning of xenophobia given by non-national students entail a attitude, dislike, fear, difference, exclusion, maltreatment or ill-treatment and being unappreciated. Most of the literature reviewed concurred with the definition of xenophobia given by the non-National students.

Xenophobia is a rampant problem in South Africa; it manifests itself in many ways and impedes the full enjoyment and protection of human rights for all migrants in the country. Xenophobia has deep roots and causes. One of the main problems in curbing xenophobia in South Africa is the lack of an adequate legal response, which can permeate and regulate other sectors of society where xenophobia is concerned. In recent times, xenophobic violence has been triggered and incited through online digital platforms such as Whatsapp and Twitter. This research asses the legal regulation of xenophobia in South Africa, with a particular focus on the ‘new’ digital face of xenophobia. This research assesses the adequacy of the South African legal framework in addressing xenophobia with regard to South Africa’s international and regional obligations for the protection of migrants and people in need of international protection and the impact this has on their human rights. This research offers interdisciplinary responses in relation to the changing face of xenophobia and what can be done in order to regulate the incitement of xenophobic violence, the perpetuation of xenophobic rhetoric and the results of this through online platforms with a legal response as the foundation. The research concludes that the changing face towards digital xenophobia requires the existing problems relating to ‘traditional’ manifestations of xenophobia to be addressed as well as the underpinning of a concrete and specific legal framework and policy framework that governs the peculiarities of xenophobia that are specific to the South African context. / Mini Dissertation (LLM (Multidisciplinary Human Rights))--University of Pretoria, 2021. / Centre for Human Rights / LLM (Multidisciplinary Human Rights) / Unrestricted

Through the use of content analysis, qualitative interviews and quantitative questionnaire survey, this study look at the role of media reporting on xenophobia among youth in South Africa. The study is based on Alexandra Township , a overcrowded and poor settlement in Johannesburg, South Africa. I choose Alexandra because it was the site of many attacks against African immigrants in April 2008. News content from 36 news media was examined on how their content might have contributed to the xenophobic attitudes.The media content findings show a very strong stereotyping and bias against African immigrants which is enough to feed to the xenophobia attitude. However, both qualitative and quantitative findings do not confirm a link between this bias and xenophobic attitude in Alexandra. Competition for resources, their experiences with foreigners, myths social prejudice and the bad behavior by some African immigrants were the main sources of influence. This suggests that the society is influencing the media content and not the other way round as is commonly the case. This phenomenon challenges the assumed power of the media. The study also reveals that while the media in South Africa has little effect on xenophobia attitudes there is a chance that if the media change the way they report on African foreigners, some respondents indicated that it may change their view on African foreigners. Over and above this requires the media to adopt social change models to influence social cohesions while encouraging the government to address incumbent social problems facing both the people of Alexandra and the immigrants as findings suggest a possibility of another xenophobia outbreak if the government does not address social problems in places such as Alexandra.

Modernisation, globalisation, neoliberalism and the increase in immigration have morphed into xenophobia, as they have resulted in structures that increased inequalities and competition for scarce resources, although there are other factors such as the global recession that is deepening inequalities and social classes. In South Africa, xenophobia is a topical matter, with chronic violent outbursts. The study addresses the gap in knowledge in the relationship between language and xenophobia. Language is central to human communication and to human socialisation and is not neutral but is embedded in ideologies that favour specific interest groups. The neoliberal ideology compels people as human capital to develop linguistic capital. The paradox is that globalisation transcends the national to transnational, while at the same time being conscious of the local or the indigenous language. Globalisation promotes hybridity and diversity, while at the same time promoting homogeneity or Westernisation, which is contrary to the nationalist ideology to protect the cultural heritage of the locals. This thesis is guided by a range of classical and more contemporary development theories. It includes the use of Marxist theory with regard to ownership and unequal distribution of resources. The culture of violence that manifests in xenophobia in South Africa can also be related to the violence of the colonial and apartheid periods. This thesis is also guided by the post-colonial theory. It also looks at theories of modernity and of globalisation, suggesting that a truly ‘modern’ society should be transformed in all spheres and should value multifaceted human well-being (and not only in terms of economic ‘growth’). A primary objective of this study is to explore the role of language in social institutions such as education in order to understand how matters of language exacerbate xenophobia and to document the challenges related to language that ‘foreigners’ from other parts of Africa face in South Africa. Questions asked include whether they can survive/thrive without knowledge of local languages, whether they are victims of crime because they cannot speak the local languages and whether and how they are being assimilated into South African society. This research therefore, recommends that language planning in South Africa should maintain a balance in the use of the English language as a lingua franca and the use of the indigenous languages so as to avoid the language endangerment of the indigenous languages and monolingualism, as well as subtractive bilingualism. This research is against institutional discrimination of foreigners by use of language as a gate keeper or an entry fee into the higher domains. The results of this research lead to the recommendation on language planning that leads to economic opportunity, higher economic productivity, educational development, enrichment in the sense of creativity innovation, cognitive flexibility, and more effective social integration, while restoring citizens’ sense of self-worth and their experience of emotional and social security, and also promoting social integrity and nation-building. Good language planning should be a crucial aspect of development planning. This research contributes to the field of Development Studies in that it analyses the conflicting issues within language and xenophobia in South Africa, while using the complexity theory to restore a modernised society with modern values that are not xenophobic but open to the global society. It also contributes to the politics of culture by keeping a balance between the endogenous culture versus the exogenous culture; a localised culture versus a globalised culture.

