Thesis (M.S.)--Auburn University, 2008. / Abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Salt glands are important structural adaptations in some plant and animal species that are involved in the excretion of excess salts. Zoysia matrella is a highly salt tolerant turf grass that has salt glands. Two cultivars of Z. matrella, ‘Diamond’ and ‘Cavalier’, were examined in this study to look for salt gland related factors responsible for the differences in their degree of salt tolerance. In addition to the adaxial salt gland density being higher in ‘Diamond’, the salt glands in salt treated (300 mM NaCl) plants of this cultivar were bigger than the ones in ‘Cavalier’. ‘Diamond’, as well as some of the ‘Diamond’ x ‘Cavalier’ hybrid lines, showed a significant induction in salt gland density in response to salt treatment. Examination of salt gland density in ‘Diamond’ x ‘Cavalier’ hybrid lines showed that salt gland density was a highly heritable trait in the salt-treated population. Ultrastructural modifications in the salt glands observed with Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), coupled with Cl- localization studies, suggested a preference for symplastic transport of saline ions in Z. matrella. Salt glands have been studied in several plant species; however, no studies have tried to associate the role of ion transporters with the functioning of salt glands in plants. RNA in situ studies with Na+ transporters showed localization of ZmatHKT1 transcripts in the adaxial salt glands, leaf mesophyll and bundle sheath cells for both cultivars. ZmatSOS1 expression was observed in the xylem parenchyma cells for leaves from both cultivars, but the expression was markedly different around the cells bordering the vascular tissue. The strongest expression of ZmatSOS1 for ‘Diamond’ was seen in the bundle sheath cells and the phloem, while for ‘Cavalier’ the signal was strongest in the mestome sheath cells and in cells surrounding the phloem. No expression of ZmatSOS1 was seen in the salt glands for either cultivars. ZmatNHX1 expression in both cultivars was very low, and observed in the salt glands and neighboring epidermal cells. Three alleles of ZmatNHX1 were identified in Z. matrella, along with three alternatively-spliced forms of ZmatNHX1, the expression of which were cultivar and treatment specific. Together, these results provide a model for salt transport in Z. matrella and signify potential roles of salt glands and select ion transporters in the salt tolerance of this species.

Orientador: Salatiér Buzetti / Resumo: A adubação nitrogenada proporciona, além da nutrição, a manutenção da coloração verde intensa em gramados ornamentais, imprescindível do ponto de vista estético. Mas, o nitrogênio (N) aumenta o crescimento da parte aérea e, assim, maior será frequência de cortes, principal fator do custo de manutenção em gramados. Neste contexto, objetivou-se avaliar a adubação nitrogenada (via solo com ou sem via foliar), e o uso de doses do herbicida glyphosate em grama esmeralda (Zoysia japonica Steud.), visando reduzir o crescimento do gramado, bem como manter sua qualidade visual (verde intenso) e nutricional. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão da UNESP, Campus de Ilha Solteira/SP, de agosto de 2014 a fevereiro de 2017, em um ARGISSOLO VERMELHO Eutrófico areno-argiloso. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados com 20 tratamentos dispostos em fatorial 5 x 4, com quatro repetições, em 10 m2 por parcela. Os tratamentos foram: testemunha (sem N); 15 g m-2 de N aplicado via solo e sem N via foliar; 30 g m-2 de N aplicado via solo e sem N via foliar; 15 g m-2 de N aplicado via solo e com N via foliar (1% de ureia) e 30 g m-2 de N aplicado via solo e com N via foliar (1% de ureia), combinados com quatro doses de glyphosate (0, 200, 400 e 600 g ha-1 do ingrediente ativo - i.a.). As doses de N via solo foram parceladas em cinco aplicações durante o ano e, portanto, corresponderam a 3 e 6 g m-2 de N a cada aplicação, respectivamente, para as doses de 15 ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Nitrogen fertilization provides, in addition to nutrition, the maintenance of intense green color in ornamental turfgrasses, necessary underesthetic view point. However, nitrogen (N) increases the shoots growth and, thus, the frequency of cuts, the main factor in the cost of turfgrasses maintenance. