A pirólise rápida é uma tecnologia promissora para a conversão de biomassa. O principal produto desse processo é o bio-óleo, um líquido com elevada densidade energética, com potencialidades para a aplicação na produção de combustíveis e compostos renováveis. No entanto, existem ainda algumas barreiras para a sua utilização direta e um pós-processamento pode ser necessário. O uso de catalisadores no pós-processamento de bio-óleo, ou durante o processo de pirólise rápida, configura-se como alternativa para a produção direta de combustíveis e de produtos químicos com valor agregado, pois o processamento catalítico, além de elevar o rendimento, melhora a qualidade do bio-óleo produzido. O presente trabalho apresenta uma contribuição para o desenvolvimento do processo de pirólise rápida como uma rota viável de processamento de biomassas residuais, visando a obtenção de bio-óleo com propriedades adequadas a sua aplicação direta como combustível ou ainda para o fracionamento em produtos de interesse na indústria química. Este estudo compreende a síntese e avaliação do desempenho de diferentes catalisadores para o processo de pirólise rápida, bem como o projeto de uma unidade flexível para o processamento de biomassas através do processo de pirólise rápida catalítica. Catalisadores foram sintetizados através de diferentes metodologias e a sua atividade para a pirólise rápida foi avaliada através de ensaios utilizando moléculas representativas dos produtos da pirólise. O emprego de catalisadores a base de HZSM-5 modificada por metais permitiu, em alguns casos, o aumento na eficiência da reação de pirólise. A incorporação de zinco, gálio e nióbio resultou em aumento da atividade, elevando a produção de compostos aromáticos a partir da conversão catalítica de furanos. Os catalisadores de zinco apresentaram melhores resultados, possivelmente devido à maior incorporação do zinco nos sítios ácidos da zeólita, produzindo novos sítios capazes de elevar a taxa da reação de aromatização. Uma avaliação das alterações superficiais dos catalisadores permitiu correlacionar algumas propriedades do catalisador com sua atividade para a pirólise rápida e distribuição de produtos, permitindo também, em alguns casos, a identificação de possíveis rotas reacionais. As variáveis de processo, tais como temperatura de reação, velocidade espacial e presença de diferentes teores de água, simulando teores de água presentes em biomassas típicas, foram avaliadas. Verificou-se a importância da co-alimentação de água nos ensaios padrão para verificação da atividade de catalisadores para aplicação em pirólise rápida de biomassa. A água produz uma nova rota reacional na presença de HZSM-5 (reação de hidrólise), o que altera significativamente a distribuição de produtos da pirólise. / Fast pyrolysis is a promising technology for converting biomass into liquid fuels and chemicals. The main product of this process is bio-oil, a liquid with high energy density, which enables its use as a renewable source for the production of energy, fuels and chemicals. However, there are some barriers to its direct use as a fuel, and a post-processing may be needed. The use of catalysts for bio-oil upgrading or combined with the fast pyrolysis process is an alternative to the direct production of fuels, since the catalyst improves the quality and stability of bio-oil, as well as improving the pyrolysis yield. This work presents a contribution to the development of the fast pyrolysis process as a viable processing route for biomass conversion into fuels and chemicals. This study involves the synthesis and evaluation of different catalysts for the fast pyrolysis process, as well as the design of a flexible unit for the processing of biomass by catalytic fast pyrolysis. Catalysts were synthesized using different methods and their activity was evaluated by using furans as representative compounds of pyrolysis-derived products. Studies were conducted to identify catalysts with desirable properties for biofuel production. The incorporation of metals on HZSM-5 resulted in a promoting effect on catalytic conversion of furans. Zinc, niobium and gallium showed better activity than unmodified HZSM-5, increasing the aromatics production. Zinc catalysts presented the best result among samples, possibly due to a greater incorporation of zinc in the zeolite acid sites, producing new sites that are capable of increasing the rate of the aromatization reaction. An evaluation of the catalyst surface changes allowed the determination of the correlation between certain catalyst properties and their activity. It also allowed the identification of possible reaction pathways. Process variables such as reaction temperature, space velocity and water vapour pressure were also evaluated. The importance of water co-feeding in standard tests for catalysts activity evaluation was studied. Water produces a new reaction pathway in the presence of HZSM-5 (hydrolysis reaction), which significantly changes the distribution of pyrolysis products.

