Phragmites australis (hereafter Phragmites) often forms dense monocultures, which displace native plant communities and alter ecosystem functions and services. Managers tasked with controlling this plant need science-backed guidance on how to control Phragmites and restore native plant communities. This study took a large-scale approach - to better match the scale of actual restoration efforts - to compare two herbicides (glyphosate vs. imazapyr) and application timings (summer vs. fall). Five treatments were applied to 1.2 ha plots for three consecutive years: 1) summer glyphosate; 2) summer imazapyr; 3) fall glyphosate; 4) fall imazapyr; and 5) untreated control. Dead Phragmites following herbicide treatments was mowed in the first two years. Efficacy of treatments and the response of native plant communities were monitored for three years. We report that fall herbicide applications were superior to summer applications. No difference was found between the two herbicides in their ability to reduce Phragmites cover. Plant communities switched from emergent to open water communities and were limited by Phragmites litter and water depth. Although, some plant communities showed a slow trajectory towards one of the reference sites, cover of important native emergent plants did not increase until year three and remained below 10%. These results suggest that fall is the best time to apply herbicides for effective large-scale control of Phragmites. Active restoration (e.g. seeding) may be needed to gain back important native plant communities. Methods to reduce Phragmites litter after herbicide applications should be considered.

Non-native invasive plant species can often have negative effects on native ecosystems, such as altered nutrient cycling, decreased habitat for wildlife, and outcompeting native plants. Around the Great Salt Lake (GSL), Utah, the invasive wetland grass Phragmites australis has become abundant in wetlands around the lake. Phragmites is replacing many native wetland plants provide important waterfowl habitat around the GSL. For successful management of Phragmites in GSL wetlands, it is important to know the current distribution of Phragmites, as well as areas that might be vulnerable to future invasion by Phragmites. To do this, we used multispectral aerial imagery to map the current distribution of Phragmites. We then created a model that statistically related the Phragmites distribution data to a suite of environmental predictor variables such as salinity, proximity to nutrient sources, or proximity to roads. Results from our model suggest that Phragmites is more likely to be found in wetland areas close to point sources of pollution, with lower elevations with prolonged inundation, and with moderate salinities. We used these results to identify areas around GSL that might be vulnerable to future invasion. Results from our study will assist wetlands managers in prioritizing areas for Phragmites monitoring and control by closely monitoring areas of prime Phragmites habitat.

In recent decades the emergence of marine polypropionate natural products as compounds of diverse structural complexity and intriguing biological activity has influenced the advancement of asymmetric synthesis and predicated detailed studies of marine ecology. The introductory chapter of this thesis explores the nature of marine natural products, including their structure, biological activity and biosynthesis. Additionally, a brief review of the aldol reaction is presented. This well established biomimetic chemical transformation underpins polyketide synthesis and was utilised extensively in the research contributing to this dissertation. Chapter Two describes the first asymmetric total synthesis of the two marine polypropionates isolated from specimens of Siphonaria australis by Hochlowski et al. in 1984. Spectroscopic analysis revealed hemiacetal 22 and ester 23 to be identical to the secondary metabolites extracted from the marine pulmonate. The synthetic approach to hemiacetal 22 utilised lactate derived ketone (S)-67 to control the configuration of the C7 and C8 stereocentres and involved the discovery of a mild protocol for the synthesis of trimethylsilyl enol ether 109, which was employed for a Mukaiyama aldol homologation reaction. Additionally, ester 23 was synthesised from hemiacetal 22 via a retro-Claisen fragmentation. The retro-Claisen approach utilised in the synthesis of ester 23 was extended in Chapter Three to serve as the pivotal transformation in an attempted total synthesis of the unusual marine polypropionate dolabriferol (30). The strategy toward dolabriferol (30) involved an iterative homologation of chiral ketone (S)-67 to install all but one of the requisite stereocentres in the natural product. Chemoselective deprotection of acyclic precursor 160 gave the elaborate 2,4,6-trioxaadamantane 167, whose participation as a protecting group mimic lead to the formation of ester 169 after reaction of the polycycle 167 with base. The synthesis of ester 169, which represents a direct precursor to dolabriferol (30), was achieved in 16 steps with an overall yield of 24%. Unfortunately, a robust protecting group on ester 169 prohibited a synthesis of dolabriferol (30), but intriguingly in one deprotection of ester 169 with aqueous hydrofluoric acid, spiroacetal 172 was isolated. Chapter Four describes the first total synthesis of cytotoxic marine polypropionate auripyrone A (78) and establishes the absolute configuration of this important natural product as that depicted for compound 78. The requisite C8-C12 stereopentad of auripyrone A (78) was formulated from Evans� dipropionate equivalent 53 in a double stereodifferentiating aldol reaction, followed by syn-reduction to give diol 206. Differentiation of the secondary alcohols in compound 206 was achieved by migration of the PMB protecting group and protection at C11 with the requisite acyloxy group of auripyrone A (78). Differential protection was critical to achieving selective spiroacetalisation to afford the unique spiroacetal dihydropyrone core of the natural product. The utility of LiHMDS for highly selective double stereodifferentiating aldol homologations of sensitive fragments is also discussed. This mild aldol protocol was pivotal to forming the carbogenic skeleton of auripyrone A, in particular, elaborate adduct 278.