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate nitrogen fertilization (via soil and/or foliar) and the use of rates of glyphosate in zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) to reduce growth and maintain the visual quality (intense green) and good nutritional quality. The research was conducted at the Experimental Station of UNESP, Ilha Solteira/SP, from August/2014 to February/2017, on an Ultisol. It was used a randomized block design with 20 treatments arranged in a factorial scheme 5 x 4 with four replications and 10 m2 per plot. The treatments was: control (without N), 15 g m-2 of N in the soil without application of foliar N; 30 g m-2 of N in the soil without application of foliar N; 15 g m-2 in the soil with foliar application of N (1% urea) and 30 g m-2 of N in the soil with foliar application of N (1% urea) combined with four rates of glyphosate (0, 200, 400 and 600 g ha-1 active ingredient (a.i.)). N rates in the soil were split in five times during the year and, therefore, corresponded to 3 and 6 g m-2 of N at each application, respectively, for the rates of 15 and 30 g m-2 of N. Were evaluated: the chemical attributes of the soil, height and dry matter of leaves, leaf area, ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

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Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2017-05-10T18:32:39Z (GMT) / Submitted by Raíssa Pereira Dinalli null (raissa_dinalli@terra.com.br ) on 2017-05-10T18:58:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 gazola_rpd_dr_ilha1.pdf: 2690242 bytes, checksum: f9ff56aed030d09608bd93914ed45f22 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-05-10T19:12:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 gazola_rpd_dr_ilha.pdf: 2690242 bytes, checksum: f9ff56aed030d09608bd93914ed45f22 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-10T19:12:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 gazola_rpd_dr_ilha.pdf: 2690242 bytes, checksum: f9ff56aed030d09608bd93914ed45f22 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A adubação nitrogenada proporciona, além da nutrição, a manutenção da coloração verde intensa em gramados ornamentais, imprescindível do ponto de vista estético. Mas, o nitrogênio (N) aumenta o crescimento da parte aérea e, assim, maior será frequência de cortes, principal fator do custo de manutenção em gramados. Neste contexto, objetivou-se avaliar a adubação nitrogenada (via solo com ou sem via foliar), e o uso de doses do herbicida glyphosate em grama esmeralda (Zoysia japonica Steud.), visando reduzir o crescimento do gramado, bem como manter sua qualidade visual (verde intenso) e nutricional. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão da UNESP, Campus de Ilha Solteira/SP, de agosto de 2014 a fevereiro de 2017, em um ARGISSOLO VERMELHO Eutrófico areno-argiloso. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados com 20 tratamentos dispostos em fatorial 5 x 4, com quatro repetições, em 10 m2 por parcela. Os tratamentos foram: testemunha (sem N); 15 g m-2 de N aplicado via solo e sem N via foliar; 30 g m-2 de N aplicado via solo e sem N via foliar; 15 g m-2 de N aplicado via solo e com N via foliar (1% de ureia) e 30 g m-2 de N aplicado via solo e com N via foliar (1% de ureia), combinados com quatro doses de glyphosate (0, 200, 400 e 600 g ha-1 do ingrediente ativo - i.a.). As doses de N via solo foram parceladas em cinco aplicações durante o ano e, portanto, corresponderam a 3 e 6 g m-2 de N a cada aplicação, respectivamente, para as doses de 15 e 30 g m-2 de N. Foram avaliados: os atributos químicos do solo, a altura e a matéria seca das folhas, a área foliar, o índice de clorofila foliar (ICF), os teores de clorofila a e b, a análise por imagem digital e a porcentagem de fitointoxicação da parte aérea, além da determinação da ocorrência de plantas daninhas e do número de inflorescências, bem como a concentração, o acúmulo de macro e micronutrientes nas folhas do gramado e as relações log-isométricas no balanço de macronutrientes nas folhas e do balanço catiônico no solo (relação log isométrica - ilr). Foi realizada também a avaliação do sistema radicular (matéria seca e concentração de macro e micronutrientes nas raízes + rizomas). Foram realizadas dez