This study refers to developed ecological model abroad, and established the seagrass model with MATLAB compiler. I also took the seagrass meadows in south Taiwan-Nanwan for my studying case, and simulated the dynamic effect of seagrass and epiphyte biomass, as well as nutrient, and attempted to go on probing into the cause with northeast monsoon and typhoon. The simulating site of this study was Nanwan, which is located at Hengchun Peninsula, the southern tip of Taiwan. The dominant species in this area is Thalassia hemprichii. South Taiwan is situated at a tropical climate, and the variation of air temperature is small. Additionally, Kurshio embranchment cause the variation of water temperature smaller, about 24 (¢J) to 30 (¢J).The northeastern monsoonal winds, formed downhill winds, are extremely forceful from October to April, so the wind speed is greater during this period than the rest of the year. In South Taiwan, dry-wet season is clearly. The dry season is from November to April, and the wet season is from May to October. The main rainfall comes from southwest monsoon, especially summer typhoon (June to September). The wind speed is raised abruptly by typhoon and makes water agitate, which not only cause the mortality raising but also the sediment turbulence. By Lin¡¦s research (2005), the growing area of seagrass meadow in Nanwan is a half-closed tidal pool where human makes huge effect and there is a lot of drainage of house and inn sewage. Furthermore, these seagrasses in Nanwan would be exposed to air during the period of poor tide and the emerged period is the longest of these three areas -Nanwan, Dakwan and Wanliton. The seasonal dynamic of seagrass, which is located in the high site of intertidal zone, is obvious, and the biomass is larger in summer than in winter; but that is not obvious in the low site and tidal pool. By the seasonal condition and some specially climate condition mentioned above, the analysis of simulate cases would be go on. Comparing of the modeling result and real measurement, the seasonal changing situation mostly match up. No matter high site (emerged and dried) or low site, there is the maximum of seagrass biomass (including above ground, below ground, or shoot density) in summer, and the minimum in winter. Typhoon causes the biomass losing abruptly in summer. R/S ratio (below-ground biomass division above-ground biomass) is bigger in winter than in summer. On one hand the inside nitrogen redistribution is larger in summer, because the larger growth rate occurs in summer, and the more nutrient is supplied from roots, on the other the redistribution is smaller in winter cause the less nutrient is supplied from roots. Epiphyte biomass has the maximum in summer, when the nutrient concentration of water is larger. In the section of the difference between low and high site seagrass, it is apparent that the high site seagrass would be exposed to air and dried by northeast monsoon. Although typhoon comes up, its influence is not so strong as northeast monsoon at high site. The maximum biomass still occurs in summer, and it is presumed that the living environment of high site seagrass is with more pressure by nature. The above-ground biomass of high site seagrass is smaller than low site, but the below-ground biomass is much lager at high site. Besides, shoot density is larger at high site. The biomass of epiphyte is larger at low site just opposite to shoot density. It is supposed that high site seagrass is emerged to air and limited by environment factors so above-ground biomass would be reduced and store up the sustenance to below-ground biomass. It is conjectured that the main factor with shoot density is affected by light density and below-ground biomass. In shallow water, the seagrass at high site could accept more light energy, moreover the below-ground biomass is sufficient and the recruitment rate is large, thus there are more shoots at high site. Epiphytes are also limited by water depth and wind, and the biomass of epiphyte at high site is smaller than at low site.

The overuse of the coastal resources and overdevelopment on coastal areas led to the result of serious destruction of nature landscape and coastal resources due to the abundance of coastal resources. To avoid the improper development on the coastal areas, it is necessary to have an integrated consideration over the engineering, ecosystem, economics, environmental protection and sustainable development based on the character of coastal land. Therefore, the main conception of this study is to apply the concept of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) to take all aspects which might affect the coastal management into integrated consideration, and to accomplish the concept of ICZM by Integrated Assessment (IA). Furthermore, the study constructed a indicator structure of assess coastal management by Driving forces¡VPressures¡VStates¡VImpacts¡VResponses (DPSIR), which takes the production, ecosystem and living environment as three core assessment indicators. Finally, the conceptual model of integrated coastal management is constructed with the help of System Dynamic (SD) and Cellular Automata (CA). This study simulates the influence of the existence of Chang Hua Coastal Industrial Park on the nearby areas such as Hsienhsi county, Hemei town and Lukang town from 1991 to 2021. The main consideration is on the time-series variation of three core indicators and some critical variables as well as the mid-term to long-term tendency on the land use. Three kinds of actions are set for the scenario analysis, including single strategy, multi strategies and progressively varying strategies. According to the simulation results, the action of multi strategies results in the best performance on three core indicators, and the action of single strategy is the worst on the contrary. On seeing the blooming problems over simulation period, the progressively varying strategies are applied in specific time points, and result in better or worse performances depending on different restrictions and resources. The conceptual model constructed in this research is adaptive to simulate the varying tendency on the nearby areas due to the existence of coastal industrial park, and is an efficient and effective assessing measure for the decision persons or the paper worker to understand the influences on different scenarios or strategies applied. Thus better formulations or suggestions over destination areas will be made to help fulfill the concept of ICZM.

