Submitted by ANA MARTA CAVINATO MARCHINI ROLISOLA (anamartarolisola@hotmail.com) on 2018-06-21T22:43:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Marta C M Rolisola_Tese de Doutorado.pdf: 4492180 bytes, checksum: d1fdb4a15ef3fdf8d398b1f8be14c005 (MD5) / Rejected by Ana Paula Santulo Custódio de Medeiros null (asantulo@rc.unesp.br), reason: - Falta o número do processo FAPESP nos agradecimentos: se você recebeu financiamento da FAPESP, ela exige que nos agradecimentos apareça o número do processo. on 2018-06-22T17:15:12Z (GMT) / Submitted by ANA MARTA CAVINATO MARCHINI ROLISOLA (anamartarolisola@hotmail.com) on 2018-06-23T14:11:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Marta C M Rolisola_Tese de Doutorado.pdf: 4493139 bytes, checksum: 2980a550f843988e0a8bd31a8ee9ab8d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Aparecida Puerta null (dripuerta@rc.unesp.br) on 2018-06-25T13:41:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rolisola_amcm_dr_rcla.pdf: 4377095 bytes, checksum: da8491d59c9f3875c68e364b6648d0cf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-25T13:41:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rolisola_amcm_dr_rcla.pdf: 4377095 bytes, checksum: da8491d59c9f3875c68e364b6648d0cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-02 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Atualmente, cerca de 18 compostos são utilizados como biocidas de reforço (metálicos) em tintas anti-incrustantes, como por exemplo Piritionato de Zinco (Zn(PT)2), Zineb e Ziram. É relevante o desenvolvimento de um método analítico para determinação das concentrações ambientais de biocidas metálicos. O presente estudo teve como objetivos i)desenvolver uma metodologia de extração em fase sólida (SPE) e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência acoplada (HPLC) ao espectrômetro de massas com plasma acoplado indutivamente (ICP-MS) para determinação de Zn(PT)2, Zineb e Ziram e ii) quantificar, in lab, a fração lábil total do Piritionato de Zinco, Zineb e Ziram e in situ, a fração lábil total do zinco, utilizando a técnica de difusão em filmes finos por gradiente de concentração (DGT) em solução padrão e água estuarina, respectivamente. Na técnica de SPE foi utilizado o sorbente de sílica funcionalizado com fenil apresentando excelente retenção para Zn(PT)2, Zineb e Ziram (94 ± 0,1%, 85 ± 0,04% e 93 ± 0,1%, respectivamente) e recuperações entre 85% e 110%. Na determinação dos biocidas de zinco utilizando o acoplamento HPLC-VGroove-ICP-MS com diluição pós coluna cromatográfica, a fase móvel composta por metanol e 0,006 mol L-1 de acetato de amônio (50:50, v v-1) apresentou o melhor desempenho na separação do Zn(PT)2, Zineb, Ziram. A curva analítica obtida para o Zn(PT)2 apresentou coeficiente de correlação, LD e LQ satisfatórios para os isótopos 64Zn (0,98, 0,575 mg L-1, 1,916 mg L-1), 66Zn(0,99, 0,480 mg L-1 , 1,600 mg L-1), 68Zn(0,98, 0,602 mg L-1, 2,007 mg L-1). Na técnica DGT foi utilizado o agente ligante resina Chelex® 100 para avaliar a labilidade do Zn(PT)2, Zineb e Ziram em água estuarina. Os resultados demonstraram que a fração lábil total do Zn ficou em torno de 100% para o Zineb (111%) e Ziram (109%), ou seja, estes biocidas formaram espécies totalmente lábeis na amostra de água estuarina e para Zn(PT)2 foi de 75% indicando espécies parcialmente lábeis. Os resultados obtidos na técnica SPE, no acoplamento HPLC-VGroove-ICP-MS e DGT demonstraram que os métodos apresentam desempenho satisfatório para a determinação de Piritionato de Zinco, Zineb e Ziram. / About 18 compounds are used as booster biocides (metal) in antifouling paints such as Zinc Pyrithione (Zn(PT)2), Zineb and Ziram. It is important to develop an analytical method for determining of the environmental concentrations of zinc biocides. The present study had as objectives i) to develop a solid phase extraction (SPE) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) for the determination of Zn(PT)2, Zineb and Ziram and ii) quantify in lab the total labile fraction of Zn(PT)2, Zineb and Ziram and in situ the total labile fraction of zinc using the diffusive gradient in thin films (DGT) technique in standard solution and estuarine water, respectively. In the SPE technique, the silica sorbent functionalized with phenyl presented excellent retention for Zn(PT)2, Zineb and Ziram (94 ± 0.1%, 85 ± 0.04% and 93 ± 0.1%, respectively) and recoveries between 85% and 110%. In the determination of zinc using the HPLC-VGroove-ICP-MS coupling with post-column chromatographic dilution, the mobile phase composed of methanol and 0.006 mol L-1 of ammonium acetate (50:50, v v-1) of presented the best performance in the separation of Zn(PT)2, Zineb and Ziram. The analytical curve obtained for Zn(PT)2 presented satisfactory correlation coefficient, LD and LQ for the isotopes 64Zn (0.98, 0.575 mg L -1, 1.916 mg L-1), 66Zn (0.99, 0.480 mg L-1, 1.600 mg L-1), 68Zn (0.98, 0.602 mg L-1, 2.007 mg L-1). In the DGT technique, the Chelex® 100 resin binder was used to evaluate the lability of the zinc biocides Zn(PT)2, Zineb and Ziram in estuarine water. The results showed that the total labile fraction of Zn was around 100% for Zineb (111%) and Ziram (109%), that is, these biocides formed totally labile species in the estuarine water sample and for Zn(PT)2 was 75% indicating partially labile species. The results obtained in the SPE technique in the HPLC-VGroove-ICP-MS coupling and DGT demonstrated that the methods present satisfactory performance for the determination of Zn(PT)2, Zineb and Ziram. / CNPq: 164326/2015. / FAPESP: 2015/03397-4.

