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Dans cette thèse, nous décrivons les premières étapes de la construction d’une expérience de condensation d’atomes de sodium. À terme, le dispositif intégrera une puce à atomes qui permettra d’étudier la dynamique hors équilibre de gaz quantiques de dimensionnalité réduite, ainsi que leur dynamique de relaxation. Le montage expérimental est constitué d’un système laser stabilisé en fréquence sur une raie de l’iode, ainsi que d’une enceinte à ultra-vide. Cette dernière comporte un four produisant un jet atomique effusif qui est décéléré dans un ralentisseur Zeeman à aimants permanents.Nous obtenons alors un flux de 2 x 108 atomes/s, ce qui nous permet de charger près de 109 atomes dans un piège magnéto-optique. Durant la caractérisation du ralentisseur Zeeman, nous avons mis en évidence un mécanisme de redistribution des populations atomiques vers l’état F = 1 en amont du ralentisseur, induit par l’interaction avec le faisceau Zeeman. Après avoir confirmé ces observations par une résolution numérique des équations de Bloch optiques, nous avons mis en place un faisceau laser avec deux composantes de fréquence permettant de préparer initialement les atomes dans le sous-niveau F = 2;mF = - 2 pour les préserver de cet effet. Enfin, nous avons conçu un dispositif de transport magnétique permettant d’acheminer les atomes depuis l’enceinte du piège magnéto-optique vers l’enceinte du condensat. Des simulations de dynamique moléculaire nous ont permis de déterminer une séquence temporelle pour le déplacement du nuage performante, autorisant un transport de 65 cm en 1 s.Mots clés : sodium, condensation de Bose-Einstein, puce à atomes, ralentisseur Zeeman, aimants permanents, transport magnétique, dynamique moléculaire. / In this thesis, we describe the early stages in setting up a new experiment which aims at producing sodium Bose-Einstein condensates. The final apparatus will integrate an atomchip, enabling us to study the non-equilibrium dynamics of low-dimensional quantum gases, as well as their relaxation dynamics. The experimental setup comprises a laser system locked to an iodine rovibronic transition, and an ultra-high vacuum chamber. The latter consists of an oven producing an effusive atomic beam, which is decelerated in a Zeeman slower made with permanent magnets.We thus obtain a flux of 2 x 108 atoms/s, allowing the efficient loading of a magneto-optical trap containing up to 109 atoms. During the slower optimization, we observed a redistribution of the atomic populations from the F = 2 state to the F = 1 state before the entrance of the Zeeman slower. This depumping mechanism, induced by the interaction of the atoms with the slowing beam, has been confirmed by the numerical resolution of the optical Bloch equations describing the system. To circumvent this effect, we now prepare the atoms before the entrance of the slower in the  F = 2 mF = - 2  magnetic substate with a two-frequency light beam. Finally, we designed a magnetic transport system to transfer the atoms from the magnetooptical trap chamber to the condensate chamber. Based on the results of molecular dynamics simulations, we found a performing temporal sequence to move the magnetic trap, and we intend to efficiently transport the atoms over 65 cm in about 1 s.

In this thesis we investigate the static, dynamic, and thermodynamic properties of atomic spin-1 Bose gases in external magnetic fields. At low magnetic fields the properties of single-component, or scalar condensates, are essentially unaffected but can become significantly altered for spinor Bose condensates as shown by our studies. We first study the Bose-Einstein condensation of trapped spin-1 Bose gases by employing the Hartree-Fock approximation and the two-fluid model within a mean field approximation. Our detailed investigation reveals that the ferromagnetically interacting spin-1 condensates exhibit triple condensations while the antiferromagnetically interacting ones show double condensations. The ground state structure of homogeneous and trapped spin-1 Bose condensates with ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic interactions at zero temperature in magnetic fields are then investigated systematically. We further illuminate the important effect of quadratic Zeeman shift which causes a preferred occupation of the $|m_F=0 angle$ state through spin exchange collisions, $2|m_F=0 angle leftrightarrow |m_F=1 angle + |m_F=-1 angle$. We also present detailed studies of the off-equilibrium coherent dynamics of spin-1 Bose condensates in magnetic fields within the single spatial mode approximation. Dynamical instabilities of the off-equilibrium oscillations are shown to be responsible for the formation of multiple domains as recently observed in several $^{87}$Rb experiments. Finally, we discuss briefly excited condensate states, or soliton-like states, in cigar-shaped spin-1 Bose condensates with an effective quasi-1D description, using the developed nonpolynomial Schr"odinger equation.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-09-03Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:52:48Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_arc_me_rcla.pdf: 769124 bytes, checksum: 51f07e82a0a21b5c9270a52d5d3e2500 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Este trabalho trata da classificação geométrica das formas binárias quádricas e cúbicas. Além disto, aplicamos esta classificação ao estudo de máquinas de catástrofes / This work make reference of the geometry classification of the two variables quadratic, cubic and quartic forma. Before that, the aplication that classification in study of the catastrophe machines

