In order to maximize the e ciency of power generation in concentrated solar power systems (CSP) it is de- sired to achieve as high a tempera- ture in the receiver as possible due to the use of the Sterling cycle to gen- erate power. This report investigates three di↵erent geometries for cavity receivers in CSP systems; cylindrical, conical and truncated conical. The goal has been to minimize the heat loss due to radiation. This was achieved through mathematical mod- eling with the help of MATLAB. Five di↵erent cases with regards to oper- ating temperature and proportions of the receiver where investigated for each of the three chosen geometries. It was found that the conical geometry minimized this heat loss in all except one case.

The main goal of this project is to calculate the maximum theoretical efficiencies of a solar hydrogen generation plant and also to carry out economic analysis of the solar and chemical plants. The final combined results would comprise the optimized values of the annual hydrogen production with respect to the overall costs. Another area of investigation is the effect of temperature and partial pressure of oxygen in the reduction of the chemical reactor. This will lead to the optimal values of temperature and oxygen partial pressure, hence determining maximal hydrogen production. The redox pairs under study are Cerium IV oxide CeO2, Zinc in the form ZnO/Zn , Ferrites as Fe3O4/FeO and Tungsten as WO3/W.

Background. Security on the web is a fundamental requirement as it becomes a bigger part of society and more information than ever is shared over it. However, as recent incidents have shown, even Swedish government agencies have had issues with their website security. One such example is when a client-side supply chain for several governmental websites was hacked and malicious javascript was subsequently found on several governmental websites. Hence this study is aimed at assessing the security of Swedish government agencies’ first line of defense against attacks like XSS and client-side supply chain. Objectives. The main objective of the thesis is to assess the first line of defense, namely HTTP security headers, of Swedish government agency websites. In addition, collecting statistics of what HTTP security headers are actually used by Swedish government agencies today were gathered for comparison with similar studies. Methods. To fulfill the objectives of the thesis, a scan of all Swedish government agency websites, found on Myndighetsregistret, was completed and an algorithm was developed to assess the implementation of the security features. In order to facilitate tunable assessments for different types of websites, the algorithm has granular weights that can be assigned to each test to make the algorithm more generalized. Results. The results show a low overall implementation rate of the various HTTP security headers among the Swedish government agency websites. However, when compared to similar studies, the adoption of all security features are higher among the Swedish government agency websites tested in this thesis. Conclusions. Previous tools/studies mostly checked if a header was implemented or not. With our algorithm, the strength of the security header implementation is also assessed. According to our results, there is a significant difference between if a security header has been implemented, and if it has been implemented well, and provides adequate security. Therefore, traditional tools for testing HTTP security headers may be inefficient and misleading.

No description available.

Corporate corruption is a widespread phenomenon that persists in the functioning of both public and private companies of differing size, performance, industry, and national origin. As it generates negative effects both within and outside the organization, corporate corruption has been the subject of scholarly research. Yet, despite attempts to understand its antecedents and consequences, companies continue to struggle to eliminate corruption in their business practices. Thus, the overarching research question for this dissertation is "Why do companies continue engaging in corruption?" To answer this research question, I focused on the topic of organizational corruption control, i.e., a set of mechanisms that purposefully target the prevention of corrupt practices within an organization. Specifically, I investigated the trident of organizational corruption control via its effects and implications on three constructs - corporate social performance, opportunity attractiveness of organizational corruption and corporate corruption recidivism. Using distinct methodologies, I examined corporate corruption control in three separate studies to address 1) the effect of corruption control on the opportunity attractiveness of organizational corruption 2) the effect of corruption control on corporate social performance and 3) the implication of ineffective corruption control on organizational corruption recidivism. Based on interdisciplinary theoretical perspectives and several secondary data sources, the hypothesized effects were empirically tested and insights were derived from a multiple case study approach. The three studies used different firm samples. Study 1 was based on the data of the United States enforcement actions for violations of the 1977 Foreign Corrupt Practice Act (FCPA) formally prohibiting foreign bribery; firm-level data from the Bloomberg terminal; and a country-level measure from Worldwide Governance Indicators. In Study 1 (N=71 firms involved in foreign bribery), results supported hypotheses that regulatory sanctioning in host countries and bureaucratic controls at a firm level were negatively correlated with corruption opportunity attractiveness. Furthermore, vigilance controls help strengthen negative effect of bureaucratic controls on corruption opportunity attractiveness. Study 2 was based on reports of anti-corruption programs of the world's largest companies from Transparency International, corporate social performance scores from CSRHub, and firm-level financial indicators from the Bloomberg terminal. The findings of Study 2 (N=102 firms) supported hypothesis that corporate corruption controls positively affect Sustainable Resource Management, a sub-dimension of CSP. Importantly, the use of a cross-lagged design helped to specify that the relationship between Corruption Controls and CSP dimensions is not reciprocal (2-way) as was previously discussed in the literature. Study 3, was based on 6 cases of corruption recidivists identified via FCPA enforcements' database, and utilized data from court proceedings, annual reports, and news articles. Data were coded following prescribed steps to arrive at categories and themes. An inductive qualitative analysis performed in Study 3 resulted in a descriptive framework of ingenious deviance that underpins the profile of corporate corruption recidivists. The analysis revealed that a) a combination of underlying contextual and situational factors provided fertile ground for corruption, b) the phenomenon of recidivism occurred in the presence of multiple competing logics, and c) internal controls were subverted through ingenious deviance to facilitate bribery.