We fabricated the liquid crystal cell which had the property of the diffraction optical element. The concentric electrode had been fabricated on an indium-tin-oxide (ITO) substrate by etching technology. With the application of a proper voltage, it produces an inhomogeneous grating-like electric field in space to form phase Fresnel liquid crystal lens. Because of liquid crystals (LCs) are excellent electro-optic materials with electrical and optical anisotropies. Their optical properties can easily be modulated by the external electric field. Hence based on the electro-optic properties, the function of the as-constructed phase Fresnel liquid crystal lens has been studied in this paper. In this study, we discuss the diffraction efficiency of Fresnel LC lenses and collocated plano-convex to form dual focal length optical element.

ABSTRACT On Nov.11, 2001, Taiwan obtained the accession of World Trade Organization and became a formal member of WTO on Jan 1st of 2002. As a member of WTO, Taiwan has equal rights to participate in the setting of global trade rules as well as sharing the benefits of liberalization. In the meantime, Taiwan must fulfill its WTO commitments completely, whether resulting from its bilateral and multilateral negotiations or from its standard WTO obligations. The accession to WTO means to Taiwan a big impact on all aspects of its general economics, people¡¦s everyday living as well as industrial policies. After 35 years of development, Export Processing Zone (EPZ) has emerged from focusing on traditional labor-intensive industry to capital and technical intensive industry then to global logistic type of industry. Facing the impact of WTO, the need to make next transition is becoming even more urgent now. In an effort to upgrade the industry and strengthen the competence of the country, the government has assigned another responsibility on EPZ by expanding its range of function from pure manufacturing to high value-added economics activities like Off-Territory Shipment Center, Logistics Center, Software Design Center, etc. Mainland China obtained its WTO membership same time as Taiwan. They are leveraging their fast economic development and huge market potential to attract foreign and Taiwanese investments. Hence we can not exclude the influence of Mainland China while trying to discuss the WTO impacts on EPZ and how EPZ can face the big change of economic environment. This study has set following three topics: 1. The impact on EPZ as a result of Taiwan¡¦s accession to WTO. 2. What is the outlook of EPZ¡¦s new positioning. 3. Suggestions to the government, EPZ Administrations and Companies inside and outside of EPZ. This study will firstly make a brief review on both WTO and EPZ. Then explore the impacts, as well as the opportunities and threats, of WTO on both the industries in Taiwan and in EPZ. Then we will study the two major directions of EPZ¡¦s new positioning: (1) New developments as a result of new economic relationship between Taiwan and Mainland China, this includes Off-Territory Shipment Center, a base for China¡¦s companies to enter Taiwan, and the ¡§deep processing¡¨ that utilizes the advantage of integrating operations across the Taiwan Strait, and (2) New developments as a result of the expanding of EPZ¡¦s new service function, that includes R&D center, headquarter for off-shore Taiwanese companies, International Trade Companies, center for specific industry cluster and logistic center, etc. Based on the results of this study, we have made suggestions to the government, the EPZ Administration and companies inside and outside EPZ. The suggestions to the Government are: Try to form Free Trade Zone with Asia-Pacific countries and also form a ¡§Greater China Free Trade Zone¡¨ with Mainland China and Hong Kong under the condition that the political disputes are settled. Also to promote business opportunities in the developing countries by utilizing Taiwan¡¦s strengths of manufacturing and technology. Regarding the suggestions to the EPZ Administration and companies inside and outside EPZ, the suggestions are all regarding how EPZ can strengthen their service and improve the investment environment, and how companies are to fully utilize these EPZ improvements. The conclusion of this study shows following four items: 1. The accession of Taiwan to WTO is not only a crisis for EPZ, but also an opportunity. 2. EPZ has built up sound infrastructure and set the direction for its new positioning to face this challenge. 3. Whether the new positioning is fulfilled and new investment poured in will decide if the next phase transition of EPZ is successful or not. 4. EPZ acted as the pilot model for Taiwan¡¦s economic success 35 years ago, we are hoping it acts one more time the same model for Taiwan¡¦s next economic re-form.

