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Previous issue date: 2015-02-23 / As Savanas amaz?nicas ocorrem em manchas disjuntas por extensas ?reas de floresta nos
Estados do Amap?, Amazonas, Par? e Roraima. Para essas ?reas ? reconhecida varia??o
consider?vel na composi??o de esp?cies da anurofauna entre as localidades e as
fitofisionomias das Savanas amaz?nicas; no entanto, em fun??o da car?ncia de estudos
ecol?gicos, especialmente sobre comportamento reprodutivo, uma amostragem
sistem?tica, especificamente na Savana amapaense, ? relevante na Amaz?nia Oriental.
Nessa perspectiva, foi estudada uma ?rea de Savana no Estado do Amap? quanto ?
composi??o, ecologia e comportamento reprodutivo de anf?bios anuros. Para as
amostragens dos anuros, foram realizadas 24 excurs?es para observac?es e/ou coletas, de
janeiro de 2009 a dezembro de 2010 em cada fitofisionomia (Savana gram?neo-lenhosa,
Savana gram?neo-lenhosa arbustiva, Savana parque e Savana arb?rea); para as an?lises
do comportamento reprodutivo foram feitas observa??es durante o per?odo de janeiro a
dezembro de 2013, com dura??o de quatro dias consecutivos. As amostragens foram
realizadas atrav?s de busca ativa e auditiva ao longo de 20 parcelas de 100x50 metros.
Foram registradas 21 esp?cies de anuros, incluindo quatro novos registros de ocorr?ncia
para o Estado do Amap?: Dendropsophus walfordi, Scinax fuscomarginatus,
Pseudopaludicola boliviana e Elachistocleis helianneae. A an?lise de vari?ncia de
Kruskal-Wallis revelou diferen?as significativas quanto a riqueza e a diversidade de
esp?cies entre as fitofisionomias (p < 0.05). A an?lise de similaridade de Bray Curtis
reconheceu as fitofisionomias em tr?s grupos: Savana arb?rea, Savana gram?neo lenhosa
e gram?neo lenhosa arbustiva, e Savana parque. Atrav?s do Ordenamento por
escalonamento n?o-m?trico multidimensional, a comunidade de anuros resultou em
agrupamentos distintos nas tr?s fitofisionomias amostradas, com diferen?as significativas
(ANOSIM, R = 0.823; p < 0.001), indicando diferen?a na composi??o de esp?cies. No
estudo de ecologia de comunidades, os valores obtidos para largura dos nichos espacial,
temporal e tr?fico sugerem que as esp?cies de anuros da Savana amapaense ? composta
predominantemente por esp?cies generalistas. As an?lises de modelos nulos indicaram a
ocorr?ncia de estrutura??o na comunidade quanto aos nichos temporal e tr?fico,
indicando influ?ncia significativa de fatores ecol?gicos contempor?neos nesse processo.
A aus?ncia de estrutura quanto ao nicho espacial pode ser explicada pela segrega??o
espacial na distribui??o e ocupa??o dos anuros nas diferentes fitofisionomias da Savana
amapaense, resultante de especializa??es. As estrat?gias reprodutivas, 11 esp?cies de
anuros foram classificadas com padr?o de reprodu??o prolongado, intrinsecamente ligado
ao per?odo chuvoso e ao modo reprodutivo da maioria das esp?cies, que apresentaram
desova em corpos d??gua l?nticos. Foram registrados seis modos reprodutivos, com
cuidado parental para as esp?cies Leptodactylus macrosternum e L. podicipinus, que
apresentaram modos reprodutivos caracterizados pelas desovas em ninhos de espuma.
Quanto ?s estrat?gias reprodutivas comportamentais, a estrat?gia do macho vocalizador
foi constatada em todas as esp?cies de anuros; a estrat?gia do macho sat?lite foi registrada
apenas para as esp?cies D. walfordi, Hypsiboas multifasciatus, S. nebulosus e S.
