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Economic utilization of biomass as a fuel has been limited by transportation cost. One suggested remedy to address the problems of processing biomass on a large scale is to pyrolyze solid biomass at numerous local sites and transport the resulting liquid or liquid/char slurry to a large centralized conversion plant. This research involves the gasification of biomass fast pyrolysis oil, so called bio-oil, and a slurry mixture of bio-oil and fast pyrolysis char into synthesis gas. Kinetics of the reaction of steam with chars was studied using a thermo-gravimetric analyzer. Slurry Char was produced by pyrolysis of an 80 wt% bio-oil/20 wt% char mixture at nominal heating rates of 100–10,000°C/s. The resulting Slurry Char was subjected to steam gasification with 10–50 mol% steam at 800–1200°C. Reactivity of the Slurry Chars increased with the pyrolysis heating rate, but was lower than that of Original Chars. Kinetic parameters were established for a power-law rate model. Some measurements were initially done of gasification in CO₂. A fluidized bed reactor, equipped with an atomization system, was constructed for gasification of bio-oil and slurry. The reactor contained either sand, or Ni-based catalyst. Experiments included gasification with pure steam and air. Effects of bed temperatures in the range 720–850°C, steam-to-carbon molar ratios of 2.0–7.5, and air ratios of 0–0.5 on gas composition and yields were tested. The carbon conversion of bio-oil to gas was found to be greater than that of slurry. The product gas composition was affected significantly by catalysis of the water-gas shift and the steam gasification. Greater yields of hydrogen and lesser yields of CO and hydrocarbons were found when catalyst was used. On a dry, inert-free basis, gases of up to 61% H₂ were obtained. The data were compared with a thermodynamic equilibrium model. The product gas yield was reasonably predictable by the model. A mass and energy balance model of steam gasification in a dual-bed gasifier-combustor revealed that energy requirements are sensitive to the steam/carbon ratio and to the recovery of latent heat in the produced gas.

Economic utilization of biomass as a fuel has been limited by transportation cost. One suggested remedy to address the problems of processing biomass on a large scale is to pyrolyze solid biomass at numerous local sites and transport the resulting liquid or liquid/char slurry to a large centralized conversion plant. This research involves the gasification of biomass fast pyrolysis oil, so called bio-oil, and a slurry mixture of bio-oil and fast pyrolysis char into synthesis gas. Kinetics of the reaction of steam with chars was studied using a thermo-gravimetric analyzer. Slurry Char was produced by pyrolysis of an 80 wt% bio-oil/20 wt% char mixture at nominal heating rates of 100–10,000°C/s. The resulting Slurry Char was subjected to steam gasification with 10–50 mol% steam at 800–1200°C. Reactivity of the Slurry Chars increased with the pyrolysis heating rate, but was lower than that of Original Chars. Kinetic parameters were established for a power-law rate model. Some measurements were initially done of gasification in CO₂. A fluidized bed reactor, equipped with an atomization system, was constructed for gasification of bio-oil and slurry. The reactor contained either sand, or Ni-based catalyst. Experiments included gasification with pure steam and air. Effects of bed temperatures in the range 720–850°C, steam-to-carbon molar ratios of 2.0–7.5, and air ratios of 0–0.5 on gas composition and yields were tested. The carbon conversion of bio-oil to gas was found to be greater than that of slurry. The product gas composition was affected significantly by catalysis of the water-gas shift and the steam gasification. Greater yields of hydrogen and lesser yields of CO and hydrocarbons were found when catalyst was used. On a dry, inert-free basis, gases of up to 61% H₂ were obtained. The data were compared with a thermodynamic equilibrium model. The product gas yield was reasonably predictable by the model. A mass and energy balance model of steam gasification in a dual-bed gasifier-combustor revealed that energy requirements are sensitive to the steam/carbon ratio and to the recovery of latent heat in the produced gas.

In my theoretical graduate work called AUTO-BIO-GRAF I sketch some impulses from which later becomes the autobiographical publication and I describe in which appearences we can see the autobiographical components in a movie.

Bio art is a contemporary art practice that works with living organisms (except humans) or is created in cooperation with living organisms. It is relatively new art movement that is rooted deeply inside the history of evolution, domestication of animals and plants, technological discoveries, their development and science. Never before was art questioning its ethics and aesthetics in such profound, molecular and sub-molecular way. In this work I will consider the historical influences and conditions that led to current developments in the field. I will also try to explain the problematics of defining what bio art is and try to clarify the associated terminology. Most relevant and ground breaking works in the field will be mentioned as some new recent developments. Aesthetics of bio art is also an important subject often set aside by the ado around ethics of it. It is an extremely important subject to be considered when talking about bio art and I will try to sketch out a brief outline of it with references to philosophy and contemporary bio art theory.

Economic utilization of biomass as a fuel has been limited by transportation cost. One suggested remedy to address the problems of processing biomass on a large scale is to pyrolyze solid biomass at numerous local sites and transport the resulting liquid or liquid/char slurry to a large centralized conversion plant. This research involves the gasification of biomass fast pyrolysis oil, so called bio-oil, and a slurry mixture of bio-oil and fast pyrolysis char into synthesis gas. Kinetics of the reaction of steam with chars was studied using a thermo-gravimetric analyzer. Slurry Char was produced by pyrolysis of an 80 wt% bio-oil/20 wt% char mixture at nominal heating rates of 100–10,000°C/s. The resulting Slurry Char was subjected to steam gasification with 10–50 mol% steam at 800–1200°C. Reactivity of the Slurry Chars increased with the pyrolysis heating rate, but was lower than that of Original Chars. Kinetic parameters were established for a power-law rate model. Some measurements were initially done of gasification in CO₂. A fluidized bed reactor, equipped with an atomization system, was constructed for gasification of bio-oil and slurry. The reactor contained either sand, or Ni-based catalyst. Experiments included gasification with pure steam and air. Effects of bed temperatures in the range 720–850°C, steam-to-carbon molar ratios of 2.0–7.5, and air ratios of 0–0.5 on gas composition and yields were tested. The carbon conversion of bio-oil to gas was found to be greater than that of slurry. The product gas composition was affected significantly by catalysis of the water-gas shift and the steam gasification. Greater yields of hydrogen and lesser yields of CO and hydrocarbons were found when catalyst was used. On a dry, inert-free basis, gases of up to 61% H₂ were obtained. The data were compared with a thermodynamic equilibrium model. The product gas yield was reasonably predictable by the model. A mass and energy balance model of steam gasification in a dual-bed gasifier-combustor revealed that energy requirements are sensitive to the steam/carbon ratio and to the recovery of latent heat in the produced gas. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of / Graduate