In recent year, there were many fire accidents in MRT and subway station,due to faolure in smoke control system and emergency operation strategies. The goal of this project is to use two sofeware¡XFDS and Star-CD to simulate the fire in MRT station and predict the height of smoke layer and its descending rate .The comparison of the two indicated sucessful result can be obtained with deviations within engineering tolerance..

Social research specifically aimed at evaluating the efficacy of coastal zone management programs at the parish (county) level in building local capacities has been meager in academic literatures and absent from Louisiana Department of Natural Resources evaluative reports. This study addresses this deficiency by examining the effectiveness of Louisiana's Local Coastal Program (LCP) in building local coastal zone management capacity. Using levels of LCP development as a proxy for capacity-building, the study examines the influence of: 1) aggregate level social and demographic characteristics, 2) structural differences, and 3) different types of issue framing (i.e. "regulator" framing versus "regulated" framing). A multiple case design, using survey, interview, observation, and archival methods of data collection, produces two multi-layered data sets - one at the parish level (nineteen Coastal Zone parishes) and the other at the individual level (a target population of parish officials, CZM administrators and advisory panel members). Patterns in findings from quantitative and qualitative analysis are matched to rival theories, namely, resource mobilization theory and social construction theory. The analyses show that parishes with LCPs have a much stronger presence of "regulator" framing than do parishes without LCPs. The "regulator" frame is particularly strong among LCP/CZM advisory panel members, while agreement with regulator frames is lowest among parish council or police jury members. Coastal hazards vulnerability is highly salient to parishes both with and without LCPs, but the translation of hazard impacts to economic vulnerabilities, such as infrastructure damage, property loss and business interruption, is far weaker for non-LCP parishes. Themes prevalent in the data include contentions over wetland mitigation issues, disjunctions between the restorative and regulatory arm of LADNR, and disparate perceptions between non-LCP parishes and LCP parishes concerning the benefits of a parish LCP over developmental and maintenance costs. Overall findings indicate that while resource mobilization is necessary to programmatic participation and the building of capacity, social construction theory can explain the differences between respondent agreement with the regulator frame, and thus the presence of institutional capacity.

Develop rapidly day by day along with economic trade system in the world, our country continuously looks for economic trade system and the way of improvement of system, with this promote our country is in the global economic trade system of competition ability. The region in Taiwan belongs to an island type nation in Pacific Asia region, it mainly trades contacts and import and export homework to still regard sea transportation conveyance as principle, and past results of the port homework and operation role also seem to be more important. Continuously developing in newly arisen port in all countries now is rising, how face port to quickly change and circulating of each industry trade, will be the main topic that promotes our country competitive advantage. Ports run by private capitals is now the world trend. This research summed up the future development of every international business port in Taiwan, and took Kaohsiung port as an example to explore the effects and achievements after the implementation of free trade zone. Because the policy of free trade zone has been implemented for a period of time in the neighbor countries of Pacific Asia, this study aimed to explore the definition of free trade zone as well as compare the similarities and differences of its implementation in other free trade zones in the world. According to the characteristics of free trade zone establishment, this research also analyzed the superiority and inferiority which Kaohsiung port encountered at the moment. Related strategies and suggestions were provided to enhance Kaohsiung port¡¦s competitiveness in Pacific Asia region based on the implementation and outcome of Kaohsiung Free Trade Zone. The findings were discussed and draw a conclusion as follows: 1) Kaohsiung port zone should develop the character of outside custom inside territory and create re-export business due to its limit interior region. 2) Accelerate to develop outside port zone, and set up value-added logistics port. 3) Cultivate professional sales managements; enhance effects on attracting and spreading business iii 4) Promote One-stop Window (Customer Service) to circulate goods freely inside the zone.