Several epidemiological studies have suggested a role for environmental chemicals in the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Endosulfan (an organochlorine) and zineb (zinc-ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamate) are used as pesticides on a variety of crops worldwide and pose potential health risks to humans and animals. Both endosulfan and zineb are known to affect nervous system. Because the dopaminergic system continues to develop postnatally, we hypothesized that developmental exposure to endosulfan or zineb alone or in combination would result in alteration of nigrostrial neurotransmitters and would render the nigrostrial dopamine system more susceptible to chemical challenge later in life. The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the effects of endosulfan and zineb individually and in combination on dopaminergic or cholinergic pathways in vivo, (2) to investigate the effects of exposure to endosulfan, zineb and their mixtures administered in early life (during brain development) on subsequent exposure to these pesticides on the dopaminergic and cholinergic systems, in vivo, (3) to investigate the mechanism(s) of induction of neuronal cell death caused by these pesticides using human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells in culture, (4) to define the role of oxidative stress in pesticide-induced neuronal cell death in vitro. Male C57Bl/6 mice of 7-9 months old exposed to zineb (50 and 100 mg/kg), endosulfan (1.55, 3.1 and 6.2 mg/kg) and their mixtures every other day over a 2-week period exhibited higher levels of dopamine accumulation in the striatum. Both pesticide-treated groups displayed significantly lower norepinephrine levels in the striatum (Ï ≤ 0.05) than the controls. The developmental exposure to zineb, endosulfan and their combination enhanced the vulnerability to subsequent neurotoxic challenges occurring later in life. Thus, C57BL/6 mice exposed to zineb, endosulfan and their mixtures as juveniles (postnatal days 5 to 19) and re-exposed at 8 months of age showed a significant depletion of striatal dopamine, to 22%, 16%, and 35% of control, respectively. Acetylcholinesterase activity in the cerebral cortex was found to be significantly increased in all pesticide treated groups. Mice given mixtures of pesticides also showed significantly increased levels of normal and aggregated alpha-synuclein, a hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. The results of these studies indicate that exposure to these pesticides as neonates and re-exposure as adults could result in neurochemical changes that did not reveal at adulthood when the exposure was at juvenile age only. We further investigated the mechanism(s) of activation of pesticide-induced neuronal cell death in vitro. The characteristic of cell death in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells was examined. These cells are known to retain catecholaminergic phenotype. Cells were exposed to endosulfan, zineb and mixtures of two pesticides, in concentrations ranging from 50 μM to 400 μM. These exposures caused both apoptotic and necrotic cell death in SH-SY5Y cells as evaluated by lactate dehydrogenase release, 7-aminoactinomycin-D and Annexin-V/PI assays. Exposure to mixtures of the pesticides enhanced both the early apoptosis and late apoptosis/necrosis compared to either chemical alone. Visual evaluation using DNA ladder assay and fluorescence Annexin V/PI assay confirmed the contribution of both apoptotic and necrotic events. Furthermore, endosulfan and zineb alone and in combination altered the caspase-3 activity indicating that both pesticides exposure exert their apoptotic effect via the caspase-3 pathway. Because there has been increasing evidence of the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress in pesticide-induced neuronal cell death (apoptosis and necrosis), the levels of ROS and antioxidant enzymes were examined. Cells treated with pesticides were found to enhance the generation of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide both in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Mixture of pesticides significantly enhanced the production of these reactive oxygen species compared to cells exposed to individual pesticide. Cells treated with pesticides showed a decrease in superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase levels. These pesticides also induced lipid peroxides (thiobarbituric acid reactive products) formation in SH-SY5Y cells. Furthermore, cells exposed to these pesticides were found to have increased in the expression of NFkappaB activity in the nucleus. These data support the hypothesis that oxidative stress was induced in neuronal cells by exposing to these pesticides in vitro. Taken together, the results of this study support the above hypothesis and suggest that the cytotoxicity of endosulfan and zineb and their combinations may, at least in part, be associated with the generation of ROS. Furthermore, mice exposed at early age and re-exposed at adulthood become more susceptible to alteration of neurotransmitter levels compared to mice exposed to these pesticides only as juveniles. These findings could add to the growing body of knowledge on the mechanism of pesticide-induced dopaminergic neuronal cell death and could hold tremendous implication for the future understanding of the possible involvement of environmental risk factors in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. / Ph. D.

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