Yes / The sixth blind test of organic crystal-structure prediction (CSP) methods has been held, with five target systems: a small nearly rigid molecule, a polymorphic former drug candidate, a chloride salt hydrate, a co-crystal, and a bulky exible molecule. This blind test has seen substantial growth in the number of submissions, with the broad range of prediction methods giving a unique insight into the state of the art in the field. Significant progress has been seen in treating flexible molecules, usage of hierarchical approaches to ranking structures, the application of density-functional approximations, and the establishment of new workflows and best practices for performing CSP calculations. All of the targets, apart from a single potentially disordered Z0 = 2 polymorph of the drug candidate, were predicted by at least one submission. Despite many remaining challenges, it is clear that CSP methods are becoming more applicable to a wider range of real systems, including salts, hydrates and larger flexible molecules. The results also highlight the potential for CSP calculations to complement and augment experimental studies of organic solid forms. / EPSRC (grants EP/J01110X/1 and EP/K018132/1) and the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013)/ERC through grant agreements n. 307358 (ERC-stG- 2012-ANGLE) and n. 321156 (ERC-AG-PE5-ROBOT). The Russian Foundation (14-03-01091). GlaxoSmithKline, Merck, and Vertex. VIDI Research Program 700.10.427, which is financed by The Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), and the European Research Council (ERC-2010-StG, grant agreement n. 259510-KISMOL). Foundation for Fundamental Research on Matter (FOM). NSF grant number ACI-1053575. University of Buenos Aires and the Argentinian Research Council. Conflex Corp. and Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Louisiana Board of Regents Award # LEQSF(2014-17)-RD-A-10 “Toward Crystal Engineering from First Principles”, the NSF award # EPS-1003897 “The Louisiana Alliance for Simulation-Guided Materials Applications (LA-SiGMA)”, and by the Tulane Committee on Research Summer Fellowship. Solar Technologies Go Hybrid initiative of the State of Bavaria, Germany. U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC02-06CH11357. EPSRC (EP/J003840/1, EP/J014958/1) and [EP/J017639/1]. Leadership Fellowship Grant [EP/K013688/1]. Robinson College, Cambridge, and the Cambridge Philosophical Society for a Henslow Research Fellowship. Army Research Office under Grant W911NF-13-1- 0387 and by the National Science Foundation Grant CHE-1152899. Polish National Science Centre Grant No. DEC-2012/05/B/ST4/00086. EPSRC, though grant ESPRC EP/K039229/1, and Eli Lilly. The PhD students support: RKH by a joint UCL Max-Planck Society Magdeburg Impact studentship, REW by a UCL Impact studentship; LI by the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre and the M3S Centre for Doctoral Training (EPSRC EP/G036675/1). Army Research Office Grant W911NF-13-1-0387 and by the National Science Foundation Grant CHE-1152899. U.S. Army Research Laboratory and the U.S. Army Research Office under contract/grant number W911NF-13-1-0387 (MET and LV) and MRSEC program of the National Science Foundation under Award Number DMR-1420073 (MET and ES). U.S. Army Research Laboratory and the U.S. Army Research Office contract/grant number W911NF-13-1- 0387 and by the National Science Foundation Grant CHE-1152899. National Science Foundation (DMR-1231586), the Government of Russian Federation (Grant No. 14.A12.31.0003), the Foreign Talents Introduction and Academic Exchange Program (No. B08040) and the Russian Science Foundation, project no. 14-43-00052, base organization Photochemistry Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Army Research Office Grant W911NF-13-1-0387 and the National Science Foundation Grant CHE-1152899. Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft program DFG-SPP 1807. Department of Energy (DOE) Grant Nos. DE-SC0008626. Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy contract No. DEAC02-05CH11231.