Light(i.e., an optical signal) in its physical nature is an electromagnetic wave at a very high frequency and with a very small wavelength capable of interacting with micro and nano-scale structures. Leveraging these properties of optical signals at the nano-scale, we can design nano-systems for actuation and sensing that could enable the next generation of human-machine interfaces, medical treatment procedures, or the next generation of sensing technologies. In this dissertation, we have connected these technological advances in optical communication and merged them with the state of art bio-actuation technologies such as optogenetics and optogenomics and state-of-the-art nano-sensing technologies such as plasmonic sensing. We achieve this by leveraging the advances made in nanotechnology and nano-communication over the last decade and utilizing the material properties at nano-scale high-frequency designs. First, we present the design, analysis, and experimental results of such systems to support optogenetic excitation at cellular level resolution along with the optogenomic excitation. Then, we present the communication channel models for communications to the plasmonic sensing implants using optical frequencies with strategies to overcome the channel losses. In addition, we present the design and architecture of the optical beam forming system to dynamically steer optical signals that can target the sensing and actuation applications and enable precise control at excitation, reflection, and reception of optical signals. In the end, we present a novel concept of joint sensing and communication using plasmonic nano-antennas, along with a detailed analysis of excitation waveform, detection methods, and communication performance. --Author's abstract

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第11646号 / 農博第1502号 / 新制||農||910(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H17||N4039(農学部図書室) / 23289 / UT51-2005-D395 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻 / (主査)教授 矢野 浩之, 教授 川井 秀一, 教授 今村 祐嗣 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

Este estudio reconoce una problemática que responde principalmente a una reconversión laboral y energética, a partir de la reutilización de un desecho industrial maderero, existente en la zona de emplazamiento del proyecto, siendo atingente, en distintas medidas, a nivel mundial, nacional, regional y local. Finalmente, este proyecto se propone como una alternativa, la cual promueve la generación de empleo a partir de responder a problemáticas que se presentan a distintas escalas de influencia. Por otro lado, potenciar la innovación mediante el uso de tecnologías, las cuales permiten aprovechar de mejor forma nuestros recursos naturales permitiendo reestablecer en laguna medida el equilibrio necesario que debemos restaurar como sociedad entre el medio construido y el natural.

Memoria para optar al título profesional de: Ingeniera Agrónoma / El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar mediante un fraccionamiento químico secuencial el P inorgánico (Pi) de un suelo enterrado, y relacionar las concentraciones de P de las distintas fracciones con el posible uso pasado del sitio. La primera extracción del fraccionamiento secuencial se realizó con bicarbonato de sodio (NaHCO3, pH 8,5 y 0,5 M), seguido de una segunda extracción con hidróxido de sodio (NaOH 0,1 M), y por último de una tercera extracción con ácido clorhídrico (HCl 1 M). Además, se utilizaron otros dos procedimientos de extracción de P del suelo, con el fin de determinar la precisión de la extracción química secuencial: P disponible (método Olsen) y P total (Pt, con H2SO4). Se recolectaron 32 muestras desde el suelo enterrado, el cual se encuentra bajo una edificación funeraria de suelo. Ésta edificación es considerada como sitio arqueológico perteneciente al pueblo Mapuche, la cual se encuentra ubicada en Isla Mocha (Océano pacífico, Región del Biobío, Chile). La edificación funeraria está constituida por una plataforma de suelo de 400 m de largo y 200 m de ancho, sobre ésta se construyeron dos pequeños montículos con aproximadamente las siguientes dimensiones: 5 m de ancho, 11 m de largo y 3 m de altura. Los resultados muestran que la extracción realizada con HCl entregó los valores más altos de Pi en el procedimiento secuencial, lo que indica que, posiblemente, y especialmente en las / The goal of this study was to determine by means of a sequential chemical fractionation procedure the inorganic phosphorus (Pi) of a buried soil and to relate the concentrations of different P fractions with the possible past use of the site. The first step in the chemical fractionation Pi was extracted by sodium bicarbonate (pH 8.5 and 0.5 M), followed by a second extraction with sodium hydroxide (0.1M), and finally hydrochloric acid (HCl, 1M) was utilized. On the other hand, two other extraction procedures were used in order to determine the sequential chemical extraction accuracy: available P (Olsen method) and total P (Pt, with H2SO4). A total of 32 samples were collected from a buried soil, below a funeral building. This ritual structure (probably a cemetery) is considered an archeological place, belonging to the Mapuche people, which is located in Mocha Island (Pacific Ocean, Bio Bio Region of, Chile).This ritual structure is constituted by a soil platform of 400 m long and 200 m wide, where two small mounds were constructed with approximately the following dimensions: 5 m wide, 11 m long and 3 m high. The results show that HCl extraction gave the highest Pi values within the sequential procedure, which indicates that possibly and especially in areas around the small mounds, this buried soil was used as a ritual place.