The purpose of this thesis is to examine the impact of British political thought in China and India. It concerns the life and work of three of the most important nationalist leaders: Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925) in China and Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948) and Jawaharlal Nehru (1889-1964) in India. The analysis connects the British aspects of their life and work, which are neither fully understood nor sufficiently appreciated, with their political thought. The first section surveys the existing primary and secondary literature, focusing on the life and work of Sun, Gandhi and Nehru, and outlines the relevant strands of British political thought. The following sections contain an analysis of the political thought of Sun, Gandhi and Nehru within the framework established in the first section, under the headings of nationalism, democracy and socialism. This thesis reveals a distinctive and profound collection of influences which further the understanding of Sun, Gandhi and Nehru's political thought and constitute an important consideration in assessing the cogency of that thought. Although some profound differences existed between India and China, and between Sun, Gandhi and Nehru, it is evident that there were a number of similarities in the impact of British political thought. Britain provided a rich heritage of political thought and wealth of experience regarding its implementation in practice from which Sun, Gandhi and Nehru could draw in constructing their own political thought. The sophisticated and measured incorporation of British influences tends to support a more positive assessment of Sun, Gandhi and Nehru, not only as nationalist leaders but also as political thinkers.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Toronto, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 129-138).

Thesis (B.A.(Hons))--University of Adelaide, Dept. of History, 1991. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 52-54).

Background Malnutrition is a major risk factor of infant mortality in India. Policies targeting poverty and food insecurity may reduce infant malnutrition. The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), a wage-for employment policy of the Indian Government, targets deprivation and food insecurity in rural households. MGNREGA could prevent infant malnutrition by improving household food security or increase the risk of malnutrition by reducing the time devoted to infant care if mothers are employed. This study analyzed the effect and the pathways of effect of households' and mothers' participation in MGNREGA on infant malnutrition. Methods A community based mixed methods study using cross-sectional survey and focus group discussions (FGDs) was conducted in Dungarpur district of Rajasthan, India. Cross-sectional study included 528 households with 1,056 participants who were infants 1 to <12 months and their mothers/caregivers. Selected households were divided into MGNREGA-households and non-MGNREGA-households based on participation in MGNREGA between August-2010 and September-20ll. Anthropometric indicators of infant malnutrition-underweight, stunting, and wasting (WHO criteria) were the outcomes. Eleven FGDs with 62 mothers were conducted. Results Of 528 households, 281 participated in MGNREGA (53%). Mothers were employed in 51 (18%) households. Prevalence of wasting was 39%, stunting 24%, and underweight 50%. Households participating in MGNREGA were less likely to have wasted infants (OR 0' 57, 95% Cl 0•37-0'89; p=O'014) and underweight infants (OR 0'48,95% Cl 0•30-0'76; p=0'002) than non-participating households. Stunting did not differ significantly between groups. Although MGNREGA reduced starvation, it did not confer food security to the participating households because of lower than standard wages and delayed payments. Results from path analysis did not support an effect through household food security and infant feeding, but suggested a pathway of effect through birth-weight. Mothers' employment had no significant effect on the outcomes in the cross-sectional study, but the qualitative study indicated that it could compromise infant feeding and care. Conclusion Participation in MGNREGA was associated with reduced infant malnutrition possibly mediated indirectly via improved birth-weight rather than improved infant feeding. Providing child care facilities at worksites could mitigate the negative effects of mother's participation in MGNREGA. Further, improving mothers' knowledge of appropriate feeding practices in conjunction with providing employment (to address deprivation and food insecurity) is key in the efforts to reduce infant malnutrition.

This thesis questions the use and relevance of two dissident educators of the twentieth century in their respective educational institutions today: Tsunesaburo Makiguchi (1871- 1944) in Japan and Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1948) in India. Makiguchi's ideas are studied with an emphasis on the documents of the Soka Schools in Tokyo and Gandhi's ideas are analysed through concentrating on the documents of the Ikeda Centre for Value Creation (ICVC) in South India. This thesis argues that both Makiguchi and Gandhi have generated significant socio-political changes both at home and abroad. Although, within education there is a tendency for their ideas to be interpreted according to the philosophy and life-style of the institutions in which their ideas are invoked. This thesis also points out that instead of a literal adoption of their ideas there needs to be an engagement with their strategies, beliefs, and behaviours as citizens of their respective countries. This thesis consists of eight chapters. Chapter one offers the analytical framework of this thesis. Chapters two to four place both thinkers historically and study the conceptual foundations of their values. Chapter five engages with the changing values of present day Japan and India. Within these changes, chapters six and seven investigate the use and influence of Makiguchi's and Gandhi's ideas in their respective educational institutions and national contexts. Chapter eight ends with suggestions for future research.

No description available.

Submitted in compliance with the requirements for Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Quality, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2017. / Quality has emerged as a necessity in education as we are faced with increasing competition and a demand for better quality of life. There is an enormous gap in South Africa’s education system; 60% of South Africa’s children do not reach the final matriculation school year. Many Grade 12 learners, despite being taught Mathematics, remain effectively mathematically illiterates. The ability to provide quality education is more than ever essential and there is at present a consensus for fundamental reforms in our education sector, with emphasis on Quality. The result of quality education is not only about achieving academic excellence but the total development of the learner. If education does not cater for the future needs and challenges of the new millennium then it is ineffective for the new generation. Low scores in Mathematics are a major concern as learners are not able to meet the challenges in secondary schools to pursue careers in Mathematics. South Africa was placed last out of 41 countries worldwide in terms of Mathematics performance in the Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS). The World Economic Forum has placed South Africa last amongst 62 countries on the quality of Mathematics and Science Education in their annual report in 2012. Apartheid in South Africa was a complex period that paved the way for the new education dispensation. A paradigm shift was thus imperative and challenging to a democratic South Africa. It is more than two decades into the 21st century and into a democratic South Africa. The effects of apartheid are visible in many areas, more so in education. This study is underpinned by the transformation agenda attached to curriculum policy reform in South Africa. There is an interface in respect of policy construction and Skills, knowledge, attitudes and values (SKAV) constitution from the Department of Education to primary and to secondary schools. The implementation of various curriculum reforms led to a decline in the pass rate of learners in the National Senior Certificate examinations and in the Annual National Assessment. Some of the serious problems articulated by teachers were inadequate subject training in Mathematics, lack of communication, job dissatisfaction and the demanding administrative workload. It is envisaged that the findings of this study will make recommendations for SKAV development in teaching and learning of Mathematics in primary and secondary schools. In this regard, a model to improve quality in Mathematics education was proposed. The ability of education to meet the needs of the future both at individual and societal level is one of the critical elements of quality education. / D

