Worldwide, millets are regarded as significant grains; however, they are the least exploited. Millet grain is abundant in nutrients and health-beneficial phenolic compounds, making it suitable as food and feed. The diverse contents of nutrients and phenolic compounds present in finger and pearl millet are good indicators that the variety of millet available is important when selecting it for use as food or feed. The phenolic properties found in millets comprise of phenolic acids, flavonoids, and tannins, which are beneficial to human health. Research has shown that millet phenolic properties have high antioxidant activity. Phytochemicals present in millet grains have positive effects on human health by lowering the cholesterol and phytates in the body. The frantic demands on maize and its uses in multiple industries have merit the search for alternative grains, to ease the pressure. Substitution of maize with pearl and finger millets in the diets of different animals resulted in positive impact on the performance. Of late, millet grain has been incorporated in other foods and used to make traditional beverages. In Chapter 1, the topic of the research was introduced, stating the importance of the study and to motivate on the significance of millet grains. Aims and
objectives were also listed. Chapter 2 presented extensive literature review on millet and their uses in human and livestock nutrition. In addition, the use of tannin as alternative feed was also reviewed. Different studies have been conducted to investigate the suitability of millet grain as an energy source, in the animal industry. However, studies on the Southern African types of millet are limited; this might be due to lack of information on their nutritional composition and their suitability as animal feed. Overall, the aim of this study was to profile the nutritional characteristics of selected millet grains in South Africa and Zimbabwe, their suitability as energy source for human and livestock and to study the effect of pearl millet type on the performance indices of Ross 308 broiler chickens. In Chapter 3, the general materials and methods used to reach the scientific conclusion for this study was summarised. In Chapter 4, physical and chemical analysis were conducted on millet grains obtained from South Africa and Zimbabwe, the results revealed that the physiochemical characteristics of the millet grain qualify it as a suitable candidate in replacing maize as an energy source. To further understand the characteristics of the millet grain, Chapter 5 analysed the phenolic compounds available in the millet grain obtained from South Africa and Zimbabwe. The results showed that the grain is endued with valuable phenolic compounds beneficial in the nutrition of both human and animals and aid as health benefit. Chapter 6 investigated the various inclusion levels of pearl millet in a bid to establish the most suitable combination for the poultry sector.
Pearl millet grain used in this experiment went through different breeding improvements and selections conducted at the Grain Crop Institute in Potchefstroom, South Africa. Pearl millet grain was used as the main source of energy for Ross 308 broiler chicks for a period of 42 days with performance indices investigated. The results revealed that pearl millet can be incorporated in the diets of broiler chickens, in replacement of maize, without adversely affecting the performance. In addition, the economic justification of replacing maize with pearl millet was studied. The cost of the grains was determined and the cost per weight gain was determined. The results showed that indeed it is economically sound to replace maize with pearl millet in the diet of poultry. The quadratic function best fitting optimum treatment combination in relation to performance parameters such as body weight, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio and internal organs was also examined. In Chapter 7, the research was generally discussed to tie up the conclusions of the experiments conducted. General recommendations were also given on the compounds of millet varieties and their health benefits to both humans and animals. / Kuwo wonke umhlaba, amabele athathwa njengezinhlamvu ezibalulekile, kodwa
awasetshenziswa kakhulu. Uhlamvu lwebele lunemisoco eminingi kanye nenzuzo yempilo
ngama-phenolic compound, okwenza ukuthi afaneleke kakhulu njengokudla kwabantu kanye
nemfuyo. Imisoco eminingi equkethwe kanye nama-phenolic compound atholakala eminweni
kanye nezinhlamvu zebele ayizinkomba ezinhle zokuthi izinhlobo zamabele ezitholakalayo
zibaluleke kakhulu ekukhethweni njengokudla kanye nokudla kwabantu noma imfuyo. Amaphenolic
properties atholakala kumabele aqukethe ama-phenolic acids, ama-flavonids, kanye
nama-tannins, ayinzuzo kakhulu empilweni yabantu. Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi ama-phenolic
properties amabele anomsebenzi wezinga eliphezulu lama-antioxidant. Ama-phytochemicals
atholakala kwizinhlamvu zamabele anenzuzu enhle kakhulu kwimpilo yabantu ngokwehlisa
izinga le-cholesterol kanye nama-phytate emzimbeni. Ukudingeka kakhulu kombila kanye
nokusetshenziswa kwawo kwizimboni eziningi, kubangele ukuthi kwenziwe ucwaningo
ngezinye izinhlamvu ukwehlisa ingcindezi. Ukuthatha isikhundla sombila, sithathwa amabele
kwidayethi yezilwane ezehlukene kwaba nomphumela omuhle kakhulu ngokusebenza.