Guidelines for sustainable swim-with tourism for large whales are not welldeveloped, as researchers have focused on delphinids. Nations that signed the Convention on Biological Diversity at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 are obligated to consider sustainable use principles when allowing new ecotourism activities, yet the fast-growing worldwide swim-with-whales industry is lacking the research needed to create successful management guidelines that can be implemented by local communities. From September to November of 2005 and July to October of 2006, I collected movement and behavioral state data for southern right whales in proximity of swimmers at Península Valdés, Argentina. Whales were observed before, during, and after a series of directed interactions with swimmers. I quantified the behavioral and movement effects relative to group composition of whales (mother/calf pairs, juveniles or adult/mixed groups) and activity level of swimmers. Group composition had a significant effect on the response of whales to swimmers. Swimmer activity level did not substantially affect the reaction of whales. Resting and socializing activities significantly decreased and traveling activities significantly increased when boats approached and when swimmers entered the water. Resting and socializing bout length in the presence of swimmers decreased to less than a third of the length of bouts when swimmers were not present. Whales swam faster, reoriented more often, and followed a less linear path during interactions. Effects were greater for mother/calf pairs than juveniles, while mixed adult/juvenile groups showed no significant changes in behavior or movement. The initial reaction of whales to the approach of the boat and the entry of swimmers into the water was a good predictor of the magnitude of effects on the behavior and movement patterns of the whale. Increased levels of activity are a concern for the whales that are resting and not feeding in this area. To provide quality resource management guidelines for this activity, additional research is needed to determine long-term effects of boat and swimmer activities on the behavior of whales. It is also important to obtain energetic data for right whales to determine the magnitude of impacts.

The recent and rapid expansion of Phragmites australis in North America provides an opportunity to relate dispersal patterns to landscape structure. Linear wetlands, such as roadside or agricultural ditches, may serve as corridors that facilitate dispersal at the landscape scale, but there is little quantitative information on patterns of invasion in these habitats. Remote sensing data, GIS, and field observations were used (1) to assess the feasibility of mapping populations of P. australis in linear wetlands and (2) to quantify and explain recent invasion patterns of P. australis in two periurban areas of southern Quebec. An accuracy assessment demonstrated the reliability of aerial photographs to map populations in linear habitats. The intrinsic growth rate observed is high compared to those reported in natural wetlands. Spatial analysis revealed that colonization events are not constrained by the network's configuration. Logistic regressions confirmed the effect of road corridors on the spread of P. australis.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 290-333). / xxiv, 333 leaves : ill. (chiefly col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Describes research into the nutritional value of aquatic plants as novel or non-conventional feedstuffs for ruminants in general and for sheep in particular, with especial reference to those which are available in high amount in southern Australia, such as the seagrass, Posidonia australis. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Animal Science, 1996?

