The main task of the thesis is to design a new building of kindergarten in Šumperk. Kindergarten is single-storey building with flat roof. In the bottom part are play room for the kids. In the middle of building is a utility room with heat pump and hot water cylinder, next to is a air conditioning machinery with heat recovery unit. In the upper of building is directors office, wind lobby and speech therapy classroom. The system of this building is masonry wall system. Main element is a sand-lime blocks. Ceiling in the building is a reinforced concrete slab and layers of thermal insulation. The conception of flat roof is a extensive green roof. This building is designed to zero energy building. The project has been processed in ArchiCAD, AutoCAD and Artlantis software.

[pt] Uma arquitetura que exige uma enorme demanda de energia contraria o conceito de um Edifício de Energia Quase Zero (em inglês Nearly Zero Energy Building - NZEB). Pesquisas indicam que edifícios de alto desempenho podem ser alcançados com um design integrado que combina estratégias de eficiência energética, como vidro de alto desempenho, com energia fotovoltaica. A metodologia BIM pode incorporar a Análise de Desempenho do Edifício para apoiar a tomada de decisão de um projeto integrado, essa abordagem é considerada essencial para alcançar um NZEB bem-sucedido. A presente investigação inclui uma revisão sistemática da literatura que orientou a pesquisa. Com base na SLR, foi desenvolvido um Manual de Entrega de Informações que propõe um novo fluxo de trabalho no qual os estudos de energia são realizados nos estágios iniciais do design para alcançar projetos com maior eficiência energética e aproveitar a colaboração intrínseca à metodologia BIM. Por fim, é apresentado um experimento hipotético de um edifício comercial para ilustrar o fluxo de trabalho proposto no IDM desenvolvido. O software Autodesk Revit foi usado para modelar o edifício e a simulação energética foi realizada no software DesignBuilder. Verificou-se que, para que esses dois softwares fossem interoperáveis, o modelo precisava ser exportado do Revit no formato gbXML. As opções de design foram baseadas na proporção de janela/parede (30 por cento, 50 por cento e 100 por cento), no vidro adotado e no sistema fotovoltaico. A análise de viabilidade econômica foi realizada com base no Valor Presente Líquido e na Taxa Interna de Retorno. Os resultados indicaram que o uso da fachada norte para produção fotovoltaica combinado com o sistema fotovoltaico da cobertura forneceu um balanço de energia próximo de zero na maioria dos casos. Por fim, todos os casos analisados têm um tempo de retorno de investimento inferior a garantia do fabricante dos módulos fotovoltaicos (25 anos), exceto no caso com 100 por cento de relação janela/parede e vidro PV na fachada norte. / [en] An architecture that requires a huge energy demand goes against the concept of a Nearly Zero Energy Building (NZEB). Research on the subject indicates that high performing buildings can be achieved with an integrated design that combines energy efficiency strategies, such as high performing glass, with photovoltaic energy (PV). The Building Information Modeling (BIM) methodology can incorporate Building Performance (BP) analysis to support decision making of an integrated design, which is considered essential to achieve a successful NZEB. The present investigation includes a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) that guided the research. Based on the SLR, an Information Delivery Manual was developed that propose a new workflow in which the energy studies are performed in the early stages of design to achieve more energy efficient projects and take advantage of the collaboration intrinsic to the BIM methodology. Lastly, a hypothetical experiment of a commercial building is presented to illustrate the workflow proposed in the developed IDM. The Autodesk Revit software was used to model the building and the energy computer simulation was performed in the DesignBuilder software. It was found that for these two software tools to be interoperable, the model had to be exported from Revit in gbXML format. The design options in the experiment were based on window-to-wall ratio (30 per cent, 50 per cent and 100 per cent), on the adopted glass, and on the photovoltaic system. The economic feasibility analysis was performed based in the Net Present Value (NPV) and the Internal Rate of Return (IRR). The results indicated that the use of the north facade for PV production combining with the PV roof system provided a nearly zero energy balance in most of the cases. Finally, all cases analyzed had a payback time of less than the PV module manufacturer guarantee (25 years), except for the case with 100 per cent window-to-wall ratio and PV Glass in the north facade.