This study aimed to investigate elementary school EFL teachers¡¦ use of scaffolding strategies for enhancing EFL students¡¦ cognitive engagement, and to examine whether the teachers¡¦ beliefs correspond to their strategy use. The three main focuses of the study included: 1) the types of scaffolding strategies used by elementary English teachers to enhance EFL students¡¦ cognitive engagement; 2) the processes of using these scaffolding strategies; 3) the teachers¡¦ beliefs in using these scaffolding strategies. The present study utilized an exploratory-explanatory case study design. Two elementary English teachers participated in this study. Data were collected from interviews and classroom observations during late-August to mid-October 2007. The researcher carried out all the interviews and classroom observations after she got the two teachers¡¦ permission to participate in this study. Five hours of interviews and eleven hours of classroom observations were collected from one teacher, while one and a half hours of interviews and nine hours of classroom observations were collected from the other. The interview data were audio-taped and then transcribed word by word. The classroom observation data were video-taped, and the useful parts were transcribed word by word. The researcher adopted constant comparative method and the template approach for data analysis. The process of data analysis with the use of constant comparative method included categorizing the types of scaffolding strategies from the collected data and analyzing the two elementary English teachers¡¦ beliefs of using scaffolding strategies. In addition, Gallimore and Tharp¡¦s (1990) six teaching strategies were used as a template to confirm that there was no missing code in the data analysis process. The three major findings of this study are as the following: 1) the two elementary English teachers in this study believed that cognitive engagement is classified into three categories: attention, memory, and critical thinking; 2) the two elementary English teachers in this study used scaffolding strategies in different ways to help students achieve different categories of cognitive engagement; 3) the two elementary English teachers¡¦ different beliefs of cognitive engagement played an important role in their use of scaffolding strategies, and they guided students to achieve different levels of cognitive engagement in class based on their beliefs. The findings of the present study, in general, respond to EFL teachers¡¦ perceptions of ZPD (Vygotsky, 1978) and scaffolding (Wood, Bruner, & Rose, 1976) which pointed out the importance of teacher¡¦s role in assisting students¡¦ second language learning. The expected findings discussed are as the following: 1) similar scaffolding strategies for enhancing students¡¦ cognitive engagement found in the present study were recognized in previous studies; 2) teachers¡¦ beliefs played an important role in teachers¡¦ use of scaffolding strategies. Unexpected, or interesting findings discussed are as the following: 1) one teacher in the present study believed that cognitive engagement was a sequential concept; 2) the two teachers in the present study showed different perceptions of the role of EFL teacher in initiating students¡¦ critical thinking; 3) The two teachers in the present study were not aware that students could be active listeners or learners in class; 4) The two teachers in the present study put more emphasis on students¡¦ memory of vocabulary and sentences than on critical thinking. Three pedagogical implications are suggested in this study: 1) Elementary English teachers need to be aware that critical thinking of some students¡¦ might need assistance from teachers; 2) elementary English teachers need to be aware that step-by-step assistance is more likely to help students achieve critical thinking; 3) teacher education should provide related courses about cognitive engagement, and practice teachers should learn how to assist students in engaging cognitively in English class. Finally, this study suggests three directions for further research: 1) the future study should investigate on teachers¡¦ beliefs or perspectives on using scaffolding strategies in class; 2) the future study should take students¡¦ perspectives into account to identify the effectiveness of scaffolding strategies in enhancing EFL students¡¦ cognitive engagement; 3) the future study should take parents¡¦ expectation or perceptions of English teaching into account to investigate how parents¡¦ expectations and feedback influence teachers¡¦ scaffolding strategies.