As baleias francas austrais (Eubalaena australis) eram historicamente distribuídas do Nordeste ao Sul do Brasil, mas a intensa caça comercial realizada até 1973 quase levou-as à extinção. De 1986 a 2003 foram realizados sobrevôos ao longo da costa sul do Brasil principalmente para fotoidentificação individual da população remanescente de baleias francas. Um total de 481 baleias (223 grupos) foi avistado em 16 sobrevôos durante o pico de abundância de baleias. Os grupos consistiram principalmente de dois indivíduos (67,3%, n=150), mas grupos de até oito baleias foram avistados. Foram registradas 149 avistagens de pares de fêmea com filhote, e 183 de indivíduos não-acompanhados de filhotes. As baleias estavam concentradas entre os ‘bins’ (unidades de 12 minutos de latitude) J (Garopaba) e N (Araranguá), com pico de avistagem em L (Laguna). A distribuição dos pares de fêmea e filhote e dos indivíduos não-acompanhados está um pouco sobreposta, mas uma principal área de concentração foi identificada, especialmente para as fêmeas com filhotes, o que coincide com a área de agregação previamente reconhecida no Brasil. Em 2002 e 2003, anos em que foram realizados sobrevôos mensais, as baleias chegaram na região em Julho/Agosto, atingindo pico em Setembro, e declinando em Outubro/Novembro. Padrões de reavistagem intra-anual foram obtidos a partir de 39 baleias reavistadas. A maioria das reavistagens foi de fêmeas com filhotes, reavistadas pelo menos uma vez em dois sobrevôos consecutivos. Até 2003, o Catálogo Brasileiro de Fotoidentificação das Baleias Francas tem 315 baleias identificadas individualmente, das quais 31 foram reavistadas em outros anos (23 fêmeas, 3 filhotes de um ano e 5 baleias de sexo e idade desconhecidos). Nenhuma reavistagem ocorreu antes de 1994 e 71% (n=24) foram registradas em 2003. Das 120 fêmeas identificadas no Brasil, 19,2% (n=23) têm mostrado algum nível de fidelidade de área. O intervalo modal observado entre nascimentos foi de três anos, consistente com o sucesso reprodutivo. De 1997 a 2003, o número de fêmeas reprodutivas na área Central sobrevoada aumentou a uma taxa de 29,8% por ano (95% CL 15,7, 44,0) e de 1987 a 2003 14% por ano (95% CL 7,1, 20,9). Ambas as taxas são significativamente diferentes de zero (t=4,133, p<0,009 e t=4,06, p<0,004, respectivamente), e mais altas que as taxas observadas para as baleias francas em outras áreas de concentração reprodutiva no Atlântico Sul. A abundância das baleias francas na costa sul do Brasil foi estimada em no máximo 555 indivíduos, utilizando-se a Taxa Anual Reprodutiva (de uma população estável). Este número reflete o aumento observado na população em anos recentes, porém devido à estimativa não ter incorporado parâmetros como mortalidade e/ou emigração e imigração, deve ser utilizado com cautela, e considerado somente uma estimativa preliminar. As interações entre as baleias francas e as embarcações de turismo foram estudadas em 2002, utilizando-se um teodolito. Foram realizadas 65,5 horas de observações antes, durante e depois dos encontros entre fêmeas com filhotes e embarcações, durante 25 cruzeiros de “whalewatching” em cinco enseadas diferentes. A média da velocidade de natação das baleias antes, durante e depois dos encontros com embarcações variou de acordo com a enseada e a fase de aproximação, (t=4,133, p<0,009 e t=4,06, p<0,004, respectivamente). Não foi encontrada nenhuma alteração significativa nas velocidades médias de natação nestas três fases (p>0,05), porém houve variação significativa durante alguns intervalos de tempo. As probabilidades previstas das baleias nadarem em direção aos barcos em função do tempo foram significativamente próximas aos valores esperados na Gamboa e Ibiraquera (p>0,05) porém variaram significativamente durante alguns intervalos em Garopaba, Silveira e Rosa. As baleias reagiram tanto a distâncias curtas e longas das embarcações, e as reações variaram de acordo com as enseadas. Apesar da dificuldade de avaliar impactos a longo prazo, nenhuma evidência clara sobre distúrbios a esta população foram observados durante este estudo, sugerindo que as embarcações de “whalewatching” que operam segundo as legislações Brasileiras não alteram o comportamento das mesmas. Se o número de baleias francas continuar a aumentar, pode-se esperar que as baleias francas reocupem sua área de distribuição histórica ao longo de cerca de 2400km de costa, aumentando a possibilidade de conflitos entre as baleias francas e atividades humanas. O uso de técnicas de rastreamento com teodolito, se realizadas em conjunto com as usadas para o monitoramento a longo