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The location of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone plays an important role in the climatology of tropical regions. Yet, despite its importance, the basic physics that determine the location of the ITCZ are not fully understood. Observational analyses show that, where the cross-equatorial pressure gradient is strong, the maximum convection is not necessarily associated with the highest sea surface temperature,or correspondingly, the lowest sea level pressure. Tomas and Webster (1997) argue that if a strong enough cross-equatorial pressure gradient exists and the system is inertialy unstable, secondary ameliorating circulations will drive strong off-equatorial convection in regions where ITCZ location is determined by low tropospheric dynamics. The observational record is re-examined to test the inertial instability hypothesis using the new ECMWF reanalysis data set. Composite analyses are performed to study the structure of the summer meridional circulation for the tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean. In agreement with Tomas and Webster theory, we find that the magnitude of the cross-equatorial pressure difference appears to determine the intensity of convection with low values of outgoing longwave radiation always to the north of the zero absolute vorticity line, and the absolute vorticity advection equatorward of the this line. Also the observed oscillation period of the disturbance for the studied regions coincides with theoretical oscillation period of the inertial flow.

This thesis presents the results of a research project that tested five friction reducing techniques on the bearing ends of precast prestressed concrete bridge girders. The five techniques were the following: an oil coated surface, embedded steel plate with an oil coated surface, embedded steel angle with an oil coated surface, teflon pad, and a wax lubricant.

¡@The ocean ambient noise of coast is mainly influenced by sea waves, boats or ships, or human¡¦s coast activities. Among them, most of the ambient noise is from the breaking wave noise caused by wind, and its frequency range is quite wide (0.5~50 kHz). The breaking wave noise mechanism of surf zone is very complex, and has a variety of signal features. In this research, the location is at the Sizih Bay near Kaohsiung Harbor. Hydrophone was used to collect the noise and the wave motion process of surf zone was recorded simultaneously with a digital video camera. It was shown from the experiment results, as the wave evolved in the surf zone, it would eventually become unstable and collapsed, so a large amount of air would be trapped in water and forming bubble clouds. The oscillating bubble cloud from breaking wave would generate high frequency sound. The results also indicated that when breaking wave reached the location hydrophone, a wide band pulse sound was generated with a level as high as 120 dB. In the analysis of each frequency (1k, 2k, 3k, 4k, 5k Hz), due to the oscillating effects air bubbles after breaking wave, the noise level at 2~5k Hz were higher as compared to that without breaking wave passing the hydrophone. The last result was also validated by the time integral of the noise energy through out the wave evolution. In addition to the process of breaking waves and residual air bubbles under breaking waves contributing to the breaking wave source, for example discussed in the study breaking wave¡¦s period and breaking wave height, the results from these two studies found, when the longer the breaking wave period , the breaking wave SPL will be bigger with the longer the breaking wave period. And in the breaking wave height, when the breaking wave height much higher, breaking wave SPL will be much bigger too. And learned from these two conclusions , breaking wave periods and height will make the breaking waves source level caused by changes.

Pulsed laser ablation (PLA) in single shot on polycrystalline Al thin foil ca. 50£gm in thickness was conducted in air and water to study the heat and shock affected zone (HSAZ) under specific wave length (532 nm), pulse duration time (16 ns) and laser input energy (400, 600 and 800 mJ/pulse) with a specified spot size of 0.03 mm2. The combined optical and electron microscopic observations indicated water is more effective than air to reduce HSAZ which increases with the increase of pulse energy yet with negligible recrystallization of Al substrate. Oxidation of the Al foil and redeposition of aluminum oxide nanocondensates on the laser incident side caused thermal mismatch between the coating and the Al substrate (especially when only 30£gm in thickness), and hence intra- and intergranular cracking along thermally etched subgrain boundary and grain boundary, respectively. The minimum interspacing of successive shots for effective fabrication of aluminum oxide nanocondesates from Al substrate are 470 and 250£gm, for the present PLA in air and water, respectively. PLA fragmentation of £\-Al2O3 powder (mainly 100 nm in size) in water was also conducted under free-run mode (1064 nm, 240 £gs pulse duration) vs Q-switch mode (532 nm, 16 ns pulse duration) having laser spot size 0.03 mm2 and focal point 5 mm beneath the water level for an accumulation time of 20 min at 10 Hz. Comparing with the case of 1064 nm, the 532 nm laser incidence suffered less water absorption and was more effective to produce nanocondensates mainly in the form of £^ and £_* derived phases ranging from 5 to 20 nm in diameter which were occasionally (111)-specifically coalesced as twinned bicrystals.