Buildings account for up to 40% of the total energy use in the world. Directives from the European Union have pointed out the significance of increasing the energy efficiency in buildings. New regulation in countries like Sweden has established that new buildings should fulfil regulations of Nearly Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB), providing the opportunity for renewable energy technologies to achieve these goals. In this paper, the retrofitting potential of renewable energy technologies for a single-family home in Sweden was investigated.The present work studied the characteristics of several renewable energy technologies and their applications for a single-family home in Sweden, including biomass, solar photovoltaics, solar thermal, heat pump, and small-scale wind turbine. Three renewable energy technologies (solar thermal, heat pump and small-scale wind turbine) and one renovation method (window) were selected to investigate. The analysis was made of the current energy use and the potential energy (and cost) savings from each retrofitting of these facilities by means of simulation models using IDA ICE software. The study results show that the proposed renewable energy technologies are technically feasible and economically viable as a source of alternative renewable energy in order to produce clean energy and reduce electricity bills for an electric-heated single-family home located in Sweden. Moreover, the combined retrofitting scheme consist of solar thermal system and window renovation was also proposed and explored. As a result the energy performance of the single-family home would satisfy the nearly-zero energy building requirements and thermal comfort could be maintained at an acceptable level.

Lågströmskommunikationsprotokoll såsom 6LoWPAN har använts i stor utsträckning för applikationer som kräver mindre energiförbrukning för trådlös kommunikation på korta avstånd, exempelvis IoT-enheter. Eftersom antalet sådana enheter ökar blir det allt viktigare att överväga ambient energy harvesting som en energikälla för att driva sådana enheter. Det framkallar ett behov av att ompröva designen av ett energieffektivt kommunikationsprotokoll som gör det möjligt för sensorer och aktuatorer att använda den utvunna energin för beräkning och kommunikation. Eftersom den utvunna energin från en energikälla är begränsad och det tar tid för en enhet att samla tillräckligt med energi för datahantering och kommunikation, finns det ett behov av att undersöka energibudgeten och bestämma de kritiska parametrarna som påverkar energiförbrukningen för trådlös kommunikation. En analys av energiförbrukningen utfördes genom att anpassa en Python-modell och simuleringar genomfördes för att hjälpa till att förstå påverkan av nyckelparametrar på energiförbrukningen med hänsyn till en lämplig radio frequency energy harvesting (RF-EH) för “zero” energienheter. I examensarbetet föreslås designöverväganden för ett nytt lågströmskommunikationsprotokoll för “zero” energienheter. Resultaten visade att adaptive data rate (ADR) har en stor betydelse för energibesparingar. Med lämpliga överföringsparametrar inställda kan energiförlusterna för omsändningar och kollisioner minskas. Det är också möjligt att införa en schemaläggningsalgoritm för kommunikationsprocessen för förbättrad kollisionsundvikande. De föreslagna designövervägandena kan tillämpas i framtida arbeten för att förbättra kortdistanskommunikationsprotokollet för “zero” energienheter. / Low power communication protocols such as 6LoWPAN have been widely used on applications that require less energy consumption for short-range wireless communication, for example, Internet of Thing (IoT) devices. As the amount of these devices escalates, it becomes increasingly important to consider ambient energy harvesting (EH) as an energy source to power such devices. This induces a need to reconsider the design of an energy-efficient data transfer protocol that enables the sensors and actuators to utilize the harvested energy for computing and communication. As the harvested energy from an energy source is limited and it takes time for a device to accumulate enough energy for data processing and communication, there is a need to investigate the energy budget and determine the critical parameters that affect the energy consumption for wireless communication. An energy consumption analysis was performed by adapting a Python model, and simulations were carried out to help understand the impact of key parameters on energy consumption while considering a suitable range for radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting “zero” energy devices. The thesis project aims to propose the design considerations of a new low-power communication protocol for “zero” energy devices. The results showed that adaptive data rate (ADR) has a major contribution to energy saving. With suitable transmitting parameters set, the energy waste of retransmissions and collisions could be reduced. It is also possible to introduce a scheduling algorithm to the communication process for improved collision avoidance. The proposed design considerations can be applied in future work to improve the shortrange communication protocol for zero-energy devices.