A pirólise rápida é uma tecnologia promissora para a conversão de biomassa. O principal produto desse processo é o bio-óleo, um líquido com elevada densidade energética, com potencialidades para a aplicação na produção de combustíveis e compostos renováveis. No entanto, existem ainda algumas barreiras para a sua utilização direta e um pós-processamento pode ser necessário. O uso de catalisadores no pós-processamento de bio-óleo, ou durante o processo de pirólise rápida, configura-se como alternativa para a produção direta de combustíveis e de produtos químicos com valor agregado, pois o processamento catalítico, além de elevar o rendimento, melhora a qualidade do bio-óleo produzido. O presente trabalho apresenta uma contribuição para o desenvolvimento do processo de pirólise rápida como uma rota viável de processamento de biomassas residuais, visando a obtenção de bio-óleo com propriedades adequadas a sua aplicação direta como combustível ou ainda para o fracionamento em produtos de interesse na indústria química. Este estudo compreende a síntese e avaliação do desempenho de diferentes catalisadores para o processo de pirólise rápida, bem como o projeto de uma unidade flexível para o processamento de biomassas através do processo de pirólise rápida catalítica. Catalisadores foram sintetizados através de diferentes metodologias e a sua atividade para a pirólise rápida foi avaliada através de ensaios utilizando moléculas representativas dos produtos da pirólise. O emprego de catalisadores a base de HZSM-5 modificada por metais permitiu, em alguns casos, o aumento na eficiência da reação de pirólise. A incorporação de zinco, gálio e nióbio resultou em aumento da atividade, elevando a produção de compostos aromáticos a partir da conversão catalítica de furanos. Os catalisadores de zinco apresentaram melhores resultados, possivelmente devido à maior incorporação do zinco nos sítios ácidos da zeólita, produzindo novos sítios capazes de elevar a taxa da reação de aromatização. Uma avaliação das alterações superficiais dos catalisadores permitiu correlacionar algumas propriedades do catalisador com sua atividade para a pirólise rápida e distribuição de produtos, permitindo também, em alguns casos, a identificação de possíveis rotas reacionais. As variáveis de processo, tais como temperatura de reação, velocidade espacial e presença de diferentes teores de água, simulando teores de água presentes em biomassas típicas, foram avaliadas. Verificou-se a importância da co-alimentação de água nos ensaios padrão para verificação da atividade de catalisadores para aplicação em pirólise rápida de biomassa. A água produz uma nova rota reacional na presença de HZSM-5 (reação de hidrólise), o que altera significativamente a distribuição de produtos da pirólise. / Fast pyrolysis is a promising technology for converting biomass into liquid fuels and chemicals. The main product of this process is bio-oil, a liquid with high energy density, which enables its use as a renewable source for the production of energy, fuels and chemicals. However, there are some barriers to its direct use as a fuel, and a post-processing may be needed. The use of catalysts for bio-oil upgrading or combined with the fast pyrolysis process is an alternative to the direct production of fuels, since the catalyst improves the quality and stability of bio-oil, as well as improving the pyrolysis yield. This work presents a contribution to the development of the fast pyrolysis process as a viable processing route for biomass conversion into fuels and chemicals. This study involves the synthesis and evaluation of different catalysts for the fast pyrolysis process, as well as the design of a flexible unit for the processing of biomass by catalytic fast pyrolysis. Catalysts were synthesized using different methods and their activity was evaluated by using furans as representative compounds of pyrolysis-derived products. Studies were conducted to identify catalysts with desirable properties for biofuel production. The incorporation of metals on HZSM-5 resulted in a promoting effect on catalytic conversion of furans. Zinc, niobium and gallium showed better activity than unmodified HZSM-5, increasing the aromatics production. Zinc catalysts presented the best result among samples, possibly due to a greater incorporation of zinc in the zeolite acid sites, producing new sites that are capable of increasing the rate of the aromatization reaction. An evaluation of the catalyst surface changes allowed the determination of the correlation between certain catalyst properties and their activity. It also allowed the identification of possible reaction pathways. Process variables such as reaction temperature, space velocity and water vapour pressure were also evaluated. The importance of water co-feeding in standard tests for catalysts activity evaluation was studied. Water produces a new reaction pathway in the presence of HZSM-5 (hydrolysis reaction), which significantly changes the distribution of pyrolysis products.