Dans cette thèse nous montrons que le raisonnement symbolique associé à la vérification de la consistance d'arc avec propagation de contraintes est un outil efficace pour interpréter les images. Nous montrons dans un premier temps que ce cadre théorique permet de vérifier l'organisation spatiale de différentes composantes d'un objet complexe dans une image. Nous proposons ensuite d'étendre l'utilisation de celui-ci à la reconnaissance sélective des formes décrites par des équations mathématiques, grâce à la notion de consistance d'hyper-arc à deux niveaux de contraintes. La pertinence et la faisabilité de cette approche ont été validées par de multiples tests. En outre, les résultats obtenus sur des images sur-segmentées montrent que la méthode proposée est résistante au bruit, même dans des conditions où les humains (dans certains cas d'agnosie visuelle) peuvent échouer. Ces résultats soutiennent l'intérêt du raisonnement symbolique dans la compréhension de l'image. / In this thesis we show that symbolic reasoning associated with arc consistency checking is an efficient tool for images interpretation. We first show that this theoretical framework makes it possible to verify the spatial organization of different components of a complex object in an image. We then propose to extend the use of this framework to the selective recognition of shapes described by mathematical equations, thanks to the notion of hyper-arc consistency with bi-levels constraint. The relevance and feasibility of this approach have been validated by multiple tests. In addition, the results obtained on over-segmented images show that the proposed method is noise-resistant, even under conditions where humans (in some cases visual agnosia) may fail. These results support the interest of symbolic reasoning in image understanding.

A adoção em larga escala de redes de computadores e gerenciadores de banco de dados contribuiu para o surgimento de sistemas de informação complexos. Atualmente, estes sistemas tornaram-se elementos essenciais na vida das pessoas, dando suporte a processos de negócio e serviços corporativos indispensáveis à sociedade, como automação bancária e telefonia. A utilização de componentes na estruturação destes sistemas promove maior qualidade e flexibilidade ao produto e agiliza o processo de desenvolvimento. Entretanto, para que estes benefícios sejam totalmente observados, é fundamental que os provedores de componentes de prateleira projetem especificações precisas, completas e consistentes. Geralmente, as especificações omitem ou negligenciam o comportamento dos componentes nas situações de falha. Desta forma, a utilização de componentes não confiáveis, cujos comportamentos não podem ser inteiramente previstos, compromete seriamente o projeto de sistemas tolerantes a falhas. Uma estratégia para a especificação de componentes tolerantes a falhas é informar a ocorrência de erros através de exceções e realizar a recuperação dos mesmos por rotinas de tratamento correspondentes. A especificação deve separar claramente o comportamento normal do excepcional, destinado à recuperação do erro. Entretanto, em sistemas concorrentes e distribuídos, a especificação apenas deste tratamento local não é suficiente. Uma exceção pode ser lançada em decorrência de erros sistêmicos (i.e. problemas de rede) que afetam todo o sistema. Assim, determinadas exceções devem ser tratadas em nível arquitetural, envolvendo os demais componentes no tratamento. O modelo conceitual de ações Atômicas Coordenadas (ações CA - Coordinated Atomic actions), bastante aplicado na estruturação de sistemas tolerantes a falhas, define um mecanismo geral para a coordenação do tratamento excepcional dos componentes, que cooperam na execução das atividades e competem por recursos compartilhados. Portanto, o modelo de ações CA oferece uma solução potencialmente viável para a especificação do tratamento de exceções em nível arquitetural. Este trabalho propõe um framework para a especificação do tratamento de exceções em nível arquitetural, baseando-se no modelo de aninhamento de ações CA e utilizando a linguagem orientada a eventos CSP (Communicating Sequential Processes). Sua principal característica é prover um protocolo padronizado para a coordenação do tratamento de exceções, que envolve a cooperação dos componentes do sistema. Além disso, é apresentada uma estratégia para a verificação formal dos sistemas na ferramenta FDR (Failure Divergence Refinement), com base no modelo de refinamento por rastros. / The widespread scale adoption of computer networks and database management systems has contributed to the arising of complex information systems. Nowadays, these systems have become essential aspects in the everyday life, supporting business processes and indispensable enterprise services to society such as banking automation and telephony. The usage of components in structuring of these systems promotes higher quality and flexibility to the product and accelerates the software development process. However, in order to fully observe the benefits it is essential that the suppliers of these COTS (commercial off-the-shelf) design precise, complete and consistent specifications. Generally, the specifications omit or neglect the behavior of these components in exceptional situations. Therefore, the usage of untrustworthy components whose behavior cannot be entirely foreseen seriously compromise the design of fault-tolerant systems. One of the strategies used for the specification of fault-tolerant components is to inform the occurrence of errors through exceptions and make its recovering by the correspondent exception handling routines. The specification should separate clearly the normal behavior from the exceptional one, specially designed for error recovery. However, in concurrent and distributed systems, specification of local exception handling is not enough. An exception could be raised as a result of systemic errors (i.e. network errors) which affect the entire system, thus specific types of exceptions should be treated at an architectural level involving all the other components in this handling activity. The conceptual model of Coordinated Atomic (CA) actions, often applied in the structuring of fault-tolerant systems, defines a general mechanism for coordination of exception handling with components that cooperate while executing activities and compete for shared resources. Therefore, the model of CA actions offers a perfectly viable solution for the specification of exception handling at an architectural level. This work proposes a framework for the specification of exception handling at an architectural level, based on the nesting model of CA actions and using the event-oriented language CSP (Communicating Sequential Processes). Its main characteristic is to provide a standardized protocol for coordination of exception handling that involves the cooperation of system components. Moreover, it is presented a formal strategy for system verification using the FDR (Failure Divergence Refinement) tool, based on the traces refinement model.

