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Previous issue date: 2013-08-21 / Commercial whaling mainly during the 20th century reduced most populations of humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae). Seven breeding stocks (A-G) are recognized by the International Whaling Commission (IWC) in the Southern Hemisphere. Humpback whales from Breeding stock A (BSA) are distributed along the Brazilian coast (mainly between 5? and 23? S), in the Southwestern Atlantic, while the humpbacks from breeding stock G (BSG) occur from Peru (6? S) to Costa Rica (12? N) coast, in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Despite previous studies have provided important information about both South America breeding grounds, the degree of connectivity and differentiation between these populations needs to be better investigated. Therefore, the manuscript 2 of this thesis represents the first analysis of the genetic differentiation and level of gene flow between these populations, using mitochondrial DNA sequences and 16 microsatellite loci. Our results showed a significant differentiation between Breeding Stocks A and G, at both molecular markers (mtDNA and microsatellites), in specially through the Bayesian clustering analysis that identified two populations even without sampling location information. However, the assignment tests have indicated an exchange of individuals between these populations, but with a gene flow low enough to allowing the demographic independence of these two stocks. Our data segregated by gender showed a significant differentiation between females from Brazil and Colombia, and between males from Brazil and Antarctic Peninsula, suggesting higher fidelity of females to the breeding areas and of males to the feeding areas. Nevertheless, recent studies have shown females undertaking long movements between breeding grounds. Thus, a sampling effort mainly on arrival and departure of the whales migrating for these areas is needed for a better understanding of the migratory pattern of the humpbacks of these populations. Although the Brazilian humpback whale population has shown signs of recovery after suffering a reduction estimated to 2% of its historical size in the late 1950s, no genetic study has provided estimates of effective and census size, contemporary and historical, for this population. For a better understanding of the whaling impact on this population, its demographic history was investigated using different molecular markers and methods (manuscripts 1 and 3). In the first manuscript ten microsatellite loci were used to estimate for the first time its contemporary population size. In the manuscript 3 was used for the first time the high throughput sequencing technology to sequence multiple nuclear loci at 24 Brazilian humpback samples. Despite the approximate Bayesian computation analysis has supported a scenario of constant Ne over size changes scenarios during the whaling period; our estimates of contemporary size at different time frames have detected a fluctuation of the population size during this period (~ 2 to 4 generations ago). Moreover, multiple sequence loci data have indicated a most recent bottleneck caused by anthropogenic population depletion over past 200 years. Our estimate of historical abundance (~ 148,000 individuals) indicates that BSA humpback population was much larger than that estimated (24,700 individuals) by whaling catch records. Finally, an extended Bayesian skyline plot of the nuclear loci indicated that the population was declining ever since a size peak around 30,000 years ago, which may be associated with the climate changes caused by glacial/interglacial cycles. These results suggest that Southwestern Atlantic humpback population was higher before the onset of the whaling period, which may explain the discrepancy found between previous genetic and catch record population size estimates at this period. / A ca?a comercial baleeira durante o s?culo XX reduziu significativamente a maioria das popula??es de baleias jubarte (Megaptera novaeangliae). Sete estoques reprodutivos (A-G) s?o reconhecidos pela Comiss?o Internacional Baleeira (CIB) no Hemisf?rio Sul. As baleias jubarte do estoque reprodutivo A s?o distribu?das ao longo da costa brasileira (principalmente entre 5? e 23? S), no Oceano Atl?ntico Sul Ocidental, enquanto as jubartes do estoque G ocorrem da