A pirólise rápida é uma tecnologia promissora para a conversão de biomassa. O principal produto desse processo é o bio-óleo, um líquido com elevada densidade energética, com potencialidades para a aplicação na produção de combustíveis e compostos renováveis. No entanto, existem ainda algumas barreiras para a sua utilização direta e um pós-processamento pode ser necessário. O uso de catalisadores no pós-processamento de bio-óleo, ou durante o processo de pirólise rápida, configura-se como alternativa para a produção direta de combustíveis e de produtos químicos com valor agregado, pois o processamento catalítico, além de elevar o rendimento, melhora a qualidade do bio-óleo produzido. O presente trabalho apresenta uma contribuição para o desenvolvimento do processo de pirólise rápida como uma rota viável de processamento de biomassas residuais, visando a obtenção de bio-óleo com propriedades adequadas a sua aplicação direta como combustível ou ainda para o fracionamento em produtos de interesse na indústria química. Este estudo compreende a síntese e avaliação do desempenho de diferentes catalisadores para o processo de pirólise rápida, bem como o projeto de uma unidade flexível para o processamento de biomassas através do processo de pirólise rápida catalítica. Catalisadores foram sintetizados através de diferentes metodologias e a sua atividade para a pirólise rápida foi avaliada através de ensaios utilizando moléculas representativas dos produtos da pirólise. O emprego de catalisadores a base de HZSM-5 modificada por metais permitiu, em alguns casos, o aumento na eficiência da reação de pirólise. A incorporação de zinco, gálio e nióbio resultou em aumento da atividade, elevando a produção de compostos aromáticos a partir da conversão catalítica de furanos. Os catalisadores de zinco apresentaram melhores resultados, possivelmente devido à maior incorporação do zinco nos sítios ácidos da zeólita, produzindo novos sítios capazes de elevar a taxa da reação de aromatização. Uma avaliação das alterações superficiais dos catalisadores permitiu correlacionar algumas propriedades do catalisador com sua atividade para a pirólise rápida e distribuição de produtos, permitindo também, em alguns casos, a identificação de possíveis rotas reacionais. As variáveis de processo, tais como temperatura de reação, velocidade espacial e presença de diferentes teores de água, simulando teores de água presentes em biomassas típicas, foram avaliadas. Verificou-se a importância da co-alimentação de água nos ensaios padrão para verificação da atividade de catalisadores para aplicação em pirólise rápida de biomassa. A água produz uma nova rota reacional na presença de HZSM-5 (reação de hidrólise), o que altera significativamente a distribuição de produtos da pirólise. / Fast pyrolysis is a promising technology for converting biomass into liquid fuels and chemicals. The main product of this process is bio-oil, a liquid with high energy density, which enables its use as a renewable source for the production of energy, fuels and chemicals. However, there are some barriers to its direct use as a fuel, and a post-processing may be needed. The use of catalysts for bio-oil upgrading or combined with the fast pyrolysis process is an alternative to the direct production of fuels, since the catalyst improves the quality and stability of bio-oil, as well as improving the pyrolysis yield. This work presents a contribution to the development of the fast pyrolysis process as a viable processing route for biomass conversion into fuels and chemicals. This study involves the synthesis and evaluation of different catalysts for the fast pyrolysis process, as well as the design of a flexible unit for the processing of biomass by catalytic fast pyrolysis. Catalysts were synthesized using different methods and their activity was evaluated by using furans as representative compounds of pyrolysis-derived products. Studies were conducted to identify catalysts with desirable properties for biofuel production. The incorporation of metals on HZSM-5 resulted in a promoting effect on catalytic conversion of furans. Zinc, niobium and gallium showed better activity than unmodified HZSM-5, increasing the aromatics production. Zinc catalysts presented the best result among samples, possibly due to a greater incorporation of zinc in the zeolite acid sites, producing new sites that are capable of increasing the rate of the aromatization reaction. An evaluation of the catalyst surface changes allowed the determination of the correlation between certain catalyst properties and their activity. It also allowed the identification of possible reaction pathways. Process variables such as reaction temperature, space velocity and water vapour pressure were also evaluated. The importance of water co-feeding in standard tests for catalysts activity evaluation was studied. Water produces a new reaction pathway in the presence of HZSM-5 (hydrolysis reaction), which significantly changes the distribution of pyrolysis products.

