由於台灣近年來生育率有逐年下滑的趨勢，形成少子化的現象，少子化代表著未來人口可能逐漸變少，對於社會結構、經濟發展等各方面都產生重大的影響，因此此一課題值得深究。
本研究以文獻分析及深度訪談法來進行，首先利用文獻資料來分析影響生育意願的相關原因，包括人口結構變遷對總體經濟的影響、生育行為的相關理論、現實經濟的因素、婦女勞動參與等，並歸納整理後作為深度訪談的基礎。深度訪問以大台北地區12位已婚婦女為對象，藉由深入訪談來了解箇中原因，歸結出台灣目前超低生育率的原因所在。
本研究結果發現，目前婦女生育意願低落的原因，主要是第一：傳統養兒防老的觀念式微，女性生育自主意識的崛起；第二：受教育延長、晚婚是催化高齡少子的趨勢之一；第三：現實經濟的考量下，加上養兒不易，導致多數家庭因此將生小孩的數量轉往養育的品質；第四：家庭分工的不平均也是降低婦女生育的意願的重要原因之一；最後現階段的托育政策與制度的不完善，加上生育補助有限，誘因不足之下，因而無法提高婦女的生育意願。
依據研究發現本研究建議(一)強化家庭功能，以增加婦女的社會支援；(二)提高育兒補助並視嬰幼兒為未來國家的資產，以減緩少子化的趨勢；(三)政府應以人口優質及避免人口短缺的方向努力；(四)政府應積極擬訂鼓勵男性參與育兒及家務政策，並將養育責任，由兩性來共同承擔，以達到美滿家庭的目標；(五)加強改善婦女的經濟地位，鼓勵並積極輔導婦女就業及強化專業職能的訓練，不致因婚育而影響其勞動參與，以提高其生育意願；(六)政府應正視目前超低生育率的現象，設立專責機構並參考國外(如日本或法國)生育政策及托育制度，以提高國內生育率。
關鍵字：少子化、超低生育率、生育行為、生育意願 / In Taiwan, the rate of fertility has been continually in decline in recently year, which is called ‘the phenomenon of declining birth rate.’ It signifies a less future population and impacts on every aspects of our social structure and economic development. This, it is worthy of probing.
This research is conducted with the method of literature review and in-depth interviews.It first analyzes via literature review those factors influencing the will of bearing children, such as the impact of the structural change of population on the macro economy, the theory of fertility behavior, considerations of livelihood, and the women participation in labor, etc. All those factors are inducted and sorted as the basis of in-depth interview. Then, the in-depth interview is conducted on 12 married women, penetrating on the cause of extremely low fertility rate in Taiwan.
This research finds the reasons to cause the low rate of fertility are as below: First, the traditional idea is decline currently to have children caring the agedness. Meanwhile, the females are learning the independent consciousness to decide how many children they want in life. The second: high grade education & late marriage is one of the trends of declining birth rate with elder females. The third: taking consideration into the family’s economy as well as hard teaching on child, most families turn to focus on life quality instead of having kid's amount. The fourth: the heavy loading of housework on females is also the reason to reduce the will of bearing children. Finally, not only the current child care policy/system but also the limited subsidization by the government is not perfect to meet the family’s requirements; which are unable to promote the will of bearing children.
Based on such research findings, I come up with six policy recommendations as follows to encourage our country’s bearing rate：(一) to enhance family function according to the research, with increment women of social support；(二) look after the kids as the country’s property to promote the subsidization of bearing children to reduce the declining birth rate；(三) government should forward to superior quality population, and to avoid the population runs short；(四) the government should actively draw up some bearing plans to encourage male’s participation (sharing evenly) on child care, housework & teaching responsibility in family; which is aimed to build a sweet home for couples；(五) to improve the female’s economic position. And, to encourage/guide women to work with complete working training for proper job arrangement, which will encourage their will of bearing children when woman gets independent incomes；(六) the government should notice the serious declining birth rate currently – i.e. not only to establish some responsible organizations, but also to refer successful growing policy and child care system from other countries (such as Japan, France) in order to raise the fertility rate in Taiwan..
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:CHENGCHI/G0095921017 |
| Creators | 林梅君, Lin, mei chun |
| Publisher | 國立政治大學 |
| Source Sets | National Chengchi University Libraries |
| Language | 中文 |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | text |
| Rights | Copyright © nccu library on behalf of the copyright holders |
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