prazo dos indivíduos e seus padrões de uso de habitat poderão permitir aos cientistas uma melhor possibilidade de manejo das atividades de “whalewatching” de modo a assegurar a conservação apropriada da espécie alvo e a sustentabilidade da indústria deste turismo a longo prazo. / Southern right whales (Eubalaena australis) in Brazil were historically distributed from northeastern to southern coast, but intensive commercial whaling held until 1973 almost extirpated whales from the region. From 1986 through 2003 aerial surveys were conducted off southern Brazil primarily for photo-identification of the remnant population. A total of 481 whales (223 groups) were sighted in 16 surveys during peak whale abundance. Groups consisted mostly of two whales (67.3%, n=150) and groups of up to eight whales were sighted. From the total, 149 sightings were of females with calves and 183 were unaccompanied whales. Whales concentrated between bins (unit with 12 minutes latitude long) J (Garopaba) and N (Araranguá), with a peak in L (Laguna). Distribution of females with calves and unaccompanied whales is somewhat overlapped, but a major concentration area was identified, especially for mother/calf pairs, which coincides with a previously recognized aggregation area off Brazil. In 2002 and 2003, when monthly surveys were conducted, whales arrived in July/August, reaching peak in September, and declining in October/November. Intra-annual resighting patterns were obtained from 39 non-calf whales. The majority of resightings were of females with calves, resighted at least once in two consecutive surveys. As of 2003 the Brazilian Right Whale Catalogue has 315 different individual whales of which 31 were resighted in other years (23 females, 3 yearlings and 5 whales of unknown age/sex). No resightings occurred before 1994 and 71% (n=24) were recorded in 2003. From 120 females identified in Brazil, 19.2% (n=23) have shown some level of site fidelity. The modal observed interval between calving events is 3 years, consistent with successful reproduction. From 1997 to 2003 the number of reproductive females in the Central Survey Area off Brazil increased at a rate of 29.8% per year (95% CL 15.7, 44.0) and at 14% per year (95% CL 7.1, 20.9) from 1987 to 2003. Both rates are significantly different from zero (t=4.133, p<0.009 and t=4.06, p<0.004, respectively) and higher than the rates observed for right whales in other wintering grounds in the South Atlantic. The abundance of right whales off southern Brazil was estimated to be possibly as high as 555 whales, using the Gross Annual Reproductive Rate (GARR) of a stable population. This number reflects the increase observed in the population in the recent years, but because this estimate does not incorporate parameters like mortality and/or emigration and immigration, it should be treated with caution and as a preliminary rough estimate only. Interactions between southern right whales and whalewatching boats were studied in 2002 using a surveyor theodolite. It were recorded 65.5 hours of observations before, during and after encounters between mother/calf pairs and boats during 25whalewatching cruises in five different bays. Mean swimming speed varied by bay and approaching phase, (t=4.133, p<0.009 and t=4.06, p<0.004, respectively). No significant differences were found in mean swimming speeds of whales tracked before, during and after encounters with boats (p>0.05). The predicted probabilities of whales heading towards the boats as a function of time were significantly near the expected values in Gamboa and Ibiraquera (p>0.05) but varied significantly during certain time intervals (p<0.001) in Garopaba, Silveira and Rosa. Whales reacted at both long and short distances from boats and the reactions varied with bays. Although long-term impacts are difficult to assess, no clear evidence of immediate disturbance to this right whale population was observed during the study, suggesting that the whalewatching boats operation under Brazilian regulations did not disrupt their behavior. If the number of whales continues to increase they will probably expand their distribution throughout their historical 2,400 km range and come into increasing conflict with human activities. The use of the theodolite techniques, if taken together with those used for long-term monitoring of individual whales and their pattern of habitat use may enable scientists to provide the best possible management advice for whalewatching in order to ensure the proper conservation of target species and the sustainability of this industry on a long-term basis.