costa do Peru (6? S) at? a Costa Rica (12? N), no Oceano Pac?fico Oriental. Apesar de estudos anteriores terem fornecido importantes informa??es sobre ambos estoques reprodutivos Sul Americanos, o grau de conectividade e de diferencia??o entre essas popula??es precisa ser melhor investigado. Deste modo, o manuscrito 2 desta tese representa a primeira an?lise de diferencia??o gen?tica e n?vel de fluxo g?nico entre essas popula??es, usando sequ?ncias de DNA mitocondrial e 16 locos de microssat?lites. Nossos resultados revelaram uma significante diferencia??o entre os estoques A e G em ambos marcadores moleculares (DNAmt e microssat?lites), especialmente atrav?s da an?lise bayesiana que identificou duas popula??es mesmo sem informa??o dos locais de amostragem. No entanto, os testes de assignment indicaram um interc?mbio de indiv?duos entre essas popula??es, mas com um fluxo g?nico baixo o suficiente permitindo a independ?ncia demogr?fica desses dois estoques. Nossos dados separados por sexo apresentaram uma diferencia??o gen?tica significativa entre as f?meas do Brasil e da Col?mbia, e entre os machos do Brasil e da Pen?nsula Ant?rtica, sugerindo maior fidelidade das f?meas ?s ?reas de reprodu??o e dos machos ?s ?reas de alimenta??o. Apesar disso, estudos recentes t?m demonstrado f?meas realizando longos movimentos entre ?reas de reprodu??o. Portanto, um esfor?o de amostragem principalmente na chegada e na sa?da das baleias migrando para essas ?reas de reprodu??o ? necess?rio para melhor compreender o padr?o migrat?rio das jubartes dessas popula??es. Embora a popula??o de baleias jubarte do Brasil tem demonstrado sinais de recupera??o ap?s sofrer uma redu??o estimada a 2% de seu tamanho hist?rico at? meados de 1950, nenhum estudo gen?tico tem fornecido estimativas de tamanho efetivo e de censo, atual e hist?rico, para essa popula??o. Para uma melhor compreens?o do impacto da ca?a nessa popula??o, sua hist?ria demogr?fica foi investigada utilizando diferentes marcadores moleculares e diferentes m?todos (manuscritos 1 e 3). No primeiro manuscrito dez locos de microssat?lites foram usados para estimar pela primeira vez o tamanho atual dessa popula??o. No manuscrito 3 foi usado pela primeira vez a tecnologia de sequenciamento em larga escala para sequenciar m?ltiplos locos nucleares em 24 amostras de jubartes brasileiras. Apesar da an?lise de computa??o Bayesiana aproximada suportar um cen?rio de popula??o constante sobre os cen?rios de mudan?a do tamanho da popula??o durante a ca?a comercial, nossas estimativas de tamanho atual em diferentes per?odos de tempo demonstraram uma flutua??o do tamanho da popula??o durante esse per?odo (~ 2 a 4 gera??es atr?s). Al?m disso, os dados de m?ltiplos locos indicaram um decl?nio de popula??o mais recente causado pela explora??o antropog?nica nos ?ltimos 200 anos. Nossa estimativa de abund?ncia hist?rica (~ 148.000 indiv?duos) indica que a popula??o de jubartes do estoque A foi muito maior do que aquele estimado (~ 24.700 indiv?duos) pelos registros da ca?a. Finalmente, os dados dos locos nucleares tamb?m indicaram que a popula??o estava declinando desde seu tamanho m?ximo atingido a cerca de 30 mil anos atr?s, possivelmente relacionada com as mudan?as clim?ticas causadas pelos ciclos de glacia??o/interglacia??o. Esses resultados sugerem que a popula??o do Oceano Atl?ntico Sul Ocidental era maior antes do in?cio da ca?a, o que deve explicar a discrep?ncia encontrada entre as estimativas de tamanho da popula??o, gen?ticas e baseadas em dados da ca?a.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:IBICT/oai:tede2.pucrs.br:tede/267 |
| Date | 21 August 2013 |
| Creators | Souza, Ana L?cia Cypriano de |
| Contributors | Bonatto, Sandro Luis |
| Publisher | Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Zoologia, PUCRS, BR, Faculdade de Bioci?ncias |
| Source Sets | IBICT Brazilian ETDs |
| Language | Portuguese |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion, info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis |
| Format | application/pdf |
| Source | reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da PUC_RS, instname:Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, instacron:PUC_RS |
| Rights | info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| Relation | 2008925231902741151, 500, 600, 36528317262667714 |
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