Kamuva nje, izinhlamvu zamabele zifakelwe kwezinye izidlo ezisetshenziswa ukwenza
iziphuzo zomdabu. Kwisahluko 1, isihloko socwaningo sethulwa khona, ukuchaza
ukubaluleka kocwaningo kanye nokuqikelela ngokubaluleka kwezinhlamvu zamabele.
Izinhloso nezinjongo nazo zifakelwe kuhla. Isahluko 2, sethula ukubuyekezwa kwemibhalo
ngamabele kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo kubantu kanye nokudla kwemfuyo. Nangaphezu
kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwe-tannin njengokunye ukudla kwemfuyo kuye
kwabuyekezwa.
Kwenziwe ucwaningo olwehlukene ukuphenyisisa ngokufaneleka kwezinhlamvu zamabele
njengomthombo wamandla (we-eneji) kwimboni yezilwane. Kodwa, ucwaningo ngezinhlobo
zamabele eNingizimu ne-Afrika alukenziwa ngokwanele; lokhu kungenzeka kungenxa
yokuswelakala kolwazi ngemisoco equkethwe kanye nokufaneleka njengokudla kwezilwane.
Kanti ngokwengamele, inhloso yalolu cwaningo bekuwukwenza iprofayili yemisoco
ngezinhlamvu zamabele athile eNingizimu Afrika kanye naseZimbabwe, ukufaneleka kwawo
njengomthombo wamandla (we-eneji) kubantu kanye nemfuyo, kanye nokwenza ucwaningo
ngemiphumela yenhlobo yamabele ngama-performance indices wamachwane e-ROss 308.
Kwisahluko 3, kusetshenziswe imetheriyali kanye namamethodi asetshenzisiwe ukufinyelela
isiphetho sezesayense kulolu cwaningo, kwafinyezwa. Kwisahluko 4 kwenziwe uhlaziyo
lokubambekayo kanye namakhemikhali ngezinhlamvu zamabele ngokutholakale eNingizimu
Afrika kanye naseZimbabwe, imiphumela ikhombise ukugqama kwe-physiochemical
kwezinhlamvu zamabele ukufaneleka kwazo njengekhandideti ekuthatheni isikhundla
sombila njengomthombo wamandla. Ukuqhubeka nokuqondisisa ukuphawuleka
kwezinhlamvu zamabele, iSahluko 5 sihlaziye ama-phenolic compound kwizinhlamvu
zamabele aseNingizimu Afrika neZimbabwe. Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi uhlamvu
lwamabele lunama-phenolic compound ayinzuzo ekudleni okunomsoco kubantu kanye
nezilwane, kanye nokuba wusizo lwenzuzo kwimpilo. Isahluko 6 siphenyisise ngamazinga
okubandakanywa kwamabele ukwenzela ukuthola ukufaneleka kwawo kumkhakha
wezinkukhu. Izinhlamvu zamabele e-pearl zisetshenziswe kule ekspirimenti, eyenziwa
ezigabeni ezehlukene zokuthuthukisa ukuzalisa kanye nokhetho olwenziwe ngabe-Grain
Crop Institute ePotchefstroom, eNingizimu Afrika. Amabele e-pearl asetshenziswe
njengomthombo omkhulu we-eneji kumachwane eRoss 308 isikhathi sezinsuku ezingu 42
kanti kwaphenyisiswa ngokusebenza kwama-indices. Imiphumela iveze ukuthi amabele epearl
angafakelwa kwidayethi yamachwane, ukuthatha isikhundla sombila, ngaphandle
kokuphazamisa ukusebenza. Nangaphezu kwalokho, ukufaneleka kwezomnotho ngokuthatha