The Gulf of Mexico hypoxic zone is created by strong persistent water stratification and nutrient loading from the Mississippi River which fuels primary production and bacterial decomposition. The Texas-Louisiana shelf becomes seasonally oxygen depleted and hypoxia (O2 less than or equal to 1.4 ml l-1) occurs. Low oxygen environments are conducive for the microbial production of nitrous oxide (N2O), a powerful greenhouse gas found in the atmosphere in trace amounts (319 ppbv). Highly productive coastal areas contribute 61% of the total oceanic N2O production and currently global sources exceed sinks. This study is the first characterization of N2O produced in the Gulf of Mexico hypoxic zone. Because of enhanced microbial activity and oxygen deficiency, it is hypothesized that the Gulf of Mexico hypoxic zone is a source of N2O to the atmosphere. Seasonal measurements of N2O were made during three research cruises in the Northern Gulf of Mexico (Sept. 2007, April 2008, and July 2008). Water column N2O profiles were constructed from stations sampled over time, and bottom and surface samples were collected from several sites in the hypoxic zone. These measurements were used to calculate atmospheric flux of N2O. The Gulf of Mexico hypoxic zone was a source of N2O to the atmosphere, and N2O production was highest during times of seasonal hypoxia. N2O was positively correlated with temperature and salinity, and negatively correlated with oxygen concentration. Atmospheric fluxes ranged from -11.27 to 153.22 umol m-2 d-1. High accumulations of N2O in the water column (up to 2878 % saturated) were associated with remineralization of organic matter at the base of the pycnocline and oxycline. Seasonal hypoxia created a source of N2O to the atmosphere (up to 2.66 x 10-3 Tg N2O for the month of September 2007), but there was a slight sink during April 2008 when hypoxia did not occur. Large fluxes of N2O during the 3 to 5 month hypoxic period may not be counterbalanced by a 7 to 9 month sink period indicating the Gulf of Mexico hypoxic zone may be a net source of N2O to the atmosphere.

The Copper Creek thrust fault in the southern Appalachians places Cambrian over Ordovician sedimentary strata. The fault accommodated displacement of 15-20 km at 100-180 °C. Along the hanging wall-footwall contact, microstructures within a ~2 cm thick calcite and shale shear zone suggest that calcite, not shale, controlled the rheology of the shear zone rocks. While shale deformed brittley, plasticity-induced fracturing in calcite resulted in ultrafine-grained (<1.0 μm) fault rocks that deformed by grain boundary sliding (GBS) accommodated primarily by diffusion creep, suggesting low flow stresses. Optical and electron microscopy of samples from a transect across the footwall shale into the shear zone, shows the evolution of rheology within the shear zone. Sedimentary laminations 1 cm below the shear zone are cut by minor faults, stylolites, and fault-parallel and perpendicular calcite veins. At vein intersections, calcite grain size is reduced (to ~0.3 μm), and microstructures include inter-and-intragranular fractures, four-grain junctions, and interpenetrating boundaries. Porosity rises to 6 percent from <1 percent in coarse (25 μm) areas of calcite veins. In coarse-grained calcite, trails of voids follow twin boundaries, and voids occur at twin-twin and twin-grain boundary intersections. At the shear zone-footwall contact, a 350 μm thick calcite band contains coarseand ultrafine-grained layers. Ultrafine-grained (~0.34 μm) layers contain microstructures similar to those at vein intersections in the footwall and display no lattice-preferred orientation (LPO). Coarse-grained layers cross-cut grain-boundary alignments in the ultrafine-grained layers; coarse grains display twins and a strong LPO. Within the shear zone, ultrafine-grained calcite-aggregate clasts and shale clasts (5-350 μm) lie within an ultrafine-grained calcite (<0.31 μm) and shale matrix. Ultrafinegrained calcite (<0.31 μm) forms an interconnected network around the matrix shale. Calcite vein microstructures suggest veins continued to form during deformation. Fractures at twin-twin and twin-grain boundary intersections suggest grain size reduction by plasticity-induced fracturing, resulting in <1 μm grains. Interpenetrating boundaries, four-grain junctions, and no LPO indicate the ultrafine-grained calcite deformed by viscous grain boundary sliding. The evolution of the ultrafine-grain shear zone rocks by a combination of plastic and brittle processes and the deformation of the interconnected network of ultrafine-grained calcite by viscous GBS enabled a large displacement along a narrow fault zone.