Syfte: I takt med att konsumenter och övriga intressenters medvetenhet ökar ställs det högre krav på företagens sociala prestation (CSP) för att de ska förbli framgångsrika. Dessa ökade krav har bidragit till nya restriktioner och lagar om rapportering av icke-finansiell information, för vilken företagens styrelse är ansvariga. De ökade kraven på rapportering innebär även att vissa större företag ska rapportera om mångfald. Denna studie syftar undersöka sambandet mellan andelen kvinnor i styrelsen och CSP samt huruvida nationella kulturella särdrag har en modererande effektpå sambandet. Metod: Studien tillämpar en positivistisk forskningsfilosofi med en hypotetisk-deduktiv ansats. Studien har en kvantitativ forskningsstrategi och en longitudinell forskningsdesign som genomförts med data för sexårsperioden 2012-2017 för 673 publika europeiska företag. Studien bygger på sekundärdata som hämtats från databasen Thomson Reuters Datastream, som sedan analyserats i statistikprogrammet IBM SPSS. Resultat & slutsats: Studiens resultat visar att det finns ett positivt samband mellan andelen kvinnliga styrelseledamöter och CSP, samt att nationella kulturella särdrag har en modererande effekt på detta samband. Resultatet indikerar att kvinnors påverkan i styrelsen när det kommer till CSR-aktiviteter påverkas av nationella kulturella särdrag. Examensarbetets bidrag: Denna studie bidrar ur ett teoretiskt perspektiv till den företagsekonomiska forskningen genom att undersöka nationella kulturella särdrags effekt på sambandet mellan andelen kvinnliga styrelseledamöter och CSP och därmed öka kunskapen kring ämnet. Denna studie bidrar med praktiskt viktig information för företag som vill förbättra sin sociala prestation. Förslag till vidare forskning: Vi har i denna studie endast undersökt kulturens modererande effekt på sambandet mellan andelen kvinnor i styrelsen och total CSP. Det vore intressant att se effekten på respektive dimension av CSP för att kunna avgöra om det är någon skillnad mellan dem. Det finns även möjlighet att genomföra en liknande studie men där länder från fler världsdelar inkluderas. / Aim: As the awareness of consumers and other stakeholders increases, higher demands on Corporate Social Performance (CSP) are required to keep the companies successful. These increased requirements have contributed to new restrictions and law on reporting non-financial information, for which corporate governance is responsible. The increased reporting requirement also mean that some major companies should report on their diversity. This study aims at investigating the relationship between female board members and CSP as well as whether national cultural features have a moderating effect on the relationship. Method: The study applies a positivistic research philosophy with a hypothetical-deductible approach. The study has a quantitative research strategy and a longitudinal research design carried out with data for the six-year period 2012-2017 for 673 public European companies. The study is based on secondary data retrieved from the Thomson Reuters Datastream, which is then analyzed in the IBM SPSS statistics program. Result & Conclusion: The studys results show that there is a positive link between female board members and CSP, and that national cultural features have a moderating effect on this relationship. The result indicates that women's power in the board when it comes to CSR activities is influenced by national cultural features. Contribution of the thesis: This study contributes from a theoretical perspective to business research by examining the impact of national cultural features on the relationship between female board members and CSP, thereby increasing knowledge about the subject. This study provides practically important information for companies that want to improve their social performance. Suggestion for future research: In this study, we have studied only the moderating effect of cultural on the relationship between female board members and total CSP. It would be interesting to see the effect on the respective dimension of CSP in order to determine if there is any difference between them. There is also the possibility of conducting a similar study but including countries from more continents.