avaliações (cortes), após as quais eram aplicados os tratamentos. Os teores de K no solo aumentaram com as doses de glyphosate. Houve maior matéria seca das raízes + rizomas quando da adubação com N e diminuição desses valores com as doses de herbicida. A maior quantidade de N via solo, com ou sem N via foliar, resultou em maior crescimento da grama esmeralda, sendo o mesmo reduzido com a dose de 600 g ha-1 do i.a. do glyphosate. Todavia, esta dose do herbicida não foi adequada do ponto de vista estético – coloração verde. Concluiu-se que a adubação com 15 g m-2 de N via solo e sem N via foliar, parcelada em cinco aplicações ao ano, propiciou qualidade visual e nutricional do gramado, e que o glyphosate na dose de 400 g ha-1 do i.a. foi eficiente na redução do crescimento da grama esmeralda, sem prejuízo na sua coloração verde e também propiciou menor acúmulo de macronutrientes pelas folhas, reduzindo a necessidade de reposição pela adubação. / Nitrogen fertilization provides, in addition to nutrition, the maintenance of intense green color in ornamental turfgrasses, necessary underesthetic view point. However, nitrogen (N) increases the shoots growth and, thus, the frequency of cuts, the main factor in the cost of turfgrasses maintenance. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate nitrogen fertilization (via soil and/or foliar) and the use of rates of glyphosate in zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) to reduce growth and maintain the visual quality (intense green) and good nutritional quality. The research was conducted at the Experimental Station of UNESP, Ilha Solteira/SP, from August/2014 to February/2017, on an Ultisol. It was used a randomized block design with 20 treatments arranged in a factorial scheme 5 x 4 with four replications and 10 m2 per plot. The treatments was: control (without N), 15 g m-2 of N in the soil without application of foliar N; 30 g m-2 of N in the soil without application of foliar N; 15 g m-2 in the soil with foliar application of N (1% urea) and 30 g m-2 of N in the soil with foliar application of N (1% urea) combined with four rates of glyphosate (0, 200, 400 and 600 g ha-1 active ingredient (a.i.)). N rates in the soil were split in five times during the year and, therefore, corresponded to 3 and 6 g m-2 of N at each application, respectively, for the rates of 15 and 30 g m-2 of N. Were evaluated: the chemical attributes of the soil, height and dry matter of leaves, leaf area, LCI (leaf chlorophyll index), the chlorophyll a and b, the digital image analysis and the percentage of phytotoxicity of the shoot, beyond the occurrence of weed species and number of inflorescences, as well as the concentration and accumulation of macro and micronutrients by leaves of turfgrass and log-isometrics balance of macronutrients in the leaves and cationic balance in the soil (isometric log ratio - ilr). It was being also assessed the root system (dry matter and macro and micronutrients in roots + rhizomes). Ten evaluations (cuts) were carried out. The levels of K in the soil increased with the glyphosate rates. There was higher dry matter of the roots + rhizomes when N fertilization and decrease of these values with the doses of herbicide. The greater amount of N via soil, with or without N via foliar, resulted in greater growth of the zoysiagrass, being reduced with the dose of 600 g ha-1 of a.i. of glyphosate. However, this herbicide rate was not aesthetically ideal - green color. It was concluded that the fertilization with 15 g m-2 of N in the soil without foliar N, split in five times during the year, provided visual and nutritional quality of the grass, and the rate of glyphosate of 400 g ha-1 a.i. was effective in reducing zoysiagrass growth, did not sacrifice its coloration and provided less accumulation of macronutrients in the leaves, reducing the need for replenishment by fertilization. / FAPESP: 2014/02449-8