As baleias francas austrais (Eubalaena australis) eram historicamente distribuídas do Nordeste ao Sul do Brasil, mas a intensa caça comercial realizada até 1973 quase levou-as à extinção. De 1986 a 2003 foram realizados sobrevôos ao longo da costa sul do Brasil principalmente para fotoidentificação individual da população remanescente de baleias francas. Um total de 481 baleias (223 grupos) foi avistado em 16 sobrevôos durante o pico de abundância de baleias. Os grupos consistiram principalmente de dois indivíduos (67,3%, n=150), mas grupos de até oito baleias foram avistados. Foram registradas 149 avistagens de pares de fêmea com filhote, e 183 de indivíduos não-acompanhados de filhotes. As baleias estavam concentradas entre os ‘bins’ (unidades de 12 minutos de latitude) J (Garopaba) e N (Araranguá), com pico de avistagem em L (Laguna). A distribuição dos pares de fêmea e filhote e dos indivíduos não-acompanhados está um pouco sobreposta, mas uma principal área de concentração foi identificada, especialmente para as fêmeas com filhotes, o que coincide com a área de agregação previamente reconhecida no Brasil. Em 2002 e 2003, anos em que foram realizados sobrevôos mensais, as baleias chegaram na região em Julho/Agosto, atingindo pico em Setembro, e declinando em Outubro/Novembro. Padrões de reavistagem intra-anual foram obtidos a partir de 39 baleias reavistadas. A maioria das reavistagens foi de fêmeas com filhotes, reavistadas pelo menos uma vez em dois sobrevôos consecutivos. Até 2003, o Catálogo Brasileiro de Fotoidentificação das Baleias Francas tem 315 baleias identificadas individualmente, das quais 31 foram reavistadas em outros anos (23 fêmeas, 3 filhotes de um ano e 5 baleias de sexo e idade desconhecidos). Nenhuma reavistagem ocorreu antes de 1994 e 71% (n=24) foram registradas em 2003. Das 120 fêmeas identificadas no Brasil, 19,2% (n=23) têm mostrado algum nível de fidelidade de área. O intervalo modal observado entre nascimentos foi de três anos, consistente com o sucesso reprodutivo. De 1997 a 2003, o número de fêmeas reprodutivas na área Central sobrevoada aumentou a uma taxa de 29,8% por ano (95% CL 15,7, 44,0) e de 1987 a 2003 14% por ano (95% CL 7,1, 20,9). Ambas as taxas são significativamente diferentes de zero (t=4,133, p<0,009 e t=4,06, p<0,004, respectivamente), e mais altas que as taxas observadas para as baleias francas em outras áreas de concentração reprodutiva no Atlântico Sul. A abundância das baleias francas na costa sul do Brasil foi estimada em no máximo 555 indivíduos, utilizando-se a Taxa Anual Reprodutiva (de uma população estável). Este número reflete o aumento observado na população em anos recentes, porém devido à estimativa não ter incorporado parâmetros como mortalidade e/ou emigração e imigração, deve ser utilizado com cautela, e considerado somente uma estimativa preliminar. As interações entre as baleias francas e as embarcações de turismo foram estudadas em 2002, utilizando-se um teodolito. Foram realizadas 65,5 horas de observações antes, durante e depois dos encontros entre fêmeas com filhotes e embarcações, durante 25 cruzeiros de “whalewatching” em cinco enseadas diferentes. A média da velocidade de natação das baleias antes, durante e depois dos encontros com embarcações variou de acordo com a enseada e a fase de aproximação, (t=4,133, p<0,009 e t=4,06, p<0,004, respectivamente). Não foi encontrada nenhuma alteração significativa nas velocidades médias de natação nestas três fases (p>0,05), porém houve variação significativa durante alguns intervalos de tempo. As probabilidades previstas das baleias nadarem em direção aos barcos em função do tempo foram significativamente próximas aos valores esperados na Gamboa e Ibiraquera (p>0,05) porém variaram significativamente durante alguns intervalos em Garopaba, Silveira e Rosa. As baleias reagiram tanto a distâncias curtas e longas das embarcações, e as reações variaram de acordo com as enseadas. Apesar da dificuldade de avaliar impactos a longo prazo, nenhuma evidência clara sobre distúrbios a esta população foram observados durante este estudo, sugerindo que as embarcações de “whalewatching” que operam segundo as legislações Brasileiras não alteram o comportamento das mesmas. Se o número de baleias francas continuar a aumentar, pode-se esperar que as baleias francas reocupem sua área de distribuição histórica ao longo de cerca de 2400km de costa, aumentando a possibilidade de conflitos entre as baleias francas e atividades humanas. O uso de técnicas de rastreamento com teodolito, se realizadas em conjunto com as usadas para o monitoramento a longo