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Analysis of the Social Aspect of the Strategy for Cooperation between Penghu and China's Economic Zone on the Western Side of the Taiwan Strait Abstract In this study, we (Wen-Chang Hsu, Chen-yu Wu and myself) analyzed possible strategies for cooperation between Penghu and China¡¦s Economic Zone on the Western Side of the Taiwan Strait (SWZ) within the aspects of economy, government and society. The study is based on the public affairs management (PAM) framework. Applying the interactive management (IM) method used from PAM policy analysis, as well as the nominal group technique (NGT) method and the interpretive structural modeling (ISM) method used for project analysis, interactive management seminars were held with participants from industries, government, academic fields, people¡¦s representatives and media representatives. The participants were engaged in sessions for idea generation, opinion writing and recording onto panel papers on the wall. The sessions also included in-sequence description and discussion to clear up problems, categorization of problems according to fields, key problem voting, problem sorting by votes and fields, and problem selection according to scores. The ISM method was then used to build and interpret problematic structure, overlap problem areas, and generate an enforcement structural diagram, which was reviewed and revised to come up with the strategic analysis in the social aspect of ¡§cooperation between Penghu and China¡¦s Economic Zone on the Western Side of the Taiwan Strait¡¨. Through clearing up the enforcement relationship between each item, an enforced structural relationship diagram was created to identify the priority and enhancement sequence of each policy in its implementation, as well as the objectives and directions. Twelve strategies have been identified as follows in our strategic analysis in the social aspect of ¡§cooperation between Penghu and China¡¦s Economic Zone on the Western Side of the Taiwan Strait¡¨. They are: 1.Establishment of communication between the two sides and a mechanism for handling disputes over civil and commercial matters, as well as fishing disputes, arising after intensive cross-strait exchanges, in order to achieve the purpose of rapid processing; a civil communication mechanism and civil or arbitration system can be relied on to rapidly deal with the issues in a professional manner before a general-purpose processing mechanism is established; 2.With consensual support of the majority of county people, effort should be spent in getting the central government¡¦s consent for setting Penghu as the sole gaming district and in formulating a concrete plan for improving the competitiveness of Penghu; 3.The local government should extensively accept the views of non-governmental organizations to develop viable and effective business strategy, and to proactively win the central government¡¦s recognition in placing emphasis upon further development of infrastructure to enhance the people's livelihood and to improve on the competitive business environment in Penghu; 4.Combine local characteristics with related industries such as the featured villas, aragonites, and seafood and cultural landscapes, in order to leverage favorable resources through an established certification mechanism; also strengthen promotion and advocation in the quality of the tourism environment provided; 5.Both sides should set up reasonable, equally treated and mutually trusted counterparts in interaction units to resolve any uncertain issues such as inspection of animals, plants and goods, as well as health care and education, that may occur at any time during cross-strait cooperation. 6.The media and channel of both sides should be leveraged to devise a theme-based marketing plan in order to address the unique history of cultural assets, as well as the unique natural landscape of local resources and humanistic care, environmental protection and green buildings; 7. Investments and exchanges should be planned for the cooperation of cross-strait agricultural and fishery businesses, as well as the tourism industry, on a complementary ground to boost interaction among cross-strait fishing groups and academic communities in order to enhance competitive advantage, technology, management and marketing capacity; 8.Marketing programs should be developed to leverage favorable factors of Penghu in terms of hardware (e.g., natural resources and historic buildings) and software (e.g., human resources, service quality and tourism image), and be effectively managed; 9.Severe punishment on fishing with electricity, toxics and banned gears should be implemented for the protection of cross-strait fishery assets and marine ecology; incentives should be provided for reporting on such misconducts; 10. Passenger cruises and regular chartered flights should be provided within the limit of allowed airway and seaway transportation, in order to enhance the competitive advantage of Penghu; 11.Urge the Government to set up a supervision unit in support of renewable marine resources, for sustainable development of such renewable natural resources; 12.To address cross-strait exchange issues, the government agencies should build a strong planning and leading team for devising comprehensive supportive packages and set-up a unified window for advising on planning matters,. The well-established community forum and neighborhood general assembly have long been a channel for the public sector to voice opinions on governmental order or to seek people¡¦s support on specific policy or construction, despite the participation of some people who merely express their opinions without much interactive discussion and mutual communication, and therefore are not very effective in the implementation of public affairs. By examining the results of this interactive management seminar, it is recognized that the public would be enthusiastic to participate in public affairs, to help in getting the public policies implemented and to boost the administration quality, if the public sector can adopt the approach of a public forum for participants to fully express their views, discuss objectively, study and analyze the issues mutually, and formulate feasible solutions. Keywords: Penghu County, Economic Zone on the West Coast of Taiwan Straits ,interactive management (IM), nominal group technique (NGT), interpretive structural modeling (ISM)