Submitted by FLÁVIA DINIZ MOTA null (fdmota@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-04-26T14:36:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação-FláviaMota.pdf: 1593902 bytes, checksum: 5e726accc2a2d3f2c053419f0f057958 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-27T14:25:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 mota_fd_me_bot.pdf: 1593902 bytes, checksum: 5e726accc2a2d3f2c053419f0f057958 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T14:25:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 mota_fd_me_bot.pdf: 1593902 bytes, checksum: 5e726accc2a2d3f2c053419f0f057958 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O lodo de esgoto, resíduo de maior volume gerado durante os processos de tratamento de efluentes domésticos, apresenta disposição final problemática, inviabilizando seu uso direto na agricultura. Porém, legalmente, surgiu a possibilidade de misturar o lodo de esgoto com uma fonte de carbono, gerando o composto a base de lodo de esgoto, viabilizando seu uso na agricultura. Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar o uso de lodo de esgoto compostado na produção de tapetes de grama esmeralda e sua influência na manutenção de água no solo. O experimento foi instalado em uma propriedade de produção de grama, localizada em Itapetininga-SP. A cultura utilizada foi a grama Zoysia japonica Steud. conhecida como grama esmeralda. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com doze tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os tratamentos foram definidos por cinco doses de lodo de esgoto compostado (0,10, 20, 30 e 40 Mg ha-1, base seca), uma dose de adubo inorgânico e duas formas de aplicações (aplicação única e parcelada do composto). Utilizou-se o lodo de esgoto compostado da Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto da cidade de Jundiaí. As doses aplicadas correspondem às doses de 100, 200, 300 e 400 kg ha-1 de nitrogênio. Observou-se que aos 212 dias após aplicação do composto, a dose de 30 Mg ha-1 permitiu formação completa do tapete de grama (100% da taxa de cobertura). Verificou-se redução de 8% na massa dos tapetes de grama que receberam doses de 40 Mg ha-1em relação a dose de 30 Mg ha-1, e 10 % em relação a adubação química. A maior resistência e a formação completa dos tapetes foi observada para dose de 30 Mg ha-1. A testemunha, as parcelas que receberam doses de 10 e 20 Mg ha-1 não formaram tapetes. Para as doses de 30 e 40 Mg ha-1 todos os tapetes cortados apresentaram-se inteiros, sem danos e com ótimas características de comercialização. A aplicação de lodo de esgoto compostado não alterou a umidade do solo na camada de 0-5cm. / The sewage sludge, major waste volume generated during treatment processes of domestic effluents shows a problematic final disposal, impairing its direct use in agriculture. Although another legally possibility have emerged, which is the sludge and a carbon source mixing, generating a compound based in sewage sludge, enabling its use in agriculture. The aim of this work was evaluate compounded sewage sludge doses maintain water in soil in the zoysiagrass sod production. The experiment was installed grass grower property locates in Itapetininga, São Paulo. The used crop was the Zoysia japonica Steud, known as “Esmeralda”. The experimental delineation used in the work was the randomized blocks one, with twelve treatments and five repetitions. The treatments were defined by five compound sludge doses (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 Mg ha-1 , dry base), an inorganic fertilizer dose and two applications (compound unique and parceled application). It was used the sewage sludge compounded from the Sewage Treatment Station of Jundiai County. The rates applied correspond to 100, 200, 300 and 400 kg ha-1 of nitrogen. It can be concluded that the 212 days after the compound application, the 30 Mg ha-1 rate allowed the complete formation of the sod (100% cover rate). It was verified that happened a weight loss in zoysiagrass sod with the applied compounded sewage sludge doses raising, and resistance raising for 30 Mg ha-1 doses. The control and plots which received doses of 10 Mg ha-1 have not formed sod. There were no losses and all sod were good using the rates of 30 and 40 Mg ha-1. There was a reduction of 8% in the weight of sod that received 40 Mg ha-1 rate compared to 30 Mg ha-1 rate, and 10% compared to chemical fertilizer. The 30 Mg ha-1 rate showed the best sod strength and formation. Control and plots that received 10 Mg ha-1 rates did not form sod. In the 30 and 40 Mg ha-1 rates, 100% of the sod showed integers, with no damage and with great marketing features. The application of composted sewage sludge did not affect the soil moisture in the 0-5cm layer.

Zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.) is utilized as a warm-season turfgrass because of its density, visual quality, stress tolerance, and reduced input requirements. Turf managers often exploit winter dormancy in warm-season turfgrass to apply nonselective herbicides such as glyphosate and glufosinate to control winter annual weeds. Although this weed control strategy is common in bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.), it has been less adopted in zoysiagrass due to unexplainable turf injury. Many university extension publications recommend against applying nonselective herbicides to dormant zoysiagrass despite promotional language found in a few peer-reviewed publications and product labels. Previous researchers have used vague terminology such as "applied to dormant zoysiagrass" or "applied prior to zoysiagrass green-up" to describe herbicide application timings. These ambiguous terms have led to confusion since zoysiagrass typically has subcanopy green leaves and stems throughout the winter dormancy period. No research has sought to explain why some turfgrass managers are observing zoysiagrass injury when the literature only offers evidence that these herbicides do not injure dormant zoysiagrass. We sought to explore various herbicides, prevailing temperatures surrounding application, heat unit based application timings, and spray penetration into zoysiagrass canopies as possible contributors to zoysiagrass injury. The results indicated that a wide range of herbicides may be safely used in dormant zoysiagrass. However, as zoysiagrass begins to produce more green leaves, herbicides such as metsulfuron, glyphosate, glufosinate, flumioxazin, and diquat become too injurious. Glufosinate was consistently more injurious regardless of application timing than glyphosate and other herbicides. When temperatures were 10 °C for 7 d following treatment, a delayed effect of glyphosate and glufosinate effect on digitally-assessed green cover loss was noted on zoysiagrass sprigs. In subsequent studies on turf plugs, a 14-d incubation period at 10 °C reduced glyphosate but not glufosinate effects on turf green color reduction. Glyphosate applied at 125, and 200 GDD5C can safely be applied to zoysiagrass while glufosinate applied at the same timings caused inconsistent and often unacceptable zoysiagrass injury in field studies conducted at Blacksburg, VA, Starkville, MS, and Virginia Beach, VA. Zoysiagrass green leaf density was described as a function of accumulated heat units consistently across years and locations but variably by turf mowing height. Turf normalized difference vegetative index was primarily governed by green turf cover but reduced by herbicide treatments, especially when applied at greater than 200 GDD5C. Substantial spray deposition occurred to subcanopy tissue regardless of nozzle type, pressure and height above the zoysiagrass canopy based on spectrophotometric assessment of a colorant admixture. However, increasing nozzle height above the turf canopy and avoiding air induction type nozzles significantly reduced the percentage of green tissue exposed at lower canopy levels. Absorption of radio-labeled glyphosate and glufosinate was up to four times greater when exposed to zoysiagrass stems compared to leaves. Glyphosate translocated more than glufosinate and both herbicides moved more readily from stem to leaf than from leaf to stem / Doctor of Philosophy / Zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.) is utilized as a warm-season turfgrass because of its density, visual quality, stress tolerance, and reduced input requirements. Being that zoysiagrass is a warm-season turfgrass, it enters a dormancy period during the winter months. During this period, zoysiagrasses' active growth is halted, and leaves lose their green color and turn a golden-brown color. The winter dormancy period presents turfgrass managers with a unique opportunity to apply nonselective herbicides such as glyphosate and glufosinate to control a broad spectrum of winter annual weeds. Although this weed control strategy is common in bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.), it has been less adopted in zoysiagrass due to turfgrass managers observing unexplainable turfgrass injury. Many university extension publications recommend against applying nonselective herbicides to dormant zoysiagrass despite language found in peer-reviewed publications and product labels suggesting they could be safely applied. Previous researchers have used vague terminology such as "applied to dormant zoysiagrass" or "applied prior to zoysiagrass green-up" to describe herbicide application timings. These terms have led to confusion about when to make these applications since zoysiagrass typically has subcanopy green leaves and stems throughout the winter dormancy period. No research has sought to explain why some turfgrass managers observe zoysiagrass injury when the literature only offers evidence that these herbicides do not injure dormant zoysiagrass. Research projects were designed to explore various herbicides, temperatures surrounding herbicide applications, application timings, and spray penetration into zoysiagrass canopies as possible contributors to zoysiagrass injury. The results indicated that a wide range of herbicides may be safely used in dormant and semidormant zoysiagrass. However, as zoysiagrass