Comparative studies over micro-/mesoporous Cu-containing zeolites ZSM-5 prepared by top-down treatment involving NaOH, TPAOH or mixture of NaOH/TPAOH (tetrapropylammonium hydroxide) were conducted. The results of the catalytic data revealed the highest activity of the Cu-ZSM-5 catalyst both in the absence and presence of water vapor. The physico-chemical characterization (diffuse reflectance UV-Vis (DR UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, temperature-programmed desorption of NOx (TPD-NOx), and microkinetic modeling) results indicated that the microporous structure of ZSM-5 effectively stabilized isolated Cu ion monomers. Besides the attempts targeted to the modification of the textural properties of the parent ZSM-5, in the next approach, we studied the effect of the co-presence of sodium and copper cations in the microporous H-ZSM-5. The presence of co-cation promoted the evolution of [Cu–O–Cu]2+ dimers that bind NOx strongly with the desorption energy barrier of least 80 kJ mol−1. Water presence in the gas phase significantly decreases the rate of ammonia oxidation, while the reaction rates and activation energies of NH3-SCR remain unaffected.

No description available.

Catalytic pyrolysis technology is one of the thermochemical platforms used to produce high quality bio-oil and chemicals from biomass feedstocks. In the catalytic pyrolysis process, the biomass is rapidly heated under inert atmosphere in the presence of an acid catalyst or zeolite to promote deoxygenation and cracking of the primary vapors into hydrocarbons and small oxygenates. This dissertation examines the utilization of conventional fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst in the fractional catalytic pyrolysis of hybrid poplar wood. The influence of Y-zeolite content, steam treatment, addition of ZSM-5 additive, process conditions (temperature, weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) and vapor residence time) and recycling of the non-condensable gases (NCG) on the product distribution and the quality of the bio-oil were investigated. The first part of the study demonstrates the influence of catalytic property of FCC catalyst on the product distribution and quality of the bio-oil. It was found that FCC catalyst with higher Y-zeolite content produces higher coke yield and lower organic liquid fraction (OLF). Conversely, FCC catalyst with lower Y-zeolite content results in lower coke yield and higher OLF. The results showed that higher Y-zeolite content extensively cracks dehydrated products from cellulose decomposition and demethoxylates phenolic compounds from lignin degradation. The Y-zeolite promoted both deoxygenation and coke forming reactions due to its high catalytic activity and large pore size. Higher Y-zeolite content increased the quality of the bio-oil with respect to higher heating value (HHV), pH, density, and viscosity. The steam treatment at 732 oC and 788 oC decreased the total BET surface area of the FCC catalyst. The findings suggest that steam treatment reduces the coking tendency of the FCC catalyst and enhances the yield of the OLF. Analysis of the bio-oils showed that the steamed FCC catalyst produces bio-oil with lower viscosity and density. Gas chromatography and 13C-NMR spectrometry suggest that steam treatment affect the catalyst selectivity in the formation of CO, CO2, H2, CH4, C2-C5 hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons. The addition of ZSM-5 additive to the FCC catalyst was found to alter the characteristic/functionality of the catalytic medium. The product slate showed decrease in coke yield and increase in OLF with increase in ZSM-5 additive. The FCC/ZSM-5 additive hybrid catalysts produced bio-oils with relatively lower viscosity and higher pH value. The formation of CO2, CH4, and H2 decreased whilst C5 and aromatic hydrocarbons increased with increase in ZSM-5 additive level. The second part of the work assesses the effect of operating conditions on the catalytic pyrolysis process. The response surface methodology study showed reaction temperature to be the most influential statistically significant independent variable on char/coke yield, concentration of non-condensable gases, carbon content, oxygen content, pH and viscosity of the bio-oils. The WHSV was the most important statistically significant independent variable that affects the yield of organic liquid and water. Adequate and statistically significant models were generated for the prediction of the responses with the exception of viscosity. Recycling of the NCG in the process was found to potentially increase the liquid yield and decrease char/coke yield. The experiments with the model fluidizing gases showed that CO/N2, CO2/N2, CO/CO2/N2 and H2/N2 increase the liquid yield and CO2/N2 decrease char/coke yield. The results showed that recycling of NCG increases the higher heating value and the pH of the bio-oil as well as decreases the viscosity and density. The concept of recycling the NCG in the catalytic cracking of biomass vapors with FCC catalyst improved the overall process. The evaluation of the reactivity of conventional FCC catalyst towards bio-based molecules provide essential direction for FCC catalyst formulation and design for the production of high quality bio-oils from catalytic pyrolysis of biomass. / Ph. D.