Cette thèse décrit le travail expérimental sur différentes techniques visant l'obtention du contrôle de l'état quantique d'atomes et de molécules, pour application dans l'informatique quantique, la métrologie et l'astrophysique. Le contrôle cohérent exige des conditions précises de fonctionnement d'un système où la décohérence est minimisée. La construction d'une machine à jet atomique de calcium est présentée comme l'élément de base d'expériences où des schémas d'excitation laser choisis permettront de préparer de façon robuste un état quantique au moyen d'impulsions composites. La deuxième section décrit ma contribution pour améliorer la stabilité de fréquence relative de l'horloge à fontaine de cesium CSF2, à l'institut allemand de métrologie. Un piège magnéto-optique modifié produit un faisceau d'atomes de césium lents. Ils sont préparés dans un état noir spécifique puis sont efficacement transférés à la mélasse optique de la fontaine. L'augmentation du nombre d'atomes participant ainsi au cycle d'horloge améliore sa stabilité d'un facteur 6. La troisième section concerne les spectres de molécules NiH et FeH. Plusieurs sources pour leur production en laboratoire ont été développées et testées. Une expérience d'absorption laser différentielle et une technique de spectroscopie intra-cavité sont appliquées aux molécules faiblement absorbantes NiH, afin d'obtenir leurs coefficients d'absorption dans le rouge. La réponse Zeeman de la molécule FeH (une sonde du champ magnétique des étoiles froides) dans le proche infrarouge est étudiée par spectroscopie laser de précision afin d'établir des facteurs Landé pour 33 niveaux rovibrationnelles de l'état électronique F 4? / This thesis describes experimental work on different techniques aiming to achieve control of the quantum state of atoms and molecules, envisaging applications in quantum computing, metrology and astrophysics.Successful coherent control requires careful design of operating conditions for a system where decoherence is minimized. The construction of a calcium atomic beam is presented as a necessary element in experiments with laser excitation schemes chosen to provide high-fidelity preparation of a quantum satate by means of composite pulses. The second section describes my contribution to the improvement of the relative frequency stability of the Cs fountain clock CSF2 at the German institute of metrology. A modified magneto-optical trap is employed to form a beam of slow cesium atoms. They are prepared in a specific dark state and subsequently are efficiently transferred to the optical molasses of the fountain. Increasing number of atoms participating in the clock cycle in this way improves the stability of the clock by a factor of 6.The third section is concerned with spectra of metal hydride molecules NiH and FeH. Several sources for production of these molecules in laboratories were developed and tested. A differential laser absorption experiment and a cavity-enhanced spectroscopy technique are applied on the w??kly absorbing NiH molecules, to obtain absorption coefficients for the red bands of NiH. The Zeeman response of the FeH molecule (a probe for magnetic fields in cool stars) in the near-IR is investigated by precision laser spectroscopy establishing Landé factors for 33 rovibrational levels of the F 4? electronic state