begins to produce more green leaves and stems, herbicides such as metsulfuron, glyphosate, glufosinate, flumioxazin, and diquat become too injurious and should be avoided. Across multiple research studies, glufosinate was consistently more injurious regardless of application timing than glyphosate and other herbicides. When temperatures were 10 °C for 7-d following treatment, it delayed zoysaigrass response to glyphosate and glufosinate. In a subsequent study, when temperatures were at 10 °C for a 14-d period, glyphosate and the nontreated reached 50% green cover at the same time, which suggests cold temperatures could mitigate glyphosate injury on zoysiagrass over a 14-d period. The 10 ° temperature only delayed glufosinate injury on zoysiagrass, and no safening was observed. The results also indicated that as temperatures increased, glyphosate and glufosinate rate in which injury was observed increased on the zoysiagrass. Glyphosate applied at 125, and 200 GDD5C can safely be applied to zoysiagrass while glufosinate applied at the same timings caused inconsistent and often unacceptable zoysiagrass injury in field studies conducted at Blacksburg, VA, Starkville, MS, and Virginia Beach, VA. Zoysiagrass injury increased when glyphosate and glufosinate were applied later into the spring when more green leaves were present regardless of location. Accumulated heat units and zoysiagrass green leaf density were closely related, indicating that accumulated heat units could be a useful tool for turfgrass managers to track zoysiagrass spring green-up. Substantial spray deposition was found on subcanopy zoysiagrass leaves and stems regardless of nozzle type, pressure, and height above the zoysiagrass canopy based on recovered colorant at the upper, middle and lower levels of the zoysiagrass canopy. However, avoiding air induction-type nozzles and raising spray height may slightly decrease penetration of spray droplets into a zoysiagrass subcanopy, but a large percentage of droplets still reached the middle and lower canopy layers in this research. Absorption of radio-labeled glyphosate and glufosinate was up to four times greater when applied directly to zoysiagrass stolen compared to leaves. Glyphosate translocated more than glufosinate, and both herbicides moved more readily from stem to leaf than from leaf to stem. These data suggest limiting the number of green zoysiagrass leaves at application would be an effective method to avoid injury zoysiagrass when applying nonselective herbicides

Warm-season turf species are becoming increasingly popular for putting green use in the transition zone. Ultradwarf bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.)  C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy) is the prevalent warm-season putting green species, but seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Swartz) and ‘Diamond’ zoysiagrass [Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr.] may also be grown in the transition zone. Warm-season species are susceptible to winter injury and may require different management regimes than cool-season species. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to assess the impacts of various management practices on warm-season putting green species and characterize the physiological basis for differences in freeze tolerance of various warm-season putting green species. Field studies determined sampling procedures form thatch-mat depth and soil organic matter content of warm-season putting greens and assessed the impact of various management practices on different warm-season putting green species/varieties. The relative freeze tolerance of ‘Champion’ and ‘TifEagle’ ultradwarf bermudagrass cultivars, ‘SeaDwarf’ seashore paspalum, and Diamond zoysiagrass were determined, along with the accumulation of proline and polyamines during cold acclimation, in growth chamber studies. All species/varieties required different sampling numbers for determination of thatch-mat depth and soil organic matter. More sand was incorporated into the turf canopy and surface hardness was increased with brushing and vibratory rolling TifEagle putting greens after sand topdressing application than either treatment alone. Putting green management programs with lower mowing heights and increased mowing frequencies increased ball roll distance on a MiniVerde putting green without negatively affecting turf quality. Weekly vertical mowing + daily grooming on TifEagle reduced thatch depth and turfgrass quality, while increasing topdressing incorporation over either treatment alone. Diamond was the most freeze tolerant species/variety, followed by TifEagle, Champion, then SeaDwarf. Cold acclimation increased proline concentration for all species/varieties except SeaDwarf, but had inconsistent effects on polyamines. Spermidine and putrescine concentrations differed with species/variety, but were not correlated to freeze tolerance.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-06-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:15:42Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 carribeiro_ls_me_botfca.pdf: 1680818 bytes, checksum: 6a4030202390e241b13fcc1ed5fb9597 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Os gramas têm assumido em todo o mundo lugar de destaque tanto pelo seu admirável valor estético como por suas diversas funcionalidades. Dentre muitas características associadas à planta, o bom desenvolvimento da grama depende também de fatores relacionados ao solo, como a suficiente disponibilidade de água no mesmo. Objetivou-se no presente trabalho determinar a lâmina de irrigação mais adequada para o cultivo da grama Esmeralda (Zoysia Japônica) sob diferentes níveis de compactação do solo. O experimento foi instalado em casa de vegetação pertencente ao Departamento de Recursos Naturais da FCA/ UNESP - Botucatu, SP. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos inteiramente casualizados, organizados em esquema fatorial 5x4, compreendido por potenciais de água no solo (30, 40, 50, 60 e 70 kPa) e por níveis de densidade do solo (1,21; 1,39; 1,49; 1,54 kg dm-3), com quatro repetições, totalizando 80 unidades experimentais. A compactação do solo foi realizada com o auxílio de uma prensa hidráulica. O solo foi compactado em camadas de 10 kg cada, sendo este submetido à compactação com auxílio de uma chapa metálica (980 cm²). Para atingir os respectivos níveis de densidade do solo foram aplicadas as pressões de 0, 1, 2 e 3 kg cm-². A grama foi transplantada na forma de tapetes nos recipientes de forma que a espécie ocupasse toda a área do mesmo. A irrigação foi realizada diariamente, com o auxílio de tensiômetros de punção, instalados individualmente na região central dos recipientes a uma profundidade de 0,1m. As irrigações foram feitas com base nas leituras a taxa de cobertura verde do solo, produção de matéria seca na parte aérea, intensidade de cor verde das lâminas foliares, a concentração de macronutrientes nas lâminas foliares e o acúmulo de matéria seca nas raízes. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância... / The turfgrasses have taken place around the world highlighting both their esthetic value as admirable for its many features. Among many features associated with plants, the proper development of the program also depends on factors related to the soil, among them the availability of sufficient water in it. This research aimed to determine the most appropriate irrigation rate for growing zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica) under different bulk density levels. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse belonging to the Department of Natural Resources of the FCA / UNESP - Botucatu, SP. The experimental design was in a randomized complete blocks with four replications, in a 5x4 factorial scheme; the first factor comprised of soil water potential (30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 kPa) and the second factor by levels of soil bulk density ( 1.21, 1.39, 1.49, 1.54 g cm-3), totaling 80 experimental plots. Soil compaction was performed with the aid of a hydraulic press. The soil was compacted in layers of 10 kg each, which was submitted to compaction with the aid of a metal plate (980 cm ²). To achieve their respective levels of bulk density, were applied pressures of 0, 1, 2 and 3 kg cm-². The grass was transplanted in the form of carpets in containers so that the species occupy the whole area of it. The management of irrigation was performed daily, with the aid of tensiometers puncture, placed individually in the central region of the containers, to a depth of 10 cm. Irrigation management was based on tensiometer readings correlated to the characteristics of water retention in the soil. Were evaluated the rate of green coverage of the soil, the shoot dry matter production, the green color intensity of leaves, the concentration of macronutrients in leaves and the root dry matter production. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and when there was interaction between the factors, were proceeded... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-03-31Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:04:21Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 backes_c_dr_botfca.pdf: 1024890 bytes, checksum: 91a05475df40d34d77d94079924ecc73 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A disposição final de lodo de esgoto no solo representa não somente um sistema apropriado, mas também a oportunidade para o manejo dos mesmos com o mínimo de efeito sobre o ambiente podendo gerar benefícios químicos e físicos ao solo. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar doses de lodo de esgoto e o efeito residual na produção e qualidade de tapetes de grama esmeralda bem como as alterações químicas desse solo. Os experimentos foram instalados e conduzidos em uma propriedade de grama, localizada na cidade de Itapetininga - SP. A cultura utilizada foi a grama Zoysia japonica Steud. conhecida como grama esmeralda. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso em parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições, sendo as parcelas principais constituídas por dois sistemas de manejo (com e sem o uso de um escarificador superficial “estrelinha”, utilizado para romper uma camada superficial compactada). e as subparcelas de cinco doses de lodo (0, 10, 20, 30 e 40 Mg ha-1, base seca), mais um tratamento com adubação química, de acordo com as necessidades da cultura. Utilizou-se o lodo da Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto de Jundiaí. As doses de lodo aplicadas correspondem às doses de 100, 200, 300 e 400 kg ha-1 de nitrogênio. Após a colheita dos tapetes, avaliou-se o efeito residual das doses de lodo e dos sistemas de manejo utilizados. Pode-se concluir que aos 165 dias após a aplicação do lodo de esgoto, a dose de 31 Mg ha-1 permitiu a formação completa do tapete de grama (100% da taxa de cobertura do solo). O mesmo resultado foi encontrado quando utilizou-se a adubação química. A testemunha e as parcelas que receberam 10 Mg ha-1 de lodo não formaram tapete. Verificou-se redução na massa dos tapetes de grama com o aumento das doses de lodo aplicadas. Com a utilização do escarificador... / The final disposal of municipal waste in the ground is not only an appropriate system, but also the opportunity for management of those with the least possible effect on the environment and can generate chemical and physical benefits to the soil. The present study aimed to evaluate the sewage sludge doses and its residual effects in the zoysiagrass sod production system and also the chemical changes in the soil. The experiment was carried out in a grass grower property, located in the city of Itapetininga-SP. The turfgrass used was Zoysia japonica Steud. known as esmeralda. The experimental design adopted was randomized blocks with split plot design, with four replications, the main plots consisting of two management systems (with and without chisel use, to break a compacted surface layer) and subplots consisting of five doses of sludge (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 Mg ha-1, a dry basis), another treatment with chemical fertilization, according to the requirement of the culture. The sludge used came from “Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto de Jundiaí”. The doses of sludge applied correspond to the doses of 100, 200, 300 and 400 kg ha-1 of nitrogen. After sod harvesting it was evaluated the residual effect of the sludge doses and evaluated the management system used. It can be concluded that 165 days after application of sewage sludge the dose of 31 Mg ha-1 allowed the complete closing of the zoysiagrass sod (100% of soil cover rate). The same results were found when used chemical fertilization. The control and the plots that received 10 Mg ha-1 of sludge did not formed sod. There was a reduction in weight of zoysiagrass sod with increasing doses of sludge applied. With the use of surface chisel, there was a decrease in the strength of zoysiagrass sod. There were residual effect of sludge application and also of chemical fertilization in...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-10-13Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:05:51Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 coan_rm_dr_jabo.pdf: 479731 bytes, checksum: 0652bc078f54a65317cbcdac2277ce5c (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Em se tratando de paisagismo, dentre todos os grupos vegetais, o grupo dos gramados merece destaque devido às características agroecológicas. A grama-esmeralda (Zoysia japonica Steud.) merece distinção, sendo a mais cultivada e comercializada em todo o território nacional devido sua importância na constituição de jardins planos e declivosos. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo estudar: i) o desenvolvimento da gramaesmeralda sobre superfícies com diferentes exposições e declividades; ii) estimar a radiação fotossinteticamente ativa (PAR) incidente acumulada e correlacioná-la com a massa de matéria seca da parte aérea (MMSPA) e total (MMST) em superfícies com diferentes exposições e declividades cultivadas com a gramaesmeralda. A declividade do terreno interfere de forma aleatória no desenvolvimento da grama-esmeralda, que é favorecido pelas exposições leste e oeste. O acúmulo dos efeitos das declividades e das exposições na radiação fotossinteticamente ativa aumenta com a exposição norte e decresce com a exposição sul, sendo a exposição 10 L a mais indicada para o revestimento de taludes, norteando o gramicultor para o revestimento de encostas. Neste mesmo estudo, não houve correlação entre a MMSPA e a radiação PAR para as superfícies avaliadas e para o período estudado, assim como, também, não houve correlação para MMST e a radiação PAR para as superfícies e períodos avaliados. / When it comes to landscaping, among all groups plants, lawns of the group deserves emphasis because of the many agro-ecological characteristics. The zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) deserves distinction being the most cultivated and marketed, throughout the national territory, its due importance in the formation of plans and sloping gardens. Accordingly, this study aimed to examine: i) the development of zoyziagrass on surfaces with different exhibitions and slope, ii) estimate the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) incident accumulated and correlate it with the dry matter of shoot (MMSPA) and total (MMST) in areas with different exhibitions and slope planted with zoysiagrass. The slope of the land interferes randomly from the development of zoyziagrass, which is favored by exhibitions East and West. The accumulation of the effects of slope and exhibitions in photosynthetically active radiation exposure increases with North and South decreases with exposures, and 10 L exposure to the most suitable for the coating of embankments, orienting the grass producer for the coating of slopes. There was no correlation between the MSPA and radiation PAR for areas and assessed for the periods studied, and also there was no correlation to MMST and radiation PAR for areas and periods evaluated.