prazo dos indivíduos e seus padrões de uso de habitat poderão permitir aos cientistas uma melhor possibilidade de manejo das atividades de “whalewatching” de modo a assegurar a conservação apropriada da espécie alvo e a sustentabilidade da indústria deste turismo a longo prazo. / Southern right whales (Eubalaena australis) in Brazil were historically distributed from northeastern to southern coast, but intensive commercial whaling held until 1973 almost extirpated whales from the region. From 1986 through 2003 aerial surveys were conducted off southern Brazil primarily for photo-identification of the remnant population. A total of 481 whales (223 groups) were sighted in 16 surveys during peak whale abundance. Groups consisted mostly of two whales (67.3%, n=150) and groups of up to eight whales were sighted. From the total, 149 sightings were of females with calves and 183 were unaccompanied whales. Whales concentrated between bins (unit with 12 minutes latitude long) J (Garopaba) and N (Araranguá), with a peak in L (Laguna). Distribution of females with calves and unaccompanied whales is somewhat overlapped, but a major concentration area was identified, especially for mother/calf pairs, which coincides with a previously recognized aggregation area off Brazil. In 2002 and 2003, when monthly surveys were conducted, whales arrived in July/August, reaching peak in September, and declining in October/November. Intra-annual resighting patterns were obtained from 39 non-calf whales. The majority of resightings were of females with calves, resighted at least once in two consecutive surveys. As of 2003 the Brazilian Right Whale Catalogue has 315 different individual whales of which 31 were resighted in other years (23 females, 3 yearlings and 5 whales of unknown age/sex). No resightings occurred before 1994 and 71% (n=24) were recorded in 2003. From 120 females identified in Brazil, 19.2% (n=23) have shown some level of site fidelity. The modal observed interval between calving events is 3 years, consistent with successful reproduction. From 1997 to 2003 the number of reproductive females in the Central Survey Area off Brazil increased at a rate of 29.8% per year (95% CL 15.7, 44.0) and at 14% per year (95% CL 7.1, 20.9) from 1987 to 2003. Both rates are significantly different from zero (t=4.133, p<0.009 and t=4.06, p<0.004, respectively) and higher than the rates observed for right whales in other wintering grounds in the South Atlantic. The abundance of right whales off southern Brazil was estimated to be possibly as high as 555 whales, using the Gross Annual Reproductive Rate (GARR) of a stable population. This number reflects the increase observed in the population in the recent years, but because this estimate does not incorporate parameters like mortality and/or emigration and immigration, it should be treated with caution and as a preliminary rough estimate only. Interactions between southern right whales and whalewatching boats were studied in 2002 using a surveyor theodolite. It were recorded 65.5 hours of observations before, during and after encounters between mother/calf pairs and boats during 25whalewatching cruises in five different bays. Mean swimming speed varied by bay and approaching phase, (t=4.133, p<0.009 and t=4.06, p<0.004, respectively). No significant differences were found in mean swimming speeds of whales tracked before, during and after encounters with boats (p>0.05). The predicted probabilities of whales heading towards the boats as a function of time were significantly near the expected values in Gamboa and Ibiraquera (p>0.05) but varied significantly during certain time intervals (p<0.001) in Garopaba, Silveira and Rosa. Whales reacted at both long and short distances from boats and the reactions varied with bays. Although long-term impacts are difficult to assess, no clear evidence of immediate disturbance to this right whale population was observed during the study, suggesting that the whalewatching boats operation under Brazilian regulations did not disrupt their behavior. If the number of whales continues to increase they will probably expand their distribution throughout their historical 2,400 km range and come into increasing conflict with human activities. The use of the theodolite techniques, if taken together with those used for long-term monitoring of individual whales and their pattern of habitat use may enable scientists to provide the best possible management advice for whalewatching in order to ensure the proper conservation of target species and the sustainability of this industry on a long-term basis.