fuscomarginatus; a procura ativa por f?meas foi registrada para as esp?cies Phyllomedusa
hypochondrialis e L. fuscus e, a estrat?gia de macho deslocador ocorreu apenas em
Rhinella major e R. margaritifera. Dos comportamentos reprodutivos registrados, a
exibi??o da regi?o gular e do saco vocal est? relacionado ao comportamento de corte e
territorialidade exibido pelos machos. Al?m dos comportamentos de corte, sinais visuais
associados foram registrados para os anuros da Savana amapaense. / The Amazon savannas occur as isolated patches throughout extensive areas of forest in
the states of Amap?, Amazonas, Par?, and Roraima. There is a considerable variation in
the composition of anuran assemblages in the localities and phytophysiognomies of
Amazon savannas and given the absence of studies on reproductive behavior, a systematic
and geographically wide sampling has been carried out in the Amap? savanna, located in
the Eastern Amazon. The study was conducted in a savanna area in the state of Amap? to
examine the composition, ecology, and reproductive behavior of anuran amphibians. We
carried out 24 field trips in each phytophysiognomy (gramineous-woody savana,
gramineous-herbaceous-woody savana, park savana, and arboreal savanna); for analysis
of reproductive behavior observations were made during the period January to December
2013, lasting four consecutive days. Samples were collected by active and acoustic search
along 20 plots of 100x50 meters. Twenty-one anuran species were recorded, of which
four are new records for the state of Amap?: Dendropsophus walfordi, Scinax
fuscomarginatus, Pseudopaludicola boliviana e Elachistocleis helianneae. The KruskalWallis
ANOVA revealed significant differences between richness and species diversity
in the phytophysiognomies (p < 0.05). The Bray-Curtis similarity coefficient divided the
phytophysiognomies into three groups: arboreal savana, gramineous-woody savanna and
gramineous-herbaceous-woody savanna, and park savanna. According to the non-metric
multidimensional scaling, the structure of the anuran community resulted in a separation
into three phytophysiognomies, with significant differences in the structure of
communities (ANOSIM, R = 0.823; p < 0.001). In the study of community ecology, the
results obtained for spatial, temporal, and trophic niche breadth suggest that the
assemblage of anurans of the Amap? savanna is not composed of predominantly
generalist species. Also, the presence of other specialist anurans may explain the
processes of speciation associated with the isolation of habitats, resulting in heterogeneity
and spatial discontinuity in the phytophysiognomies with open formations. The null
model analysis revealed that the community is structured based on temporal and trophic
niche, indicating a significant influence of contemporary ecological factors on the
assemblage. The absence of structure based on spatial niche might be explained by the
spatial segregation in the distribution and occupation of anurans in the different
phytophysiognomies of the Amap? savanna. Regarding the reproductive behavior of
anurans, 11 species were classified as having a long breeding season, intrinsically
associated with the rainy season and the reproductive mode of most species that lay egg
clutches in lentic water bodies. Six reproductive modes were recorded and parental care
was observed in Leptodactylus macrosternum and L. podicipinus, whose reproductive
mode is characterized by foam nests. Regarding behavioral reproductive strategies,
calling males were observed in all species of anurans, satellite males were recorded only
for D. walfordi, Hypsiboas multifasciatus, S. nebulosus and S. fuscomarginatus; active
search for females was observed for Phyllomedusa hypochondrialis and L. fuscus, and
male displacement was recorded only for Rhinella major and R. margaritifera. Of the
reproductive behaviors observed, throat and vocal sac display is associated with courtship
and territorial behavior exhibited by males. In addition to courtship behavior, visual
signals associated with courtship strategies were recorded for the anurans of the Amap?
savanna.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:IBICT/oai:repositorio.ufrn.br:123456789/19761 |
| Date | 23 February 2015 |
| Creators | Campos, Carlos Eduardo Costa de |
| Contributors | 10843175400, http://lattes.cnpq.br/6388455734228621, Andrade, Gilda Vasconcellos de, 10094025878, http://lattes.cnpq.br/1762004877075277, Kokubum, Marcelo Nogueira de Carvalho, 11987183827, http://lattes.cnpq.br/9270047973673602, Miranda, Maria de F?tima Arruda de, 09453997404, http://lattes.cnpq.br/4654421846443562, Hattori, Wallisen Tadashi, 02678159990, http://lattes.cnpq.br/9220912064138283, Freire, Eliza Maria Xavier |
| Publisher | Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, PROGRAMA DE P?S-GRADUA??O EM PSICOBIOLOGIA, UFRN, Brasil |
| Source Sets | IBICT Brazilian ETDs |
| Language | Portuguese |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion, info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis |
| Source | reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFRN, instname:Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, instacron:UFRN |
| Rights | info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
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