M.S.

Given the prime power factorization of a positive integer m, a method for calculating the number of all distinct n x n - involutory matrices (mod m) is derived. This is done by first developing a method for the construction and enumeration of involutory matrices (mod P^α), without duplication, for each prime power modulus P^α. Using these results, formulas for the number of distinct involutory matrices (mod P^α) of order n are given where p is an odd prime, p=2, α= 1 and α > 1. The concept of a fixed group associated with an involutory matrix (mod P^α) is used to characterize such matrices. Involutory matrices (mod P^α) of order n are considered as linear transformations on a vector space of n-tuples to provide uncomplicated proofs for the basic results concerning involutory matrices over a finite field. / Master of Science

The fundamental definitions of radiative transfer theory are given and the two-dimensional equation of transfer is derived, density of radiation is defined, and two-dimensional two-intensity transfer model is presented. An operational interpretation of the latter model is given interms of military truck transport supply and the functional dependencies of the terms in the transfer equations are evaluated. For this interpretation the density equations are given and the study state and time dependent solutions of the density equations are discussed in polar coordinates. This work was conducted for the U. S. Army Transportation Research Command, Fort Eustis, Virginia, 1961, Task 9R38-11-009-02. / Master of Science

Early in the thirteenth century, Leonardo de Pisa, or, Fibonacci, introduced his famous rabbit problem, which may be stated simply as follows: assume that rabbits reproduce at a rate such that one pair is born each month from each pair of adults not less than two months old. If one pair is present initially, and if none die, how many pairs will be present after one year? The solution to the problem gives rise to a sequence {U_n} known as the Classical Fibonacci Sequence. {U_n} is defined by the recurrence relation U_n = U_n-1 + U_n-2, n ≥ 2, U₀ = 0, U₁ = 1 Many properties of this sequence have been derived. A generalized sequence {F_n} can be obtained by retaining the law of recurrence and redefining the first two terms as F₁ = p', F₂ = p' + q' for arbitrary real numbers p' and q'. Moreover, by defining H₁ = p+iq, H₂ = r+is, p,q,r and s real, a complex sequence is determined. Hence, all the properties of the classical sequence can be extended to the complex case. By reducing the classical sequence by a modulus m, many properties of the repeating sequence that results can be derived. The Fibonacci sequence and associated golden ratio occur in communication theory, chemistry, and in nature. / Master of Science

Let R be a ring with an identity 1. Let A, B, and C be R-modules. The sequence A → [f above arrow] B→[g above arrow] C is exact providing f and g are R-homomorphisms and Im f =Ker g. Let 0 represent the R-module with precisely one element. An R-module J is injective if and only if for every exact sequence 0→A→ [f above arrow] B of R-modules and R-homomorphisms and every R-homomorphism g: A→J there exists an R-homomorphism h: B→J such that hf = g. This is a dual concept to that of a projective R-module. In the second chapter the idea of an injective R-module is studied quite intensively, and several different characterizations of injective · modules are proved. One of the principal results obtained is that every R-module is a submodule of an injective R-module. Further properties of injective R-modules are given in Chapter 3, including the concepts of injective dimension and an injective resolution of an R-module. Using these concepts the Shifting Theorem for injectives is proved. The basic definitions and results necessary for the development of the concept of injective for abstract categories are included in Chapter 4. An injective object is then defined in this general setting. Then the concept of an injective envelope is defined. The problems that arise, in the effort to restrict the category of topological groups to the appropriate subcategory so that the concept of an injective topological group is of interest, are investigated in Chapter 5. The development of the concept for one such restriction concludes this thesis. / Master of Science

Three different definitions for the determinant of a matrix over arbitrary lattices have been developed to determine which properties and relations were reminiscent of the determinant or permanent of elementary algebra. In each determinant there are properties concerning: the elements of the matrix in the expansion of its determinant; the determinant of a matrix and its transpose; a principle of duality for rows and columns; the interchange of rows and columns; the determinant of a matrix formed from another by a row or column meet of certain elements; and evaluations of certain special matrices. An expansion by row or column is given for one determinant and a lemma on inverses is proven in light of another. A preliminary section on Lattice Theory is also included. / Master of Science

This thesis is intended to be an introductory mathematical presentation of analog computation. An attempt was made to explain in concise mathematical language, how an electronic analog computer works, why it works, and the simplicity of its use. The components of the computer are considered as operational blocks, each block performing an indicated operation. Hence, the electrical knowledge presented is meager. The methods of solution and the corresponding computer solutions obtained for several types of mathematical problems are presented; such as, the determination of the characteristic vectors and characteristic values of a given matrix. In each case, a 15-amplifier Heath Kit analog computer model number ES-400 was used. Since this type of computer contains no devices for multiplying variable quantities, the only types of problems that could be considered were those that can be represented by a system of linear, ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients. However, similar techniques are applicable to the analogous non-linear systems and systems with variable coefficients, on a fully-equipped analog computer. / Master of Science

This thesis is concerned with the study of quadratic forms over fields of characteristic 2. First, we consider the extension of quadratic forms to fields of characteristic ≠ 2. Then we make the adjustments necessary to make the characteristic 2 case non-trivial, and investigate the structure of quadratic spaces. We define equivalence of quadratic forms and investigate a set of invariants. We develop a set of necessary and sufficient conditions for equivalence and give a characterization of non-equivalent forms over certain finite fields. / Master of Science

Master of Science

Topological groupoids with"approximate" inverses are studied. In the compact case, these"approximate" inverses turn out to be true inverses. Examples of groupoids wL:h"approximate" inverses are given in the section dealing with function spaces. Using the classical construction of Haar as a guide, we succeed in obtaining a (non-trivial) regular, right-invariant measure over a locally compact left group satisfying the conditions: a) open sets are preserved by left translation b) each group component is open. In the section dealing with integrals, we consider a compact metric topological semigroup that is right simple 3nd possesses a right contractive metric (ρ(xz,yz) ≤ ρ(x,y)). It is shown that such a structure always carries a non-trivial right-invariant integral. Throughout the entire development, associativity is invoked only once. The investigation concludes with a section dealing with sufficient conditions under which binary-topological systems become topological groups. A mob-group is defined to be a T_o-space which is also an algebraic group. A theorem in the last section states that a mob-group is a topological group iff given any open set W about the identity, W ∩ W⁻¹ has non-void interior. / Ph. D.