Com origem funcionalista, mas buscando por novos diálogos entre as teorias cognitivistas de diversas áreas do conhecimento, como a Biologia, a Filosofia e a Psicologia, esta pesquisa toma como alvo de interesse primário o comportamento linguístico diacrônico da construção o mesmo em língua portuguesa, considerando os processos de mudança por que vem passando ao longo dos séculos, desde sua origem no latim. Questionamentos decorrentes de um percurso de dois anos de análise de dados sincrônicos e de dados de dossiês investigativos do século XX conduziram-nos à necessidade de uma referendação histórica de maior fôlego de caráter diacrônico, com amostras do século XIII ao XXI. Também alguns achados nessas pesquisas anteriores (OLIVEIRA & CACCIAGUERRA, 2009; OLIVEIRA, 2010; OLIVEIRA, 2011) providenciaram evidências sobre a atuação de forças cognitivas atuantes na mudança dos graus referencialidade carregados pelos variados padrões funcionais dessa construção. Este trabalho, por conseguinte, visa ao estudo diacrônico do processo de gramaticalização da construção referenciadora o mesmo, cujo continuum unidirecional de mudança é posto em paralelo com os graus de referencialidade dos padrões funcionais com vistas a verificar possíveis influências mútuas entre os dois processos cognitivos. Além disso, especial atenção é voltada para o padrão pronominal da construção o mesmo, cujo uso é alvo de discordância entre os falantes, pois por alguns é considerada uma maneira culta e formal de fazer referência, enquanto, para outros, trata-se de uma construção deselegante. Com o intuito de verificar se há gramaticalização em processo, os dados são analisados com base nos métodos postulados por Hopper (1991), Heine, Claudi e Hünnemeyer (1991), Heine e Kuteva (2002) e Bybee (2007), cujas teorias são associadas a fim de que obtenhamos resultados que nos sinalizem os estágios de gramaticalização por que passa a construção em estudo, bem como direcionem a análise para o entendimento do comportamento desse universal linguístico ao longo das categorias cognitivas. Sobre referenciação, buscamos as teorias de Koch (2001) e de Marcuschi (2006), além de propor uma discussão sobre espaços mentais (FAUCONNIER, 1994) para que, enfim, associássemos cognitivamente gramaticalização e referenciação. / Originally functionalist, but looking for new dialogues between cognitive theories of various areas of knowledge, such as Biology, Philosophy and Psychology, this research takes as its primary target of interest diachronic linguistic behavior of the construction o mesmo in Portuguese, considering the processes of change that has been going on for centuries, since its origin in Latin. Claims arising from a course of two years of synchronic data analysis of investigative dossiers of the XX century have led us to the need of a diachronic survey, with samples of the XIII century to XXI century. Also some findings in these previous studies (OLIVEIRA & CACCIAGUERRA, 2009; OLIVEIRA, 2010; OLIVEIRA, 2011) have provided evidence for the action of cognitive forces acting on the change of degrees of referentiality carried by different functional patterns of this construction. This study therefore aims to study the diachronic process of grammaticalization of the referrer construction o mesmo, whose unidirectional continuum of change is put in parallel with the degree of referentiality of functional patterns in order to identify possible mutual influences between the two cognitive processes. Furthermore, special attention is directed to the default pronoun of the construction o mesmo, whose use is subject to disagreement between speakers. Some of them consider it as a way to make formal reference, while for others, it is a construction inelegant. In order to check if there is grammaticalization in process, the data are analyzed based on the methods postulated by Hopper (1991), Heine, Claudi and Hünnemeyer (1991), Heine and Kuteva (2002) and Bybee (2007), whose theories are associated so that we obtain results to signal the stages of grammaticalization by which is passing the construction under study, as well as direct the analysis to understand the behavior of this language universal along the cognitive categories. On referentiation, we resort to theories of Koch (2001) and Marcuschi (2006), and propose a discussion of mental spaces (FAUCONNIER, 1994) so that, finally, connect cognitively grammaticalization and referentiation.