La détection des polluants à l'état de trace est un enjeu important pour la surveillance de la qualité de l'air. La spectroscopie THz, permettant de sonder des régions spectrales riches en absorption moléculaire, est une technique appropriée pour une mesure de la pollution atmosphérique. Ce travail de thèse a consisté à développer et caractériser un spectromètre ultrasensible pour mesurer des molécules d'intérêt atmosphérique. On a mis en place un spectromètre THz utilisant une chaîne de multiplication de fréquence émettant jusqu'à 900 GHz. La sensibilité de détection a été optimisée et caractérisée. En collaboration avec l'IEMN, un spectromètre THz utilisant comme source un analyseur de réseau vectoriel émettant jusqu'à 500 GHz a été mis en place et caractérisé. On a démontré le potentiel de la spectroscopie THz à surveiller en temps réel l'évolution des concentrations de polluants gazeux lors d'une réaction chimique et à en déduire les constantes cinétiques. Le suivi des transitions rotationnelles du H2CO et CO d'une réaction de photolyze du formaldéhyde, a permis de déterminer les constantes cinétiques de réaction. La détection des radicaux est un défi en raison de leur forte réactivité. On a adapté la configuration de notre spectromètre afin d'optimiser la sensibilité et d'étudier la réaction de photolyse de l'acétaldéhyde utilisant la "photoactivation" par mercure. On a utilisé la modulation de fréquence et la modulation à effet Zeeman afin d'étudier le HCO. On a optimisé la sensibilité, quantifié HCO et mesuré plus de 200 raies d'absorption. Une étude spectroscopique du HCO est entamée afin d'optimiser les paramètres des bases de données internationales. / QThe detection of trace pollutants is an important issue for monitoring air quality. Terahertz spectroscopy, used to probe spectral regions rich in molecular absorption, is an appropriate technique for measuring atmospheric pollution. This work of thesis consisted in developing and characterizing an ultrasensitive spectrometer to measure molecules of atmospheric interest. A terahertz spectrometer was mounted using a frequency multiplication chain emitting up to 900 GHz. The detection sensitivity has been optimized and characterized. In collaboration with the IEMN, a terahertz spectrometer using a vector network analyzer transmitting up to 500 GHz as a source, has been set up and characterized. The potential of terahertz spectroscopy has been demonstrated to monitor in real time the evolution of concentrations of gaseous pollutants during a chemical reaction and to deduce the kinetic rates. Following the rotational transitions of H2CO and CO of a photolysis reaction of formaldehyde, kinetic reaction rates were determined. Detection of radicals is a challenge because of their high reactivity. The configuration of our spectrometer was adapted to optimize sensitivity and to study the photolysis reaction of acetaldehyde using "Photosensitization" by mercury. Frequency modulation and Zeeman effect modulation were used to study HCO. The sensitivity was optimized, quantified HCO and measured over 200 absorption lines. A spectroscopy study of HCO is initiated in order to optimize the parameters of the international data bases.

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This thesis includes introductions into the theory of nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) detection, a brief history of early developments in NQR, and the basic theory of Zeeman modulation and its effects upon NQR line shapes. A brief description of the individual pieces of apparatus and their contribution to the detection and recording of resonance signals is also included. The primary purpose of this research was to determine those parameters for operation of the apparatus which optimize recorded NQR signals from linear chlorinated compounds. Finally, the determination of the apparatus parameters for the four different compounds are summarized within this thesis.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306

published_or_final_version / abstract / Physics / Master / Master of Philosophy

The object of this dissertation is to provide an observational study of the effects of interstellar magnetic fields on star-formation regions. This is part of a long-standing research project that uses the techniques of radio astronomy to measure magnetic field strengths in the interstellar medium of our galaxy. Interstellar magnetic fields are believed to play a crucial role in the star-formation process therefore a comprehensive study of magnetic fields is necessary in understanding the origins of stars. These projects use observational data obtained from the Very Large Array (VLA) in Socorro, NM. The data reveal interstellar magnetic field strengths via the Zeeman effect in radio frequency spectral lines. This information provides an estimate of the magnetic energy in star-forming interstellar clouds in the Galaxy, and comparisons can be made with these energies and the energies of self-gravitation and internal motions. From these comparisons, a better understanding of the role of magnetic fields in the origins of stars will emerge. The regions observed include the giant molecular clouds and star-forming regions of Cygnus X and NGC 6334. NGC 6334 A is a compact HII region at the center of what is believed to be a large, rotating molecular torus (based on studies by Kramer et al. (1997)). This is a continuing study based on initial measurements of the HI and OH Zeeman effect (Sarma et al. (2000)). The current study includes OH observations performed by the VLA at a higher spatial resolution than previously published data, and allows for a better analysis of the spatial variations of the magnetic field. A new model of the region is also developed based on OH opacity studies, dust continuum maps, radio spectral lines, and infrared (IR) maps. The VLA has been used to study the Zeeman effect in the 21cm HI line seen in absorption against radio sources in the Cygnus-X region. These sources are mostly galactic nebulae or HII regions, and are bright and compact in this region of the spectrum. HI absorption lines are strong against these regions and the VLA is capable of detecting the weak Zeeman effect within them.