isikhundla zombila sithathwa ngamabele e-pearl kuye kwacwaningwa. Izindleko
zezinhlamvu ziye zabekwa kanti futhi nesisindo ngezinhlamvu kuye kwabekwa. Imiphumela
ikhombisa ukuthi kuyinto enhle kwezomnotho ukuthatha isikhundla sombila sithathwa
ngamabele e-pearl kwidayethi yezinkukhu. Ukusebenza kwe-quadratic function kufaneleke
kakhulu kwi-optimum treatment combination mayelana nama-parameter okusebenza afana
nokwenyuka kwesisindo somzimba, ukuguqula i-feed conversion ratio kanye nezitho
zangaphakathi nazo ziye zahlolwa. KwiSahluko 7, ucwaningo kuye kwaxoxwa ngalo
ukuhlanganisa iziphetho zama-ekspirimenti enziwe. Izincomo ezinabile, ziye zanikezwa
ngama-compound ezinhlobo zamabele kanye nezinzuzo zawo kwezempilo kubantu kanye
nezilwane / Lefaseng ka bophara, leotša le bonwa bjalo ka mabele a bohlokwa kudu; le ge go le bjale, ke
dibjalo tšeo di sa bjalwego kudu. Dithoro tša leotša di tletše ka phepo ye ntši le ditswaki tša
fenoliki tšeo di nago le mohola maphelong, gomme se sa dira gore di be maleba bjalo ka dijo
le phepo. Dikagare tša lona tšeo di fapafapanego le ditswaki tša fenoliki tšeo di whetšagalago
ka gare ga leotša la finger le la pearl ke dilaetši tše kaone tša gore mehutahuta ya leotša yeo e
hwetšagalago e bohlokwa ge e kgethwa bjalo ka sejo le phepo. Diteng tša fenoliki tšeo di
hwetšwago ka agre ga leotša di na le diesiti tša fenoliki, difolabanoite, le dithaninse, tšeo di
lego mohola go maphelo a batho. Dinyakišišo di laeditše gore diteng tša fenoliki tša leotša di
na le mošomo wa godimo wa dihlwekišammele tšeo di bitšwago dianthioksitente.
Difaethokhemikhale tšeo di lego gona ka gare ga dithoro tša leotša di na le diabe tše kaone go
maphelo a batho ka go fokotša kholesterole le difaetheite mmeleng. Dinyakwa tša ka pela go
lefela le mešomo ya lona ka diintastering tše ntši di dirile gore go be le nyakego ye kgolo ya
dithoro tše dingwe tšeo di ka emelago lefela legato, go nolofatša kgatelelo yeo e beilwego go
lefela. Go tšeela lefela legato ka leotša la pearl le la finger ka dijong tša diphoofolo tšeo di
fapafapanego go feleleditše ka seabe se sekaone ka ga go šoma ga lona. Go fihla mo lebakeng
le, dithoro tša leotša di tsentšwe ka dijong tše dingwe gomme tša šomišwa go dira dino tša
setšo. Ka go Kgaolo ya 1, hlogotaba ya dinyakišišo e tsebagaditšwe, ya fa bohlokwa bja
dinyakišišo tše le lebaka mabapi le bohlokwa bja dithoro tša leotša. Maike
mišetšo le dinepo le tšona di filwe. Kgaolo ya 2 e hlagišitše tekodišišo ya dingwalwa ye e
tseneletšego ka ga leotša le mešomo ya lona go phepo ya batho le ya diphoofolo. Godimo ga
fao, tšhomišo ya tannin bjalo ka phepo ya boikgethelo le yona e lekodišišitšwe.
