Thesis (Ph. D.)--Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. / Z. John Zhang, Committee Member ; Mei-Yin Chou, Committee Member ; Chandra Raman, Committee Member ; Michael S. Chapman, Committee Member ; Li You, Committee Chair. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

New results are described for the use of the Hanle effect in the photospheres of oblique magnetic rotators and of the Zeeman effect in stellar wind emission lines.

Atomic beam magnetic resonance techniques have been used to investigate the properties of the 41-second isomeric state of silver-109 and the 32-minute ground state of the fission product cesium-138. A description of the apparatus and of the atomic beam method for the determination of nuclear moments is given. The results obtained for silver-109m are: I= 7/2 a(2S1/2) = 9477±13 Mc/sec μ1 (uncorrected) = 4.31±0.04 nuclear magnetons 109Δ109m = -(1.1±1.2)%. The value of the moment confirms that the proton configuration is (g9/2)^-3 7/2. In the course of this experiment, multiple quantum Zeeman transitions were observed between levels in both the F = I + 1/2 and F = I - 1/2 hyperfine multiplets. The results obtained for cesium-138 are: I =3 Δv = 1650 +650 -250 Mc/sec |μI| (uncorrected)= 0.45 +0.18 -0.07 nuclear magnetons. For these experiments simultaneous detection of both the resonant and thrown out portions of the beam was used for the first time in this laboratory. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Les transitions D1 d'atomes 39K confinées en nano-cellule, soumis à des champs magnétiques externes ont été étudiées dans les cas de polarisation sigma+ et pi de la radiation laser. Il est montré, pour la première fois, le découplage du moment angulaire total J et du moment nucléaire I (régime Paschen-Back hyperfin) sous champ magnétique externe. Le découplage se produit pour un champ B >> 165 G. Dans le cas d'une polarisation linéaire du laser, nous montrons que pour B > 400 G, le spectre de transmission consiste en 2 groupes de transitions et chaque groupe contient une transition appelée transition guide (GT). La GT indique la valeur asymptotique des probabilités des transitions dans un groupe et la valeur des dérivées des décalages en fréquence (pentes de fréquence) dans un champ magnétique.Pour la première fois, il est montré l'absence de résonances cross-over dans le spectre d'absorption saturée. Nous avons utilisé des micro cellules remplies de rubidium. L'épaisseur de la colonne de vapeur atomique était de 30 - 40 micromètres. L'utilisation d'une micro cellule a permis l'investigation des transitions atomiques individuelles dans des champs magnétiques intenses (30 - 6000 G) en utilisant la technique d'absorption saturée. Nous avons aussi déterminé expérimentalement et théoriquement que pour certaines valeurs du champ magnétique externe (300 - 2000 G), on observait un très grand accroissement des probabilités des transitions atomiques Fg = 3 --> Fe = 5 de la raie D2 du Cs. Sous champ B, les probabilités de ces transitions (qui sont interdites en l'absence de champ magnétique) augmentent brutalement et excédent les probabilités des transitions atomiques permises. / It has been investigated the D1 line transitions of 39K atoms in external magnetic fields using nanocells for the cases of sigma+ and pi polarizations of laser radiation. For the first time it is demonstrated the decoupling of electronic total angular momentum J and nuclear momentum I (complete hyperfine Paschen-Back regime) in external magnetic field. For 39K the decoupling takes place at B >> 165 G. In the case of linear polarization it is shown that for B > 400 G the transmission spectrum consists of 2 groups of transitions and each group contains of one so-called "Guiding transition" (GT). The GT indicates the asymptotic value of all transitions probabilities in the group and the frequency shifts derivatives value (frequency slopes) in magnetic field.For the first time it is demonstrated the absence of cross-over resonances in the spectrum of saturated absorption. For that Rb filled micro-cell has been used with atomic vapor thickness 30-40 µm. The use of micro cell allowed the investigation of individual atomic transitions in strong external magnetic fields 30 - 6000 G ) using the saturated absorption technique. It is experimentally and theoretically manifested that at certain values of the external magnetic fields (300 - 2000 G) the probabilities of the Cs D2 line Fg=3 --> Fe=5 atomic transitions experience huge increase. These probabilities, which are forbidden at zero magnetic field, exceed the probabilities of allowed atomic transitions.