Em matéria de casamento, a doutrina majoritária sustenta que as causas de nulidade devem ser textuais ou expressas, não se admitindo nulidades virtuais. Nesse ambiente, surgiu a teoria da inexistência, criada pela doutrina como forma de impugnação do casamento realizado na ausência de seus elementos fundamentais: consentimento, celebração, e dualidade de sexo. Tal teoria, já conhecida pelos canonistas, foi desenvolvida e divulgada após a Revolução Francesa, a partir dos estudos do jurista tedesco Zachariae von Linghental, a partir dos comentários de Napoleão Bonaparte junto ao Conselho de Estado francês, quando da elaboração do Código Civil francês de 1804. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar, após dois séculos dos estudos de Zachariae, o impacto sofrido pela teoria da inexistência a partir da aprovação, por diversos países, do casamento entre pessoas do mesmo sexo. A partir surgiu o seguinte problema de pesquisa: existe o casamento entre pessoas do mesmo sexo? A pesquisa percorreu as seguintes etapas: pesquisa doutrinária, com ênfase para a doutrina francesa do século XIX, e pesquisa jurisprudencial nacional. O principal resultado alcançado, após as leituras e pesquisas efetuadas, foi a conclusão de que, hoje, no Brasil, a existência jurídica do casamento entre pessoas do mesmo sexo é uma realidade. / On marriage, the majority doctrine holds that the grounds of invalidity should be textual or expressed, not admitting virtual nonentities. Consent, celebration, and duality of sex: In this environment, the lack of theory, created by the doctrine as a way of challenging the marriage in the absence of its key elements emerged. Such a theory, now known by the canonists, was developed and released after the French Revolution, from the studies of boredom jurist Zachariae von Linghental, from the comments of Napoleon Bonaparte by the French Council of State, when preparing the French Civil Code 1804. The objective of this work is to analyze, after two centuries of dissemination of studies Zachariae, the impact suffered by the theory of absence from the adoption by many countries, marriage between persons of the same sex. From the following research problem emerged: is there a marriage between persons of the same sex? The research has taken the following steps: doctrinal research, with emphasis on the French doctrine of the nineteenth century, and national case search. The main result achieved after the readings and performed research, was the finding that, today, in Brazil, the legal existence of marriage between persons of the same sex is a reality.

Registered partnership - actual situation in Europe Abstract This thesis deals with the registered partnership and cohabitation of two persons of the same sex in the same-sex marriage. The thesis deals not only with the Czech legal system, but also with other european countries. The aim of the thesis is to compare the individual legal regulations and to review the actual tendencies of the european states in this respect. The text focuses mainly on the current situation in individual countries, the facts as concerning the establishment and termination of registered partnerships and partners' property relations are described. The subject of homoparentality and the possibility of adopting homosexual children is also discussed. The thesis is divided into 6 chapters, which gradually describe sub-areas related to this civil law institut. The first chapter defines the basic concepts and briefly describes the historical development of homosexual perceptions and the view of homosexuality. The next chapter describes the gradual legalization of a registered partnership in Europe, focusing on legislative processes in the Czech Republic. The third chapter discusses the emergence and termination of a legal partnership between same-sex persons, whether registered partnerships or same-sex marriages. The fourth chapter...

Com origem funcionalista, mas buscando por novos diálogos entre as teorias cognitivistas de diversas áreas do conhecimento, como a Biologia, a Filosofia e a Psicologia, esta pesquisa toma como alvo de interesse primário o comportamento linguístico diacrônico da construção o mesmo em língua portuguesa, considerando os processos de mudança por que vem passando ao longo dos séculos, desde sua origem no latim. Questionamentos decorrentes de um percurso de dois anos de análise de dados sincrônicos e de dados de dossiês investigativos do século XX conduziram-nos à necessidade de uma referendação histórica de maior fôlego de caráter diacrônico, com amostras do século XIII ao XXI. Também alguns achados nessas pesquisas anteriores (OLIVEIRA & CACCIAGUERRA, 2009; OLIVEIRA, 2010; OLIVEIRA, 2011) providenciaram evidências sobre a atuação de forças cognitivas atuantes na mudança dos graus referencialidade carregados pelos variados padrões funcionais dessa construção. Este trabalho, por conseguinte, visa ao estudo diacrônico do processo de gramaticalização da construção referenciadora o mesmo, cujo continuum unidirecional de mudança é posto em paralelo com os graus de referencialidade dos padrões funcionais com vistas a verificar possíveis influências mútuas entre os dois processos cognitivos. Além disso, especial atenção é voltada para o padrão pronominal da construção o mesmo, cujo uso é alvo de discordância entre os falantes, pois por alguns é considerada uma maneira culta e formal de fazer referência, enquanto, para outros, trata-se de uma construção deselegante. Com o intuito de verificar se há gramaticalização em processo, os dados são analisados com base nos métodos postulados por Hopper (1991), Heine, Claudi e Hünnemeyer (1991), Heine e Kuteva (2002) e Bybee (2007), cujas teorias são associadas a fim de que obtenhamos resultados que nos sinalizem os estágios de gramaticalização por que passa a construção em estudo, bem como direcionem a análise para o entendimento do comportamento desse universal linguístico ao longo das categorias cognitivas. Sobre referenciação, buscamos as teorias de Koch (2001) e de Marcuschi (2006), além de propor uma discussão sobre espaços mentais (FAUCONNIER, 1994) para que, enfim, associássemos cognitivamente gramaticalização e referenciação. / Originally functionalist, but looking for new dialogues between cognitive theories of various areas of knowledge, such as Biology, Philosophy and Psychology, this research takes as its primary target of interest diachronic linguistic behavior of the construction o mesmo in Portuguese, considering the processes of change that has been going on for centuries, since its origin in Latin. Claims arising from a course of two years of synchronic data analysis of investigative dossiers of the XX century have led us to the need of a diachronic survey, with samples of the XIII century to XXI century. Also some findings in these previous studies (OLIVEIRA & CACCIAGUERRA, 2009; OLIVEIRA, 2010; OLIVEIRA, 2011) have provided evidence for the action of cognitive forces acting on the change of degrees of referentiality carried by different functional patterns of this construction. This study therefore aims to study the diachronic process of grammaticalization of the referrer construction o mesmo, whose unidirectional continuum of change is put in parallel with the degree of referentiality of functional patterns in order to identify possible mutual influences between the two cognitive processes. Furthermore, special attention is directed to the default pronoun of the construction o mesmo, whose use is subject to disagreement between speakers. Some of them consider it as a way to make formal reference, while for others, it is a construction inelegant. In order to check if there is grammaticalization in process, the data are analyzed based on the methods postulated by Hopper (1991), Heine, Claudi and Hünnemeyer (1991), Heine and Kuteva (2002) and Bybee (2007), whose theories are associated so that we obtain results to signal the stages of grammaticalization by which is passing the construction under study, as well as direct the analysis to understand the behavior of this language universal along the cognitive categories. On referentiation, we resort to theories of Koch (2001) and Marcuschi (2006), and propose a discussion of mental spaces (FAUCONNIER, 1994) so that, finally, connect cognitively grammaticalization and referentiation.