Abstract The request of efficiency and quality of serves of Export Processing Zone Administration from the common people or factory owners are getting increasing with the age, therefore the old layer and rigid government must also learn the popular management to increase efficiency to satisfy the public request in the fast change surrounding. Now there are many performance evaluate models, but these tools are just only used in evaluate performance .The Balanced Scorecard integrates performance evaluate and strategy action to become a best tool in this fast change age , so I take the Balanced Scorecard to analysis in my study. It¡¦s measure scope includes Financial , Customer, Internal Business Process and Learning and Growth, I hope I can use this strategic management tool to build up a standard to improve all operational performance and competition advantage. In according to ¡§Export Processing Zone Administration¡¦s performance award practice program in ninety-two year¡¨ be classified into four scopes in the Balance Scorecard. And I also use integration to get together some standards. The results as follow : 1. The current achievement evaluation standard of the Export Processing Zone Administration includes Balance Scorecard four scopes, and the whole the greater part is Internal Business Process. 2. The performance evaluation purpose is as follow: to lead staff to engage in some objective, to become a improved standard for manager, to increase satisfaction. The successful factors and measures are as follow: performance shows connect with a reward system, organization staff join this, high level managers support that, according to all kinds unit attribute be set different standards, the evaluation methods must be fair and public, a target definition is clear, quantifiable , it must be connected with performance reward and promotion. 3. Administration staff place importance on Internal Business Process aspect in selected performance index, and among which the different educational background also causes different opinions .

Abstract Kenting National Park is the only national park in Taiwan related to the ocean. There are abundant marine resources, such as diverse coral species, which attracted many kinds of fishes. This coral reef ecosystem is well-known to it¡¦s high productivity, and high recreational value. It attracts millions of tourists every year. For the goal of sustainable development, the coast zone of Nanwan should be managed based on integrated perspectives. System dynamics is an approach that is used to describe, explore and analyze the procedure, information and the boundary of organizations in complex systems. Through the process of quantitative model simulation and analysis, we could understand the structure and behavior of a system. Such model is good for solving dynamic complex problems with non-linearity, causal circulation, information feedback and time-delay. The coastal zone management in Nanwan involves four intricate components, including the tourism, environment, ecosystem and the management, the complexity of the system has made it suitable to be solved by a system dynamic model. The model was built as a decision support system. According to the nature of the problem, the SD model was divided into four subsystems: social-economic subsystem, environment subsystem, biologic subsystem and management subsystem. To function as a decision support system, a user-interface was built, to allow user interact with the model, alter parameters and run simulates. The result of the simulation can provide good supporting imformation for decision makers. Four vital variables regarding the management scenarios, in cluding land development, wastewater treatment, fishing restriction, and surcharge fare, are presented to users in the user-interface. Users can adjust those variables and run a simulation to evaluate the impact under different configuration. Based on the current research, some preliminary results were found, such as this area is not suitable for heavy land development, meanwhile, adding wastewater treatment facility, restricting fishing activities, and implementing tourist charge, are useful to mitigate the human impact. As for design and enforcement of management policies it would rely on the experience and ability of the decision maker.

Abstract Mainland China it is already 26 years since carried out the reform to open in 1978, At this period, Mainland China market heads into so-called" the socialism market economy" gradually from the closing economic system, Meanwhile,Mainland China also concentrates on investing the environmental improvement. This research is mainly that discusses new economic area in Shanghai, and with Pu Dong New Zone is the case study.Meanwhile by exploring the investment environment of the ground, to understand the advantage that the situation and Shanghai City of the development invest the environment after working on the economy reform.The end discussion Pu Dong New Zone future development becomes the feasibility and foreground of the international banking center. This research mainly is divided into the new area of whole investment environment in mainland, the investment environment, Pu Dong New Zone in Shanghai investment the environment three faces to to inquire into, hoping to compare macro view of angle to analytical three grounds of changes with environmental investments, and make the initial valuation to Pu Dong New Zone¡¦s industry development, policy condition, the resource development...etc. Pu Dong New Zone is the investment district that the Communist Party of China's authorities intentionally conduct in recent years, it takes the renew economy in the Shanghai City to develop of rebuke harshly the big term, so its position is very important. This research is by inquiring into the industry of the development condition explanation of whole infrastructure in Pu Dong New Zone, each development district region development and investing the programming, Show the industry development of Pu Dong New Zone to regard servicing business as principle through the data, each development districtses are all according to oneself the dissimilarity that develop the characteristic and have to develop, so will have the foreground of development very much in the future; As for the development of the investment environment in Pu Dong New Zone, then with construct" new Shanghai" is lord, hope be building up the international banking center here, promote the industrial upgrading and economic growth, and this is also the initial target. Put forward the suggestion to the development of Pu Dong New Zone finally, In the future Pu Dong New Zone has to overcome the disadvantage in building up the international banking center ; even want the financial system and raise citizen's living standard meanwhile, the profession of dynasty turns, the management method that market turns moves forward, reaching the ideal. Key Words¡Ginvestment environment¡BMainland China¡B Shanghai¡BPu Dong New Zone