As baleias francas austrais (Eubalaena australis) eram historicamente distribuídas do Nordeste ao Sul do Brasil, mas a intensa caça comercial realizada até 1973 quase levou-as à extinção. De 1986 a 2003 foram realizados sobrevôos ao longo da costa sul do Brasil principalmente para fotoidentificação individual da população remanescente de baleias francas. Um total de 481 baleias (223 grupos) foi avistado em 16 sobrevôos durante o pico de abundância de baleias. Os grupos consistiram principalmente de dois indivíduos (67,3%, n=150), mas grupos de até oito baleias foram avistados. Foram registradas 149 avistagens de pares de fêmea com filhote, e 183 de indivíduos não-acompanhados de filhotes. As baleias estavam concentradas entre os ‘bins’ (unidades de 12 minutos de latitude) J (Garopaba) e N (Araranguá), com pico de avistagem em L (Laguna). A distribuição dos pares de fêmea e filhote e dos indivíduos não-acompanhados está um pouco sobreposta, mas uma principal área de concentração foi identificada, especialmente para as fêmeas com filhotes, o que coincide com a área de agregação previamente reconhecida no Brasil. Em 2002 e 2003, anos em que foram realizados sobrevôos mensais, as baleias chegaram na região em Julho/Agosto, atingindo pico em Setembro, e declinando em Outubro/Novembro. Padrões de reavistagem intra-anual foram obtidos a partir de 39 baleias reavistadas. A maioria das reavistagens foi de fêmeas com filhotes, reavistadas pelo menos uma vez em dois sobrevôos consecutivos. Até 2003, o Catálogo Brasileiro de Fotoidentificação das Baleias Francas tem 315 baleias identificadas individualmente, das quais 31 foram reavistadas em outros anos (23 fêmeas, 3 filhotes de um ano e 5 baleias de sexo e idade desconhecidos). Nenhuma reavistagem ocorreu antes de 1994 e 71% (n=24) foram registradas em 2003. Das 120 fêmeas identificadas no Brasil, 19,2% (n=23) têm mostrado algum nível de fidelidade de área. O intervalo modal observado entre nascimentos foi de três anos, consistente com o sucesso reprodutivo. De 1997 a 2003, o número de fêmeas reprodutivas na área Central sobrevoada aumentou a uma taxa de 29,8% por ano (95% CL 15,7, 44,0) e de 1987 a 2003 14% por ano (95% CL 7,1, 20,9). Ambas as taxas são significativamente diferentes de zero (t=4,133, p<0,009 e t=4,06, p<0,004, respectivamente), e mais altas que as taxas observadas para as baleias francas em outras áreas de concentração reprodutiva no Atlântico Sul. A abundância das baleias francas na costa sul do Brasil foi estimada em no máximo 555 indivíduos, utilizando-se a Taxa Anual Reprodutiva (de uma população estável). Este número reflete o aumento observado na população em anos recentes, porém devido à estimativa não ter incorporado parâmetros como mortalidade e/ou emigração e imigração, deve ser utilizado com cautela, e considerado somente uma estimativa preliminar. As interações entre as baleias francas e as embarcações de turismo foram estudadas em 2002, utilizando-se um teodolito. Foram realizadas 65,5 horas de observações antes, durante e depois dos encontros entre fêmeas com filhotes e embarcações, durante 25 cruzeiros de “whalewatching” em cinco enseadas diferentes. A média da velocidade de natação das baleias antes, durante e depois dos encontros com embarcações variou de acordo com a enseada e a fase de aproximação, (t=4,133, p<0,009 e t=4,06, p<0,004, respectivamente). Não foi encontrada nenhuma alteração significativa nas velocidades médias de natação nestas três fases (p>0,05), porém houve variação significativa durante alguns intervalos de tempo. As probabilidades previstas das baleias nadarem em direção aos barcos em função do tempo foram significativamente próximas aos valores esperados na Gamboa e Ibiraquera (p>0,05) porém variaram significativamente durante alguns intervalos em Garopaba, Silveira e Rosa. As baleias reagiram tanto a distâncias curtas e longas das embarcações, e as reações variaram de acordo com as enseadas. Apesar da dificuldade de avaliar impactos a longo prazo, nenhuma evidência clara sobre distúrbios a esta população foram observados durante este estudo, sugerindo que as embarcações de “whalewatching” que operam segundo as legislações Brasileiras não alteram o comportamento das mesmas. Se o número de baleias francas continuar a aumentar, pode-se esperar que as baleias francas reocupem sua área de distribuição histórica ao longo de cerca de 2400km de costa, aumentando a possibilidade de conflitos entre as baleias francas e atividades humanas. O uso de técnicas de rastreamento com teodolito, se realizadas em conjunto com as usadas para o monitoramento a longo prazo dos indivíduos e seus padrões de uso de habitat poderão permitir aos cientistas uma melhor possibilidade de manejo das atividades de “whalewatching” de modo a assegurar a conservação apropriada da espécie alvo e a sustentabilidade da indústria deste turismo a longo prazo. / Southern right whales (Eubalaena australis) in Brazil were historically distributed from northeastern to southern coast, but intensive commercial whaling held until 1973 almost extirpated whales from the region. From 1986 through 2003 aerial surveys