L'adsorption de l'anthracène et de molécules de type Diphényl-polyènes (trans-Stilbene, 1,4-Diphenyl-1,3 butadiene, 1,6-Diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene) a été étudiée par simulations Monte Carlo, absorption UV-visible par réflexion diffuse, diffusion Raman multiexcitation et Résonance Paramagnétique Electronique (RPE) dans des zéolithes (aluminosilicates) à canaux de type Ferrierite (M-FER), ZSM-5 (MnZSM-5) et Mordenite (M-MOR).<br />Les résultats mettent en évidence l'insertion des molécules dans les canaux. Dans le cas de cations polarisants (M = H+ et Li+) une ionisation spontanée produit la formation de paires radical cation – électron de longue durée. Au cours de la recombinaison de charges, des paires électron-trou sont mises en évidence par des techniques impulsionnelles de RPE. Dans le cas des molécules insérées sans modification chimique (M = Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+), la photolyse UV induit des paires de radicaux dont la lente recombinaison implique des phénomènes de transferts d'électrons régis par la théorie de Marcus. L'exceptionnelle stabilité des paires de radicaux est attribuée au confinement des molécules dans les canaux, à la teneur en aluminium et à la nature des cations de la zéolithe. Ces paires de radicaux sont des intermédiaires réactionnels mis en jeu dans les processus catalytiques et de photodégradation d'hydrocarbures. Ils sont aussi impliqués dans le processus primordial de l'effet photovoltaïque.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-05-30T22:35:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AnelieseLunguinhoFigueiredo_TESE.pdf: 2224810 bytes, checksum: a3cbfc32831dba5f9b8a0085f1244167 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-06-01T19:31:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 AnelieseLunguinhoFigueiredo_TESE.pdf: 2224810 bytes, checksum: a3cbfc32831dba5f9b8a0085f1244167 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-01T19:31:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnelieseLunguinhoFigueiredo_TESE.pdf: 2224810 bytes, checksum: a3cbfc32831dba5f9b8a0085f1244167 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-24 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / As ze?litas s?o amplamente utilizadas pela ind?stria em processos de cat?lise, adsor??o, separa??o e troca i?nica. No entanto, a presen?a apenas de microporos limita a difus?o de mol?culas volumosas em seus canais, favorecendo a ocorr?ncia de rea??es indesej?veis devido ao longo tempo de resid?ncia dos reagentes e produtos ao serem transportados ao longo dos microporos das ze?litas. Com o intuito de superar este problema, foram estudados neste trabalho m?todos de s?ntese para a obten??o da ze?lita ZSM-5 nanocristalina com porosidade hier?rquica sintetizada na aus?ncia de direcionador org?nico de estrutura. Primeiramente foi realizada a s?ntese da ze?lita ZSM-5 atrav?s do m?todo assistido por sementes em um sistema ausente de direcionador org?nico, onde as amostras foram sintetizadas utilizando tr?s tipos diferentes de sementes: duas destas baseadas em solu??es aquosas claras contendo os precursores de ZSM-5 (n?o silanizada e silanizada) e a terceira semente baseada em uma ze?lita ZSM-5 comercial na forma de p?, a fim de direcionar na forma??o da estrutura MFI. O segundo m?todo empregado foi o processo de silaniza??o, utilizando como agente silanizante o fenilaminopropiltrimetoxisilano (PHAPTMS), com a finalidade de diminuir ou impedir o crescimento dos cristais ze?liticos da ZSM-5, favorecendo a obten??o de cristais com menores dimens?es. A s?ntese da ZSM-5 tamb?m foi realizada na aus?ncia de direcionador org?nico a 180?C por 27 horas ap?s a adi??o do PHAPTMS. Todas as amostras sintetizadas foram caracterizadas por diversas t?cnicas, dentre elas a Difra??o de Raios-X (DRX), Espectroscopia na regi?o do Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FTIR), adsor??o-dessor??o de Arg?nio (Ar), Microscopia Eletr?nica (SEM e TEM) e dessor??o a temperatura programada TPD-NH3. Notou-se que o uso de sementes proporciona uma maior ?rea espec?fica BET e provoca um aumento na ?rea externa, devido ? diminui??o do tamanho dos cristais. Da mesma forma para amostra funcionalizada com o agente silanizante (HZSM-5 (PHAPTMS)), que apresentou a mais, um duplo sistema de poros, o primeiro associado ? microporosidade da ze?lita ZSM-5 (0,5 - 2 nm) e o outro relacionado ? mesoporos intercristalinos (2 - 6 nm), confirmando a obten??o da ze?lita HZSM-5 hier?rquica. Todas as amostras sintetizadas apresentaram aglomerados globulares formados por pequenas nanounidades (30 - 90 nm), com morfologia e tamanho dos cristais diferentes da ze?lita HZSM-5 utilizada como refer?ncia. Os