As reações químicas que resultam da expressão de genes são complexas e ainda não são total- mente compreendidas. Sabe-se que os genes enviam, recebem, e processam informações formando uma complexa rede de comunicação, mas a arquitetura e dinâmica destas redes não são totalmente conhecidas. Dessa forma, um problema importante é determinar como os genes se relacionam dentro da célula. Esse processo de determinar o relacionamento entre os genes é conhecido como inferência de redes gênicas. Uma das formas para representar o relacionamento entre os genes é usar modelos matemáticos e computacionais de Redes Gênicas. Em especial, um dos modelos de grande interesse é o de Redes Booleanas (BN - do inglês Boolean Networks), no qual os genes podem assumir dois estados, ativo ou inativo, se estão, respectivamente, expressos ou não. Estes estados podem variar ao longo do tempo, dependendo de como os genes se relacionam. Nosso interesse está em estudar um caso particular deste modelo, conhecido como Redes Booleanas Limiarizadas, onde apenas uma classe de funções booleanas é utilizada para construir as BNs. Para inferir as Redes Booleanas Limiarizadas, usamos um algoritmo constituído de dois passos. Primeiro, usamos o arcabouço do Problema de Satisfação de Restrições (CSP - do inglês Constraint Satisfaction Problem) para inferir conjuntos de soluções consistentes com uma dada série temporal de um conjunto de genes. Em seguida analisamos o comportamento dinâmico das soluções encon- tradas , filtrando conjuntos de soluções de maior interesse para testes práticos em laboratório. Usando o arcabouço do CSP, construímos um solver, usando a biblioteca Gecode,1 para inferência de redes consistentes, usando como entrada uma série temporal oriunda de dados de microarrays. Em seguida, através da simulação da dinâmica de uma amostra das redes encontradas no passo anterior, fomos capazes de determinar algumas restrições interessantes para filtrar o conjunto de redes. Aplicamos o nosso método para três conjuntos de dados: dois artificiais, e para validação, usamos uma série temporal de uma rede artificial conhecida na literatura. Com isso fomos capazes de inferir conjuntos de redes gênicas de possível interesse para testes em laboratório. / The chemical reactions that result in gene expression are complex and not yet fully understood. It is known that genes send, receive and process information to form a complex network of com- munication, but the architecture and dynamics of these networks are not fully known. Thus, one major problem is to determine how genes are linked within the cell. This process of determining the relationship between genes is known as inference of genetic networks. One way to represent the relationship between genes is to use mathematical and computer models of genetic networks. In particular, one of the models of great interest are Boolean Networks (BN), in which genes can take two states, active or inactive, if they are, respectively, expressed or not. These states may vary over time, depending on how genes are related. Our interest is in studying a case of this particular model, known as thresholded Boolean networks, where only one class of Boolean functions is used to build the GNs. To infer the thresholded Boolean networks, we use an algorithm that consists of two steps. First, we use the framework of Constraint Satisfaction Problem (CSP) to infer sets of solutions consistent with a time series of a given set of genes. Then analyze the dynamic behavior of the solutions, filtering sets of solutions with interest for practical tests in the laboratory. Using the framework of the CSP, we constructed a solver, using the library Gecode, 2 for in- ference of consistent networks, using as input a time series arising from microarrays data. Then, by simulating the dynamics of a sample of networks found in the previous step, we were able to determine some interesting constraints to filter the set of networks. We apply our method to three datasets: two artificial, and for validation, we use a time series of an artificial network known from literature. Thus we were able to infer genetic networks sets of possible interest for laboratory tests.