Thesis (M. A. (Sociology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2017 / South Africa as a nation has been battling with the problem of recurring xenophobic attacks since the attainment of democratic rule in 1994. This comes against the background of a well-defined vision of South Africa stipulated by the former president Mr. Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela. Mr. Mandela said ‘South Africa is a Rainbow Nation’ meaning it will accommodate people of different backgrounds. However, the world witnessed with disbelief the occurrence of xenophobic attacks in 2008 which left 62 people dead and thousands displaced and injured. These incidences were followed by the April 2015 violent xenophobic attacks. The attacks resulted in seven (7) people dead, destruction of property, looting of goods and the displacement of hundreds of people. Given this account, this study examined the efficiency of strategies for the prevention of xenophobia in post-apartheid South Africa. This was achieved through the following objectives: determining the extent of xenophobic attacks in South Africa, secondly, describing the current strategies adopted by South African Government to prevent xenophobic attacks and lastly, the limitations of the strategies in addressing xenophobia. The researcher conducted a secondary research to get the relevant information. The results of this study reveal eight strategies implemented by the South African government to address xenophobia. The research described the strength of all the strategies implemented to stem out violence. The strategies implemented include the following: Policy strategies, intergovernmental strategies, citizenship empowerment and educational strategies, State-civil society engagement, technical and media related strategies, legal and constitutional strategies and humanitarian strategies. Moreover, this study reveals the three important limitations of the strategies namely lack of sustainability; failure to address the root cause and denialism of the existence of xenophobia. In conclusion, the study reveals that there is need to set long term and sustainable strategies as the means to prevent future xenophobic attacks in South Africa. Key words: Xenophobia, Prevention, Strategies, Xenophobic attacks, Post-Apartheid

The purpose of this essay is to show how elements of racism and xenophobia manifest themselves in H.P. Lovecraft’s 1931 novella The Shadow over Innsmouth. Through a close reading of the text, I show how these two matters contribute to creating fear and horror in the story. In addition to the analysis of the text I also relate the elements found in the text to letters and essays written by Lovecraft to show how several aspects of the novella contribute to the theme of racism and xenophobia. Throughout the essay I suggest how topics such as miscegenation, the vilification of another race of people and even the landscape itself mesh together to form the basis of the horror and the fear in the story. In the end, it is clear that Lovecraft’s own racism permeates the story.

Xenophobia is a global problem, which is constantly increasing. Previous research indicates that higher education is the key for decreasing such attitudes, but few studies have taken students opinions into consideration. Due to this, university students were interviewed in this thesis in order to get their perspective on this matter. The study also looks at the effects of the political and economic situation when developing xenophobic attitudes. Students were chosen from universities in Sweden and France due to indications that the level of xenophobia in France is one of the highest in Europe whilst Sweden has one of the lowest. The opinions of the students are compared with previous research in order to find significant patterns that could explain the increase in xenophobic attitudes. It is shown that the definition of who belongs to your group affect your views of ‘the others’ which creates the possibility to feel threatened by other groups, and therefore, create negative attitudes. The result indicates that there are some cultural disparities that might explain the difference in perception of xenophobic attitudes. Moreover, xenophobia is a complex issue that develops on a personal level due to a number of factors.

This report explores the confluence of history, demographics, law, culture, national identity and human aspirations that frame immigration politics in Austria through the plight of a teenage girl named Arigona Zogaj who was forced to leave Austria after an eight-year fight to stay. / text

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Alberta, 2009. / A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Department of Sociology, University of Alberta. "Fall 2009." Title from pdf file main screen (viewed on October 30, 2009). Includes bibliographical references.

Masters in Public Administration - MPA / South Africa continues to experience unprecedented levels of violence against foreign African nationals, to be more specific, black African foreign nationals in poor communities but also in cities. Local Government has become a major role-player in the functioning of South Africa’s democracy and in managing local conflicts. In light of this, this research-based mini-thesis explores the policies and programmes used in the City of Cape Town Municipality to reduce xenophobic violence against black African foreign nationals in the city. I acknowledge the importance of understanding the historical background of racial conflict in South Africa, and briefly look at whether this attributes to current conflict against black foreign nationals by evaluating competing theories of xenophobic violence. Whilst South Africans found refuge in neighbouring countries during the apartheid era, recent migration patterns reveals a reverse of this trend as the upper regions of the continent suffer war and famine and nationals of those countries seek refuge in South Africa. The Alien Control Act of 1991 strengthened South Africa’s national borders and made it difficult for foreigners to enter the country without the needed ocumentation. However, South Africa’s transition from an apartheid state to a democracy brought with it a number of changes, including an increase in the number of migrants who was previously not allowed to enter the country. One of the major concerns for government has been the issue of distinguishing between those who are in the country legally and those who are in the country illegally. In this mini-thesis, I draw a clear distinction between the different categories of foreigners in South Africa. Xenophobia broke into public view in May 2008 when black South Africans living in townships that suffer poor living conditions and high levels of crime, violently attacked black African foreign nationals working and living among them. The scale of the attacks led to the mass displacement of black African foreigners as they sought protection in refugee camps set up by the state as well as other organizations. Black African foreigners were severely assaulted in the violence. Some were burned while others suffered the looting of their belongings. Local government has an important role to play in the functioning of democracy in South Africa. I am of the view that the policies and programmes employed at local government level would significantly reduce the incidences of xenophobic violence experienced in South African communities, since local government has easier access to communities and people at grassroots level. Xenophobia is not a peculiarly South African problem, and many local governments around the world have used various methods of addressing this. While insights into their methods would be helpful; the focus of this thesis is on South Africa and more specifically the City of Cape Town. In this mini-thesis, I thus investigate the policies and programmes employed by the City of Cape Town municipality in reducing xenophobic violence against black foreign nationals.