were conducted off southern Brazil primarily for photo-identification of the remnant population. A total of 481 whales (223 groups) were sighted in 16 surveys during peak whale abundance. Groups consisted mostly of two whales (67.3%, n=150) and groups of up to eight whales were sighted. From the total, 149 sightings were of females with calves and 183 were unaccompanied whales. Whales concentrated between bins (unit with 12 minutes latitude long) J (Garopaba) and N (Araranguá), with a peak in L (Laguna). Distribution of females with calves and unaccompanied whales is somewhat overlapped, but a major concentration area was identified, especially for mother/calf pairs, which coincides with a previously recognized aggregation area off Brazil. In 2002 and 2003, when monthly surveys were conducted, whales arrived in July/August, reaching peak in September, and declining in October/November. Intra-annual resighting patterns were obtained from 39 non-calf whales. The majority of resightings were of females with calves, resighted at least once in two consecutive surveys. As of 2003 the Brazilian Right Whale Catalogue has 315 different individual whales of which 31 were resighted in other years (23 females, 3 yearlings and 5 whales of unknown age/sex). No resightings occurred before 1994 and 71% (n=24) were recorded in 2003. From 120 females identified in Brazil, 19.2% (n=23) have shown some level of site fidelity. The modal observed interval between calving events is 3 years, consistent with successful reproduction. From 1997 to 2003 the number of reproductive females in the Central Survey Area off Brazil increased at a rate of 29.8% per year (95% CL 15.7, 44.0) and at 14% per year (95% CL 7.1, 20.9) from 1987 to 2003. Both rates are significantly different from zero (t=4.133, p<0.009 and t=4.06, p<0.004, respectively) and higher than the rates observed for right whales in other wintering grounds in the South Atlantic. The abundance of right whales off southern Brazil was estimated to be possibly as high as 555 whales, using the Gross Annual Reproductive Rate (GARR) of a stable population. This number reflects the increase observed in the population in the recent years, but because this estimate does not incorporate parameters like mortality and/or emigration and immigration, it should be treated with caution and as a preliminary rough estimate only. Interactions between southern right whales and whalewatching boats were studied in 2002 using a surveyor theodolite. It were recorded 65.5 hours of observations before, during and after encounters between mother/calf pairs and boats during 25whalewatching cruises in five different bays. Mean swimming speed varied by bay and approaching phase, (t=4.133, p<0.009 and t=4.06, p<0.004, respectively). No significant differences were found in mean swimming speeds of whales tracked before, during and after encounters with boats (p>0.05). The predicted probabilities of whales heading towards the boats as a function of time were significantly near the expected values in Gamboa and Ibiraquera (p>0.05) but varied significantly during certain time intervals (p<0.001) in Garopaba, Silveira and Rosa. Whales reacted at both long and short distances from boats and the reactions varied with bays. Although long-term impacts are difficult to assess, no clear evidence of immediate disturbance to this right whale population was observed during the study, suggesting that the whalewatching boats operation under Brazilian regulations did not disrupt their behavior. If the number of whales continues to increase they will probably expand their distribution throughout their historical 2,400 km range and come into increasing conflict with human activities. The use of the theodolite techniques, if taken together with those used for long-term monitoring of individual whales and their pattern of habitat use may enable scientists to provide the best possible management advice for whalewatching in order to ensure the proper conservation of target species and the sustainability of this industry on a long-term basis.

Hydrophytes can be cultivated on rewetted drained peatland and used as substrate to produce biogas which can be utilized as vehicle fuel. This results in less GHG from rewetted peat soils and at the same time leads to renewable energy that substitutes fossil fuels. A literature research was conducted to study the impact of different species (Phragmites australis = Pa and Typha latifolia=Tl) and soil nutrient status on GHG emissions of rewetted fens in N Europe. In addition, biogas production and the exposure to different N-load were investigated for these species. Pa has a methane yield of 235 ml CH4 g-1 VS-1 regardless the input of N whereas Tl needs to be fertilized in order to produce high methane yield (204 ml CH4 g-1 VS-1).  Pa sequesters more CO2 and converts it into biomass which makes it a C-sink but by using the GWP factor to convert CH4 into CO2-equivalents, Pa becomes as Tl a GHG-source. Still Pa’s GHG emissions are lower than Tl’s if water depth is maximum 20 cm. Pa also contributes to peat formation and can cope with water fluctuations.