Orientador: Ines Joekes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T00:07:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bonalume_Clauber_M.pdf: 1295510 bytes, checksum: 20c20d40e0b0a19af56f06a1076fb4cb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Corais marinhos do mundo inteiro estão ameaçados pelas alterações climáticas que vêm acontecendo nas duas últimas décadas. O aquecimento da superfície terrestre associado à intensificação do fenômeno El Niño têm causado prejuízos à saúde dos corais marinhos com intensidade, extensão e escala temporal sem precedentes. Quando expostos a situações de estresse ambiental, corais podem sofrer branqueamento, perdendo suas algas simbiontes, as zooxantelas, e morrer se não as recuperarem. Desta forma, métodos de avaliação da saúde dos corais tornam-se necessários. Dois métodos fotométricos foram desenvolvidos neste trabalho. No primeiro, utilizou-se a técnica de reflectância difusa para estudo do histórico de branqueamento de fatias de núcleos de esqueletos coralinos através da análise da cor do núcleo na direção do crescimento do coral. Esse método mostrou-se sensível à variação de cor ao longo da amostra e foi capaz de evidenciar o histórico conhecido de branqueamento de 2 entre 3 amostras analisadas. O método é promissor para o estudo de esqueletos, mas depende sensivelmente do tratamento prévio das amostras. No segundo, fotografaram-se amostras de Mussismilia híspida em seu ambiente natural na Laje de Santos. Foram colhidas amostras dos corais fotografados e foi determinada a densidade de zooxantelas em cada amostra. Utilizando o software MatLab e uma rotina específica de análise multivariada, estabeleceu-se uma correlação entre aspectos da imagem digital e a densidade de zooxantelas. A correlação obtida é boa, com erros menores que 35 % na estimativa da densidade de zooxantelas a partir das imagens digitais. O método é bastante promissor e tem a vantagem de ser não destrutivo. / Abstract: In the last two decades marine corals around the world have been threatened by weather global changes. Coral health is declining at unprecedented intensity, extension and temporal scale, by world surface heating associated with the strengthening of the El Niño Southern Oscillation. When exposed to environmental stresses coral can bleach, loosing their symbiotic algae, the zooxanthellae, and die if they are permanently lost. The development of methods capable to assess coral health is necessary. Two photometric methods were developed. In the first one, difuse reflectance spectrophotomety was used to analize the bleaching history of slices of coral skeletons by color analysis along the growing direction of the colony. The method showed apropriate sensibility for measuring color changes along the samples and was able to disclose the bleaching history in two of the three samples studied. However, results depend strongly on the previous treatment of the skeleton samples. In the second method, samples of Mussismilia híspida coral colonies were photographed in their natural habitat in the Laje de Santos marine conservation park. Small samples of the photographed coral were taken and the density of zooxanthellae in each sample was measured. Using the MatLab sofware and a specific algorithm for multivariated image analisys (MIA), a correlation between features of the images and the density of zooxanthellae was established. The correlation obtained is fairly good, with less than 35 % error in the estimation of zooxanthellae density from the digital images. The method is quite promissing and has the advantage of being nondestructive. / Mestrado / Físico-Química / Mestre em Química

The effects of energy quantity to the reproductive strategies of the sea anemone Aiptasia pulchella Carlgren 1943 Chien-Hsun Chen (Advisors: Drs. Keryea Soong, Chao-Lun Chen) Institute of Marine Biology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan, R.O.C. Thesis abstract The influences of energy quantity on the sexual and asexual reproduction and possible trade-offs between them in the sea anemone, Aiptasia pulchella were investigated. Different feeding frequencies, light intensities and presence of zooxanthellae were the treatments of energy quantity. Lacerate numbers, lacerate sizes and total weight of lacerates were used to quantify investment in asexual reproduction; oocyte sizes and gonad weights were used as the measures of sexual reproduction. The correlation between total weight of lacerates and that of gonads provided an opportunity for evidence of trade-offs between sexual and asexual reproduction. Under higher feeding frequencies, A. pulchella produced more and larger lacerates as well as larger oocytes and heavier gonads than under lower feeding frequencies. Under lower light intensities, A. pulchella produced more and heavier lacerates with than without zooxanthellae. Lacerate sizes were influenced by light intensities, presence of zooxanthellae and the interaction of the two factors. At intermediate light intensity (2000 lux), Aiptasia pulchella produced heavier gonads than at 0 lux or 10000 lux. A. pulchella produced heavier gonads with than without zooxanthellae. The oocyte sizes of A. pulchella were also influenced by light intensities, zooxanthellae and the interaction of the two. In both sexual or asexual modes of reproduction, A. pulchella performed better under higher than lower feeding frequencies. There were higher level of asexual reproduction for A. pulchella under lower light intensities with zooxanthellae. A. pulchella achieved the highest levels of fecundity, as an indication of sexual reproduction, under a light intensity of 2000 lux in individuals containing zooxanthellae. There is a positive correlation between sexual and asexual investment under different energy regimes. This is not compatible with the prediction of the trade-off hypothesis.

Due to the invasive nature of quantification techniques, baseline pigment data for coral-dwelling zooxanthellae are not known. In an attempt to develop a model for non-invasive estimation of zooxanthellae pigment concentrations from corals, field samples were taken from Porites rus and P. lutea in Apra Harbor, Guam. In-situ reflectance spectra (R400-R800) from 22 coral colonies were collected. “Coral truthing” was accomplished by extracting corresponding tissue core samples. Subsequent analysis to quantify the concentrations of 6 zooxanthellae pigments (µg cm-2) was performed using HPLC. Trials of multiple linear regressions were attempted (EJ Hochberg) and found inappropriate, despite previous success. The multivariate calibration technique partial least squares regression (PLS-R) is an excellent tool in the case of co-linear variables. Thus, PLS-R was attempted for chlorophyll c2 and peridinin after demonstration of co-linearity. This may be an appropriate approach for development of bio-optical models to estimate zooxanthellae pigment concentrations. Further, the dinoflagellate diagnostic pigment peridinin may be of great value for reef-scale remote sensing of changes in coral status in the future.