Dinyakišišo tše di fapafapanego di dirilwe go nyakišiša go ba maleba ga thoro ya leotša bjalo
ka methopo wa enetši, ka intastering ya diphoofolo. Le ge go le bjale, dinyakišišo tš0e di
dirilwego mabapi le mehuta ya leotša ka Borwa bja Afrika ke tše nnyane; se se ka ba se
bakwa ke tlhoklego ya Tshedimošo mabapi le sebiopego sa phepo ka hare ha leotša le go ba
maleba ga lona bjalo ka phepo ya diphoofolo. Ka kakaretšo, maikemišetšo a dinyakišišo tše e
bile go lebeledišiša dikokwane tša phepo tša dithoro tša leotša tšeo di kgethilwego ka Afrika
Borwa le ka Zimbabwe, go ba maleba ga lona bjalo ka methopo wa enetši go batho le go
diruiwa le go nyakišiša ka ga seabe ka ga mohuta wa leotša wa pearl go go šoma ga
dipalopalo go dikgogo tša nama tša Ross 308. Ka go Kgaolo ya 3, ditlabelo le mekgwa ka
kakaretšo yeo e šomišitšwego go fihlelela sephetho sa tša mahlale sa dinyakišišo tše di filwe
kakaretšo. Ka go Kgaolo ya 4, tshekatsheko ya naga le ya dikhemikhale e dirilwe mabapi le
dithoro tša leotša tšeo di hweditšwego ka Afrika Borwa le ka Zimbabwe, dipoelo di utollotše
gore dikagare tša dikhemikhale tša thoro ya leotša di le dira le be lebele leo le loketšego go
tšeela legato lefela bjalo ka methopo wa enetši. Go kwešiša go tšwela pele dikagare tša thoro
ya leotša, Kgaoilo ya 5 e sekasekile diteng tša fenoliki tšeo di hwetšagalago ka gare ga thoro
ya leotša leo le hwetšago ka Afrika Borwa le ka Zimbabwe. Dipoelo di laeditše gore thro ya
leotša le tletše ka dikagare tša fenoliki tšeo di lego mohola go phepo ya bobedi batho le
diphoofolo le gore le thuša bjalo ka kholego ya tša phepo. Kgaolo ya 6 e nyakišišitše maemo
a mehutahuta a kakaretšo a leotša la pearl ka nepo ya go hwetša motswako wa maleba kudu
ka lekaleng la dikgogo. Dithoro tša leotša la pearl tšeo di šomišitšwego ka mo tekodišišong
ye di sepedišitšwe ka go dikaonafatšo tše di fapanego tša monontšha gomme dikgetho di
dirilwe ka go Sehlongwa sa Dibjalo tša Dithoro ka Potchefstroom, ka Afrika Borwa. Dithoro
tša leotša la pearl di šomišitšwe bjalo ka mothopo wa enetši go matswiana a nama a Ross 308
mo matšatšing a 42 fao go dirilwego dinyakišišo ka ga dipalopalo tša go gola ga dikgogo.
Dipoelo di laeditše gore leotša la pearl le ka tsenywa ka dijong tša dikgogo tša nama, go
tšeela legato lefela, ka ntle le go ama gampe go gola ga dikgogo. Godimo ga fao, lebaka la tša
ekonomi la go tšeela lefela legato ka leotša la pearl le nyakišišitšwe. Theko ya dithoro e
hweditšwe gomme theko ka boima bjo itšego le yona e hweditšwe. Dipoelo di laeditše gore ka nnete go tloga go kwagalago kudu go tša ekonomi go tšeela lefela legato ka leotša la pearl.
Mošomo wa tekanelo wa wo o loketšego bokaone motswako wa tlhokomelo ya godimo
mabapi le mahlakore a kgodišo ya dikgogo a go swana le boima bja mmele, go nona, rešio ya
go fetošetša dijo le ditho tša ka gare le ona o lekodišišitšwe. Ka go Kgaolo ya 7, dinyakišišo
di hlalošitšwe ka kakaretšo gore go fihlelelwe sephetho ka ga ditekodišišo tšeo di dirilwego.
Ditšhišinyo ka kakaretšo le tšona di filwe mabapi le dikagare tša mehutahuta tša leotša le
dikholego tša ona go tša maphelo go bobedi batho le diphoofolo / College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences / D. Phil. Agr. (Animal Science)
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:netd.ac.za/oai:union.ndltd.org:unisa/oai:uir.unisa.ac.za:10500/27461 |
| Date | 05 1900 |
| Creators | Hassan, Zahra Mohammed |
| Contributors | Mabelebele, M. |
| Source Sets | South African National ETD Portal |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Thesis |
| Format | 1 online resource (xxi, 178 leaves), application/pdf |
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