Στις χώρες της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης ο κτιριακός τομέας απορροφά περίπου το 40% της συνολικής ενεργειακής κατανάλωσης, γεγονός που καθιστά απαραίτητο το λειτουργικό και φιλικό προς το περιβάλλον σχεδιασμό των κτιρίων, παράλληλα με τον περιορισμό των συνολικών ενεργειακών αναγκών τους για την εξοικονόμηση ενέργειας. Όσον αφορά τα ήδη υπάρχοντα κτίρια, μπορούν να γίνουν διάφορες παρεμβάσεις ώστε να επιτευχθεί η μέγιστη δυνατή εξοικονόμηση ενέργειας. Από την άλλη, η Ε.Ε.,στα πλαίσια της βιώσιμης ανάπτυξης και της προστασίας του περιβάλλοντος, έχει θέσει ως στόχο για το 2020 τα καινούρια κτίρια να είναι μηδενικών εκπομπών διοξειδίου του άνθρακα. Για την υλοποίηση του στόχου αυτού, είναι αναγκαίος ο σχεδιασμός των κτιρίων σύμφωνα με τις αρχές της βιοκλιματικής αρχιτεκτονικής, για την ελαχιστοποίηση των ενεργειακών τους αναγκών αλλά και η εφαρμογή συστημάτων Ανανεώσιμων Πηγών Ενέργειας για την παραγωγή θερμικής και ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας και την ελαχιστοποίηση έτσι των εκπομπών CO2 στην ατμόσφαιρα από τα ορυκτά καύσιμα. Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία, αναπτύσσονται στρατηγικές που αποσκοπούν στην αρμονική ένταξη των κτιρίων στο φυσικό περιβάλλον, παρουσιάζονται τα θέματα εξοικονόμησης ενέργειας στα κτίρια, διατυπώνονται οι βασικές παράμετροι για την επίτευξη ολιστικής ενεργειακής κάλυψης των κτιρίων και την προετοιμασία του επόμενου βήματος σχετικά με την ενέργεια στα κτίρια για το έτος 2020 και δίνονται νέες τεχνολογικές λύσεις που αναπτύχθηκαν στο εργαστήριο ηλιακής ενέργειας, με σκοπό την βέλτιστη αξιοποίηση της ηλιακής ενέργειας και των άλλων ΑΠΕ στα κτίρια. Στα πλαίσια της πλήρους κάλυψης των κτιριακών ενεργειακών αναγκών από ΑΠΕ και της προώθησης των κτιρίων σχεδόν μηδενικής κατανάλωσης από συμβατικές ενεργειακές πηγές, μελετάται πειραματικά η συμβολή των φωτοβολταϊκών σε δυσμενή κλίση και προσανατολισμό. Εξετάζεται η συνεισφορά διάχυτων ανακλαστήρων στην ενεργειακή τους απόδοση, η επίδραση του υλικού της θερμομόνωσης και του περιορισμού των θερμικών απωλειών. Τέλος, εξετάζεται η αξιοποίηση κάθε τμήματος του κτιρίου που μπορεί να έχει θετική συμβολή στο ενεργειακό θέμα. Έτσι προτείνονται τρόποι τοποθέτησης φωτοβολταϊκών σε οριζόντιες και επικλινείς στέγες και στις προσόψεις των κτιρίων, με προσθήκη ανακλαστήρα όπου είναι δυνατό, που μπορούν να συνεισφέρουν στην επίτευξη μηδενικού ενεργειακού ισοζυγίου στα κτίρια. / In the countries of the European Union the building sector accounts for about 40% of the total energy consumption, so it is necessary that the buildings should be designed in a functional and environmentally-friendly way, in addition to the minimization of of the total energy needs to achieve energy savings. As for the existing buildings, they should be renovated so that maximum energy savings is achieved. On the other hand, the EU’s target for 2020 is that new buildings must be of zero carbon dioxide emissions. For the implementation of this goal, buildings should be designed according to the principles of bioclimatic architecture to minimize energy needs, but also systems of Renewable Energy Sources should be applied to produce thermal energy and electricity, in order to minimize carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels. In the present thesis, strategies aiming to harmonic integration of buildings in the natural environment are developed, holistic energy saving aspects for buildings are presented, aspects regarding the next step to the target for 2020 are given, and some new designs of building integrated RES, investigated at the Solar Energy Laboratory, are suggested. Approaching the holistic contribution of the renewable energy sources (RES) to buildings for total cover of their energy demand, and the achievement of nearly zero energy buildings, the contribution of photovoltaics in disadvantageous inclination and azimuth angle is experimentally studied. The contribution of diffuse reflectors to pV’s energy efficiency, the impact of thermal insulation materials and the impact of limitating the thermal losses to PV’s operation, are studied as well. Furthermore, the use of every single part of the building in order to contribute to its energy supply, is considered. Designs for photovoltaic integration on horizontal and inclined roofs and facades are suggested, combined with booster reflector if possible, aiming to achieve zero energy balance of buildings.