India’s National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS) is a unique initiative in the history of state sponsored social security interventions, which guarantees at least 100 days of employment on local public works to anyone who demands for it. NREGS is in operation since 2006. This is world’s largest public-works programme ever, covering around 45 million households every year. Launching of the NREGS indicates a renewal of importance of public-works programme in the global South during the last decade. After 9 years of its continued implementation, there seems to be a dearth of systematic and scientific studies based on grassroots primary survey on how this programme is being implemented and why there is a renewed interest around this programme among the academics and development practitioners across the world. This thesis therefore seeks to understand i) what impacts NREGS created at the household level and ii) the political economy behind its implementation. This thesis comprises of three essays or chapters. Chapter1 and Chapter 3 are based on a threewave household-level longitudinal primary dataset and Chapter 2 is based on a threewave village-level longitudinal primary dataset. All the surveys were conducted between the period 2009 and 2012 in West Bengal state of India. First core chapter of this thesis addresses the research question: what are the impacts of the NREGS participation on household level economic variables and whether participation in NREGS can work as a proxy for collateral in accessing the informal credit for consumption smoothing? Second core chapter addresses the research question: whether the Village Council level ruling political party preferentially allocates the NREGS fund to optimise its chances re-election. Third core chapter addresses the research question: whether there is any non-poor capture of NREGS and whether households’ explicit political affiliation with the ruling party matters in obtaining any extra dividend under NREGS.

100 years ago, two men set an example to the world by embarking on a radical experiment in living. Viewed as political and social rebels in a time of racial injustice in Johannesburg, they were armed only with their hands for building, and a deep sense of their own unconventional ideology. Herman Kallenbach, my uncle, who was a German born architect, and his friend Mohandas K Gandhi, a relatively unknown Indian lawyer, conceived of a utopian environment separated from the city, as a training centre for ‘non- violent passive resistors’ and a hideout and safe haven for the families of imprisoned, political non- co- operators. Their memory still exists physically on the site, in the form of one remaining stone plinth structure, which was the foundation of one of various buildings erected by the community. Gandhi attributes the formulation of his most influencial and internationally respected ideas to the processes and thinking which he and other members underwent on ‘Tolstoy Farm’- named by Kallenbach in honour of Russian writer and anti- consumerist revolutionary of the time- Count Leo Tolstoy. On the farm, “Tolstoyan” principles were fused with the “Gandhian” philosophy of passive resistance- and Satyagraha: ‘the way of truth’. This resulted in a rich and revolutionary prototype for living, inspired by similar establishments which were initiated in Russia, and based on a passion for Tolstoy’s approach to basic living- devoid of the superfluous luxuries which he felt poisoned society’s upper classes, robbing them of all moral value. Instead, a humble life lived in harmony with one’s neighbours, and with compassion for one’s oppressors, in close communion with nature, was preferred in reaching the ultimate goal of “Truth”. The landscape which hosted this experiment appears empty today, because its current value resides below its vast, grassy surface, in the rocks and soil buried below. Located just outside of Lenasia, Johannesburg, it is owned by Corobrik, whose interests lie in the site’s mineral and clay- rich soil, used in the manufacture of bricks and ceramic products. This thesis explores opportunities for connecting architectural design to the vast array of concepts which emerged out of the narrative of events which took place on Tolstoy Farm. Conceptually similar to the Tolstoy Farm experiment, this intervention aims to merge seemingly unrelated ideas in an unconventional and unprecedented way, ultimately resulting in a fusion of concepts, and a new, ‘hybrid’ architectural type. In doing so, it draws on existing types, such as the monastery, the educational environment, the communal living environment, and the museum- merging them to feed off of and compliment each other. This allows for cross- programming and user- mixing- stretching its possibilities socially and programmatically, but also spatially. To rekindle the spirit of a one hundred year old story, the project proposes a sensitive re- interpretation of its narrative, in light of a response which is appropriate for the Twenty First Century, to fuse the past into a contemporary dialogue with the present

Rather than separating moral and political virtue through reason of state, the Pax Romana presents a sophisticated moral-political vision of the interrelationships between cosmology, memory, founding, violence, and freedom. Nevertheless, its complex integrative vision is also perilous to humanity, demanding a morality of forbearing the adverse consequences of endless cycles of political violence. Pax Gandhiana presents an alternative integrative vision engaging many of the same concerns as the Romans, such as cosmos, ubiquitous violence, and freedom. By contrast, however, its political vision demands forbearing the adverse consequences of repudiating as opposed to embracing the ubiquity of violence in the cosmos. Hence, Pax Romana and Pax Gandhiana rest on closely related but ultimately very different political visions. Consistent with Gandhi, my objective in this article is to show how the Romans provide us with an object lesson in why we should repudiate such violence, as guaranteeing our downfall into misery, chaos, and even madness.