testes catal?ticos utilizando o craqueamento do polietileno de baixa densidade (PEBD) e o processo de pir?lise do poli(etileno tereftalato) - PET provaram que a melhoria nas propriedades texturais das ze?litas sintetizadas ? vantajoso em tais processos, apresentando um desempenho superior quando comparado ? amostra de refer?ncia, fornecendo produtos que podem ser utilizados como mat?rias-primas na ind?stria petroqu?mica. / Zeolites are widely used by the industry in catalysis processes, adsorption, separation and ion exchange. However, the presence of only micropores limits the diffusion of bulky molecules in their channels, favoring the occurrence of adverse reactions due to long residence time of the reactants and products are transported through the micropores of the zeolite. In order to overcome this problem has been studied in this work synthesis methods for obtaining hierarchical nanocrystalline ZSM-5 zeolite synthesized in the absence of organic template. First it carried out a synthesis of zeolite ZSM-5 by the seed-assisted method from an organic-templatefree system, where the samples were synthesized utilizing three different types of seeds: two of these based on aqueous clear solutions containing the ZSM-5 precursors (non-silanized and silanized) and the third seed based on a commercial ZSM-5 zeolite in powder form, in order to direct the formation of the MFI structure. The second method used was the silanization process, using as silanizante agent phenylaminopropyltrimethoxysilane (PHAPTMS), in order to lessen or prevent the growth of zeolitic crystals of ZSM-5, obtaining favoring smaller crystals. The synthesis of ZSM-5 was also performed in the absence of organic template 180?C for 27 hours after addition of PHAPTMS. All synthesized samples were characterized by several techniques, among them X Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Argon adsorption-desorption, Electronic Microscopy (SEM and TEM), and Temperature Programmed Desorption of Ammonia (NH3-TPD). It was noted that the use of seeds gives a higher BET surface area and causes an increase in the external surface area outside due to the decreasing size of the crystals. Similarly for sample functionalized with silanizante agent (MFI (PHAPTMS)), which is the lowest a dual system of pores, the first associated with the microporosity of the zeolite ZSM-5 (0.5 - 2 nm) and the other related to intercrystalline mesopores (2 - 6 nm), confirming the obtaining of HZSM-5 zeolite hierarchical. All samples were synthesized globular agglomerates formed by small nanounits (30 - 90 nm) with different size and morphology of crystals of zeolite HZSM-5 used as reference. The catalytic tests using the cracking of low density polyethylene (LDPE) and pyrolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) - PET proved that the improvement in the textural properties of the synthesized zeolite is advantageous in such processes, with a better performance when compared to the reference sample, generating products which can be useful feedstocks in the petrochemical industry.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:42:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaJFC_TESE.pdf: 4007652 bytes, checksum: 7bb363c54641679d79bbff5c76de539f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-03 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The processing of heavy oil produced in Brazil is an emergency action and a strategic plan to obtain self-sufficiency and economic surpluses. Seen in these terms, it is indispensable to invest in research to obtain new catalysts for obtaining light fraction of hydrocarbons from heavy fractions of petroleum. This dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy reports the materials preparation that combine the high catalytic activity of zeolites with the greater accessibility of the mesoporosity, more particularly the HZSM-5/MCM-41 hybrid, done by synthesis processes with less environmental impact than conventional ones. Innovative methodologies were developed for the synthesis of micro-mesoporous hybrid material by dual templating mechanism and from crystalline zeolitic aluminosilicate in the absence of organic template. The synthesis of hybrid with pore bimodal distribution took place from one-single organic directing agent aimed to eliminate the use of organic templates, acids of any kind or organic solvents like templating agent of crystalline zeolitic aluminosilicate together with temperature-programmed microwave-assisted, making the experimental procedures of preparation most practical and easy, with good reproducibility and low cost. The study about crystalline zeolitic aluminosilicate in the absence of organic template, especially MFI