傳統中國的道統與「正統」思想，是統治者建構其政治正當性的有力理之一。而「憲政主義」則是當代全球化的政治合法性的根由。本文旨在以此兩項「典範性」的理論來檢視蔣中正政治思想的落點。
中國歷史自春秋時代以降，就不只是史實程事件的描述而已，而是一種價值判斷，其標準簡要而言，可歸納為：取天下以「正」－亦即「德治政治」及「統」天下於一，亦即追求政治的大一統兩大要旨。而當代憲政主義則強調法治主義（rule of law）、權力分立（separation of power）以及權責分明與保障人權等為要旨，本文即以此理論內涵檢視蔣先生思想的特色。
蔣先生主政期間，透過一次又一次的教育、訓練與社會運動來強化其「德治政治」的理想。對付北洋軍閥、中國共產黨以及日本帝國主義亦持「先德後力」的三民主義「新道統」理念以貫徹其「有道」伐「無道」的「正統」思想。其次，蔣先生在訓政階段、政治協商會議、國民大會制憲代表大會等等「憲法時刻」（constitutional moment）中如何堅持與妥協其憲政主義的理念。總之，正統與憲政主義的落實與否影響蔣先生革命與建國事業的興衰成敗至巨。
最後筆者提出五組後設理論（Metatheory）以說明正統與憲政主義的一些重要後設基礎所在。
正統
1.性善說
2.道德內在超越
3.集體主義
4.臣屬差序性(sub-ordination)
5.文化性的天下觀
憲政主義
1.性惡說
2.法治外在超越
3.個體主義
4.參與對等性(co-ordination)
5.政治性的國家觀
以此檢證蔣先生的政治思想，無疑的是偏向光譜上正統的一端。此亦說明了蔣先生轉化統治合法性為憲政主義的內在困境之因素。當然傳統儒生、地主、官僚一體系超穩定結構的式微等時代性因素，亦使蔣先生援引正統思想產生外在困境。五組後設理有其互斥的一面，但從深層結構加以審視，則又有相濡相攝的互補作用，蔣先生也注意到當中的差異性及關聯性，但未能有系統性的發揮，致使其統治合法性產生了轉化的困難。
蔣先生政治思想主要以「正統」論，做為解決其對內與對外的政治難題，亦以此證成與辯明（justify）其統治正當性之基礎，同時亦可說這理論所欲建構的大一統的「四維八德」的王道政治是其理想的政治藍圖。 / Chinese conventional orthodoxy of teachings or precepts and its ideas are the powerful of a Chinese ruler establishing his governing legitimacy.
The constitutionalism is the basis of the governing legality globalized in the present age. The purpose of this article is to review Chiang Kai-Shek’s political thought based on this two types of theories.
Chinese history after the Epoch of Spring and Autumn was added a judgement of value as well as described the original historical facts and events. The standard of the judgement is briefly classified to “taking the whole country of China with righteous course”, that is, Virtuocracy government, and “unifying the whole country”, that is, the pursuit of the unification of the polity. The constitutionalism in the present age is a king of principle focusing on the rule of law, the separation of power, the definition of power and responsibility and the protection of human rights, etc.
In the period of the Chiang Kai-Shek’s reign, he might strengthen his ideal benevolent government through education, training and social movements again and again. Even though he faced the northern warlords, China Communist party and Japanese imperialists in the early years of the Republic of China, he had insisted on treating them with the courtesy before the use of force, a new idea of orthodoxy of teachings or precepts in Three People’s Principles, to carry out the orthodox idea of taking the country with righteous course stead of unrighteous course. Second, in the political tutelage stage, how Chiang Kai-Shek insisted or conceded to his constitutional ideas in the “constitutional moment”, and for the duration of the political negotiation conference and national Assembly for the establishment of national constitution. However, whether the orthodox ideology and the constitutionalism were realized or not had tremendously affected Chiang Kai-Shek’s revolution and national reconstruction business.
Finally, five meta theories are proposed for supportingthe importance of the meta fundamental of the orthodox ideology and the constitutionalis.
Orthodox Ideology
1.The the that men are born good
2.Intrinsic transcendence beyond morality
3.Collectivism
4.Sub-ordination
5.Cultural world view
Constitutionalism
1.The theory that men are born evil
2.Extrinsic transcendence beyond law
3.Individualism
4.Co-ordination
5.Political nation view
It has been found that Chiang Kai-Shek’s political thought tends to the side of the orthodox ideas after verifying Chiang Kai-Shek’s political thought by such five meta theories. The result has also indicated the factors of Chiang Kai-Shek’s intrinsic difficulty in transforming the governing legality to constitutionalism and Chiang Kai-Shek’s social system with super steady structure, consisting of conventional
Confucianists, landlords and bureaucrats. This five meta theories may have the section of repulsion among them, but when examining them deeply, you will find they also have a supplementary action among them. Although Chiang Kai-Shek had noticed such discrimination and relativity among them, he failed to find an useful method to transform the governing legality to constitutionalism successfully so that he got in into extreme difficulty.
Chiang Kai-Shek’s political thought is based on the orthodox theory that supported him to solve the tough problems in politics in internal or external. Depending on this, it has verified and justified the governing legitimacy, and further indicated that unifying and governing the whole country of China with the enlightened reign of righteousness including the four ethical principles and eight cardinal virtues is Chiang Kai-Shek’s political ideal and hope.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:CHENGCHI/G91NCCV9042012 |
| Creators | 謝政諭, Hsieh, Chen-Yu |
| Publisher | 國立政治大學 |
| Source Sets | National Chengchi University Libraries |
| Language | 中文 |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | text |
| Rights | Copyright © nccu library on behalf of the copyright holders |
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