Cette thèse présente l'étude de l'interaction de lumière cohérente avec une couche sub-longueur d'onde de vapeur alcaline atomique confinée en nano-cellule et applications pour la formation de résonances optiques étroites.Nous développons un modèle théorique décrivant l'interaction résonante de lumière laser avec la couche mince de vapeur alcaline en présence d'un champ magnétique. Nous montrons qu'en raison d'un régime transitoire d'interaction, seuls les atomes lents contribuent au signal et leur spectre de transmission est essentiellement sans effet Doppler. La nature des spectres obtenus fait de la spectroscopie de transmission, en nano-cellule, une technique pratique pour l'étude de transitions très rapprochées et l'évolution de leur comportement dans un champ magnétique. Des expériences réalisées pour des champs magnétiques jusqu'à 7000 G montrent un excellent accord entre théorie et expérience.Nous explorons aussi la rotation Faraday du plan de polarisation de la lumière lors de sa propagation dans la couche mince atomique. Bien que l'angle de rotation soit très faible, nous observons que les résonances des spectres de rotation Faraday sont plus étroites que celles de transmission. Enfin, nous étudions de nouvelles possibilités pour former des résonances optiques étroites et montrons qu'un traitement par deuxième dérivée des spectres de transmission donne le meilleur rétrécissement de raies parmi toutes les méthodes étudiées dans cette thèse. / This thesis presents the study of coherent light interaction with a sub-wavelength atomic alkali vapor layer confined in a nano-cell and applications for the formation of narrow optical resonances.We develop a theoretical model describing the resonant interaction of the laser light with the thin alkali vapor layer in the presence of an external static magnetic field. We show that due to a transient regime of interaction, only slow atoms contribute to the signal and their transmission spectrum is essentially Doppler-free. The nature of the obtained spectra makes the transmission spectroscopy from a nano-cell a convenient technique to perform studies of closely-spaced atomic transitions and investigate their behavior in magnetic fields. Experimental realizations for magnetic field up to 7000~G show an excellent agreement between theory and experiment.We also explore the Faraday rotation of the plane polarization of light with the propagation through the thin atomic slab. We see that despite a small angle of rotation, Faraday rotation spectra exhibit resonances narrower than that for transmission. At last, we investigate new possibilities to form narrow optical resonances in nano-cells and show that second derivation processing of transmission spectra yields the strongest line narrowing among all methods studied in this thesis.

Using the method of the star product, the non-relativistic regime of the Dirac equation is evaluated and the NC hamiltonian to the Zeeman e ect is determined. Using the rst-order perturbation theory, the correction to the energy is calculated. We obtain the orbital and spin Land e factors. It is shown that the experimental value for the spin Land e factor put the following upper limit on the magnitude of the momentum NC parameter, p . 0; 34 eV=c. Established also a possible correction of the NC phase space to the presently accepted value of Planck's constant with an uncertainty of 2 part in 1035. By mapping via Boop's shift we obtain the Landau levels and the Hall conductivity for graphene in NC phase space. Using the current experimental precision, respectively, of the Hall conductivity and of the Landau levels in graphene, we obtain the following upper limit to the magnitude of the momentum NC parameter, p . 2; 5eV=c e p . 8; 5eV=c. Finally, by Newton's law in NC space and using the Langevin equations, we describe the Browniano motion, and thus we de ne a new physical parameter that shows the possibility of detecting NC eff ects on the macroscopic scale. / Utilizando-se do m étodo do produto estrela, o regime não relativí stico da equa ção de Dirac é avaliado e o hamiltoniano NC para o efeito Zeeman é determinado. Usando a teoria de perturba ção de primeira ordem, a corre ção para a energia é calculada. Obtemos assim, os fatores de Land é orbital e de spin. É mostrado que o valor experimental para o fator de Land é de spin impõe o seguinte limite superior na magnitude do parâmetro NC de momento,p . 0; 34 eV=c. Estabelecemos tamb ém uma possí vel corre ção do espa ço de fase NC para o valor atualmente aceito da constante de Planck, com uma incerteza de 2 partes em 10 elevado a 35. Atrav és do mapeamento via Boop's shift obtemos os n íveis de Landau e a condutividade Hall para o grafeno no espa ço de fase NC. Utilizando a atual precisão experimental, respectivamente, da condutividade Hall e dos n veis de Landau no grafeno, obtemos os seguintes limites superiores para a magnitude do parâmetro NC de momento,p . 2; 5eV=c ep . 8; 5eV=c. Por fim, atrav és das leis de Newton num espa ço NC e utilizando as equa ções de Langevin, descrevemos o movimento Browniano, e assim defi nimos um novo parâmetro f ísico que mostra a possibilidade de detectar efeitos NC na escala macrosc ópica.