type, is based on use of H2O and Na+ cation playing a structural directing role in place of an organic template. Advanced characterization techniques such as X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Highresolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), Adsorption of N2 and CO2, kinetic studies by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Pyrolysis coupled to Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (Pyrolysis-GC/MS) were employed in order to evaluate the synthesized materials. Achieve the proposed objectives, has made available a set of new methodologies for the synthesis of zeolite and hybrid micro-mesoporous material, these suitable for catalytic pyrolysis of heavy oils aimed at producing light fraction / O processamento do petr?leo pesado produzido no Pa?s ? uma a??o emergencial e estrat?gica para obter a auto-sufici?ncia e super?vits econ?micos. Neste sentido, ? indispens?vel o investimento em pesquisas de novos catalisadores para obten??o de derivados leves a partir de fra??es pesadas do petr?leo. O trabalho de doutorado aqui reportado dedicouse ? prepara??o de materiais que combinem, numa ?nica estrutura, a elevada atividade catal?tica de ze?litas, com melhor acessibilidade de materiais mesoporosos, como a estrutura h?brida HZSM-5/MCM-41, utilizando processos de s?ntese com menor impacto ambiental que os convencionais. Metodologias inovadoras foram desenvolvidas para a s?ntese do catalisador h?brido micro-mesoporoso ou ze?lito-mesoporoso por mecanismo de direcionamento estrutural via duplo agente diretor org?nico e tamb?m a partir de estrutura zeol?tica sintetizada na aus?ncia total de direcionador org?nico. Esse ?ltimo, tamb?m chamado de s?ntese do h?brido com distribui??o bimodal de poros a partir de um ?nico agente diretor org?nico, visou eliminar o uso dos direcionadores org?nicos, ?cidos de qualquer natureza ou solventes org?nicos como molde estrutural da estrutura zeol?tica em conjunto com o m?todo hidrot?rmico assistido por irradia??o via micro-ondas, tornando o procedimento experimental de prepara??o pr?tico e simples, com boa reprodutibilidade e menor custo. A metodologia de prepara??o da ze?lita MFI do tipo ZSM-5 utiliza H2O e c?tions Na+ no papel de direcionamento estrutural e compensa??o de cargas na estrutura. T?cnicas relevantes de caracteriza??o, como Difra??o de Raios-X (XRD), Espectroscopia no Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FTIR), Microscopia Eletr?nica de Varredura (SEM), Microscopia Eletr?nica de Transmiss?o de Alta Resolu??o (HRTEM), Adsor??o de N2 e CO2, estudos cin?ticos via An?lises Termogravim?tricas (TGA) e Pir?lise acoplada ? Cromatografia Gasosa/Espectrometria de Massas (Pyrolysis-GC/MS), foram empregadas no intuito de avaliar os materiais sintetizados. Alcan?ados os objetivos propostos, disponibilizou-se um conjunto de novas metodologias para s?ntese de catalisadores zeol?ticos e h?bridos micromesoporosos, estes adequados para pir?lise catal?tica de ?leos pesados visando ? produ??o de derivados leves

The effect of microwave radiation on the prepared 0.5Fe/ZSM-5 catalysts as a post-synthesis modification step was studied in the methanol-to-hydrocarbons process using the temperature-programmed surface reaction (TPSR) technique. This was achieved by preparing a series of 0.5Fe/ZSM-5 based catalysts under varying microwave power levels (0–700 W) and over a 10 s period, after iron impregnating the HZSM-5 zeolite (Si/Al = 30 and 80). Physicochemical properties were determined by XRD, SEM, BET, FT-IR, C3H9N-TPSR, and TGA techniques. It was found that microwave radiation induced few changes in the bulk properties of the 0.5Fe/ZSM-5 catalysts, but their surface and catalytic behavior were distinctly changed. Microwave radiation enhanced crystallinity and mesoporous growth, decreased coke and methane formation, decreased the concentration of Brønsted acidic sites, and decreased surface area and micropore volume as the microwave power level was increased from 0 to 700 W. From the TPSR profiles, it was observed that microwave radiation affects the peak intensities of the produced hydrocarbons. Application of microwave radiation shifted the desorption temperatures of the MTH process products over the HZSM-5(30) and HZSM-5(80) based catalysts to lower and higher values respectively. The MeOH-TPSR profiles showed that methanol was converted to DME and subsequently converted to aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. It is reasonable to suggest that microwave radiation would be an essential post-synthesis modification step to mitigate coke formation and methane formation and increase catalyst activity and selectivity. / Chemical Engineering / M. Tech. (Chemical Engineering)