This diploma thesis is focused on nearly zero energy buildings, which are a mandatory part of construction of the buildings in Czech republic after 2020. It also deals with HVAC and its design as part of these buildings. The theoretical part deals with legal and technical regulations and possible savings in HVAC systems. The computational part is focused on two solution of HVAC systems in given object. The project part is about the given object, which is otevřená zahrada Brno. This building was founded by Nadace Partnerství s.r.o.. This third part of diploma thesis deals with the quality of indoor microclimate and evaluation of the heat recovery system effiency, which is applied in local HVAC unit.

This master thesis elaborates the project documentation for the construction of an office building in Krnov city, located in the Moravian-Silesian region. The office building has four utility above-ground floors and one underground floors serving as underground garages. There is a cafe, stationery, showrooms and office space with sanitary facilities. The construction system is designed as a monolithic reinforced concrete skeleton. Vertical infill constructions are made of brick technology from Porotherm ceramic blocks. The ceiling structures are made of filigree panels with hidden steel girders, which are embedded with concrete layer. The basement and the basic structure of the house is designed as a white tub. The building is covered with vegetation roof. The design emphasized increased comfort in use and the overall modern concept of an office building. Overall, the building is designed to the required values for a near zero energy building.

The diploma thesis processes project documentation for the construction of a hotel building with a restaurant facility, which is situated on the outskirts of the western undeveloped part of the regional town Jihlava. The building has three floors and is covered by flat roofs. The hotel meets the conditions of a four-star (****) economic standard. It is designed with 24 accommodation units with a capacity of total 52 persons (4 persons with reduced mobility on the 3rd floor) and restaurant service for 92 guests, social facilities and kitchens. The apartments and guest rooms are located on the 2nd and 3rd floor. On the ground floor there is a representative space of the hotel composed of the entrance hall with reception , space for hotel management, space for technical facilities of the building and restaurant with its own kitchen. The building meets the requirements for zero-energy buildings with a combination of a high-quality construction solution with thermal insulation of building and other technological solutions such as photovoltaic power plants or deep boreholes for stepping pump heating The overall character of the building is emphasized by its architectural design in the light of modern lining of the ventilated facade using cement-fiber boards, whose two-color articulation emphasizes both simplicity and shape function of the building. This solution is combined with large glazed areas that give the building a feeling of spaciousness and evocative cleanliness.

The aim of this master´s thesis is the elaboration of project documentation for kindergarten with almost zero energy consumption. The project consists of three main parts. The first part is devoted to the civil engineering design of the building. The building is designed regarding to architectural expression, quality of made and type of use. The kindergarten is designed with capacity of 48 children split into two departments. The second part is devoted to the design of HVAC systems. The building uses mechanical ventilation with heat recovery, heating is provided by two gas boilers and the need of electricity is provided by a photovoltaic system. Captured rainwater is used effectively. The third part values the building regarding the method of multi–criteria analysis. For this evaluation uses national method SBToolCZ.

This theoretical diploma thesis deals with „nearly zero energy buildings“. The aim of the thesis is to evaluate building constructions based on their impact on thermal requirements fulfilment and apply results of the evaluation on a design of a nearly zero energy building. The thesis describes individual factors impacting energy consumption of a nearly zero house building, evaluates individual types of insulations systems for roof constructions, analyses window details, foundation details and connection of roof and external wall or the floor structure and external wall. The basic criteria for the evaluation is the fulfilment of the thermal requirements as well as the costs of the construction itself and energy consumption for the individual construction or detail. The specialized part of the thesis deals with design and comparison of 2 types of timber roof truss systems, the purlin roof and the collar roof. The suitability of the roof systems for nearly zero energy building is evaluated as well. The result of he thesis is the proposal of solutions for the nearly zero energy building. The proposal consists of layout solutions, design of suitable construction system, load-bearing system including drawings. The output is also Energy Performance Certificate.