Dans cette thèse, on présente un nouveau type de source atomique: un jet superfin d'atomes métastables produit à partir de l'échange de métastabilité au sein d'un jet supersonique d'atomes de gaz rares. On a utilisé les propriétés de cohérence de ce jet pour observer la diffraction de l'hélium, de l'argon et du néon métastables par un nano-réseau par transmission et par des micro-réseaux par réflexion. Ensuite, on a mis en évidence des transitions entre sous niveaux Zeeman du niveau 3P2 du néon métastable, transitions dues au terme quadrupolaire de l'interaction de van der Waals entre l'atome et la surface. Après avoir montré les résultats expérimentaux, nous avons calculé les probabilités de transitions dans le modèle de Landau–Zener puis discuté de l'intérêt des transitions vdW-Zeeman pour l'interférométrie atomique. Enfin, on a décrit le procédé de ralentissement Zeeman du jet supersonique d'argon métastable (3P2) et montré les premiers spectres de temps de vol d'atomes ralentis obtenus.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / We investigate the anomalous Zeeman effect for the hydrogen atom in noncommutative quantum mechanics. By using of the Bopp's shift method the nonrelativistic regime is evaluated and the noncommutative Hamiltonian is determined. By means the first order perturbation theory, the energy correction is calculated for the case of weak external magnetic field. We obtained the orbital and spin Landé factors on noncommutative space. It is shown that the experimental value for the orbital and spin Landé factors put an upper bound on the magnitude of the parameter of noncommutativity of the order of 0 . (8GeV )-2and 0 . (0; 01GeV )-2, respectively. We use the same perturbation calculation for the null external magnetic eld case, showing that some energy shift appears, modifying the ne structure spectrum. Finally, we calculate the Lamb shift and comparing the result with the experimental value from spectroscopy, we got a new bound for the noncommutative parameter, 0 . (3GeV )-2. / Investigamos o efeito Zeeman anâmalo para o átomo de hidrogênio em mecânica quântica não comutativa. Utilizando-se do método Bopp's shift, o regime não relativístico de avaliado e o Hamiltoniano não comutativo é determinado. Usando a teoria de perturbação de primeira ordem, a correção para a energia é calculada para o caso de campo magnético externo fraco. Obtemos os fatores de Landé orbital e de spin em espaço não comutativo. É mostrado que o valor experimental para os fatores de Landé orbital e de spin, impõem um limite superior na magnitude do parâmetro de não comutatividade da ordem de 0 (8GeV )-2 e (0; 01GeV )-2, respectivamente. Utilizamos o mesmo cálculo de perturbação para o caso de campo magnético externo nulo, mostrando que algum shift de energia aparece, que modica espectro de estrutura fina. Finalmente, calculamos o Lamb shift e comparando o resultado com o valor experimental da espectroscopia, obtemos um novo limite para o parâmetro não comutativo, 0 . (3GeV )-2.

Orientador: Eliris Cristina Rizziolli / Banca: Aldício José Miranda / Banca: Carina Alves / Resumo: Este trabalho trata da classificação geométrica das formas binárias quádricas e cúbicas. Além disto, aplicamos esta classificação ao estudo de máquinas de catástrofes / Abstract: This work make reference of the geometry classification of the two variables quadratic, cubic and quartic forma. Before that, the aplication that classification in study of the catastrophe machines / Mestre

This document consists of two very different projects but the common thread is in the interest of magnetic fields. It describes the effect of magnetic fields in two Interstellar Medium regions in the Galaxy. Electromagnetic force is one of the four fundamental forces in physics. It is not known where magnetic field has initially risen in the Universe, but what is certain is that it has significant effect in the dynamics of star formation and galaxy formation. The studies aim to better understand the effects of field in an active star forming region and in the halo of the Galaxy. We observed the HI 21 cm spectral line via the Zeeman effect in attempt to detect line-of-sight magnetic field strengths in both of the projects. For the star forming region project in Chapter 2, towards the Eagle Nebula, an upper limit of the field strength was determined. From the observational results, physical conditions of the region were modeled. For the second project in Chapter 3, we attempted to detect magnetic fields via Zeeman effect towards non galactic disk objects. All of the observed positions have radial velocities that cannot be explained by the simple galactic rotation. Hence, they are considered to be non galactic disk sources and often grouped as High Velocity Clouds. With a unique observational technique and analysis, we derived the best fit line-of-sight magnetic fields. A particular interest to us is the Smith Cloud. From the detection of magnetic field, we attempted to estimate the density of the ambient medium in the halo, which will be useful for studying the galaxy formation.