Sweden is known to have one of the world's most generous parental insurances, both in length and flexibility which has led to a high maternity rate and more women in paid work. The political work on equality in Sweden has the goal that women and men shall have the same power to shape society and their own lives. This has led to legislation aimed at getting fathers to stay more at home with their children. There has been plenty of research on this subject so this study goes off the main track and looks at how legislation around parenthood works for same-sex couples and if paternal leave is shared more equally between same-sex parents than heterosexual parents. Discourse analysis of the legislation and a survey with same-sex families followed by interviews indicate that samesex couples share parental leave more equally than heterosexual couples. Legislation works well for most same-sex families except for the process of related adoption. Reasons for more equal sharing of parental leave is hard to find but could depend on the fact that same-sex couples have been couples for a longer time, than heterosexual couples, before deciding to have children. Wage gap between men and women is a reason why heterosexual couples do not share equally and it could be vice versa for same-sex couples.

Poverty is a widely researched topic in economics. However, despite growing research on the economic lives of lesbians and gay men in the United States since the mid 1990s, very little is known about poverty in same-sex couple households. This study uses American Community Survey data from 2010 to 2014 to calculate poverty rates for households headed by different-sex versus same-sex couples. Comparing households with similar characteristics, the results show that those headed by same-sex couples are more likely to be in poverty than those headed by different-sex married couples. Despite that overall disadvantage, a decomposition of the poverty risk shows that same-sex couples are protected from poverty by their higher levels of education and labor force participation, and their lower probability of having a child in the home. Lastly, the role of gender - above and beyond sexual orientation - is clear in the greater vulnerability to poverty for lesbian couples.

This dissertation addressed whether and how theories of marriage apply to same-sex relationships. These theories correspond to two main research questions. First, does the legal recognition of same-sex relationships provide the same benefits for members of same-sex couples that it does for different-sex spouses? Second, how do same-sex couples divide household labor, and, should inequalities emerge, what factors explain the division of labor? Marriage provides numerous benefits to husband/wife couples who wed, including better mental and physical health, greater financial security, and higher levels of sexual satisfaction. Using results from a web-based survey of members of same-sex couples and same-sex-attracted singles (N=429), I tested the applicability of the "marriage benefits model" to same-sex marriages, civil unions, domestic partnerships, and cohabiting couples. Although the focus of the same-sex marriage debate has been on the positive attributes of marriage, marriage for different-sex couples is also associated with great inequity in the division of household labor. Explanations for the housework gap point to gender or are tied up in correlates of gender, such as income and work hours. I also explored variations in the division of household labor in same-sex marriages and partnerships and tested extant theories of housework inequality. Results indicated that legal recognition (marriages and civil unions) does provide some benefits to financial well-being and physical health. Defining one's own relationship as a marriage (regardless of legal recognition) was more strongly associated with "marriage" benefits, including greater financial well-being, an improved sexual relationship, and fewer health-risk behaviors. Femininity was positively related to proportional housework contributions, and proportional work hours were inversely related, to proportional housework, supporting both the gender and time availability explanations of housework inequalities. Interactions between gender and relationship characteristics and between time availability and relationship characteristics were also explored.

Recent political and cultural trends have led to an evaluation of the meaning of marriage within American society, and especially marriage as it concerns couples of the same sex. However, little research has been done to find out how attitudes toward same-sex marriage might vary according to race and ethnicity. Drawing on data from the 2004 National Politics Study, the author investigates same-sex marriage attitudes and tests hypotheses concerning the attitudes of various American race-ethnic groups. This study employs multinomial logistic regression analysis to compare attitudes of African Americans, Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites. Results indicate that even when socio demographic factors such as education and gender are controlled for, ethnic groups still differ in their attitudes toward this topic. Analyses also indicate that the relationship between race/ethnicity and attitudes toward same-sex unions does not vary by gender and that foreign birth explains the relationship between Hispanic ethnicity and attitudes toward same-sex marriage.

The current quantitative study examined perceptions of online infidelity using ANCOVA calculations to determine if significant differences existed between variables of gender, age, orientation. The study considered the applicability of sexual strategy theory (SST) in today's culture and whether it remains relevant in current to today's relationships. SST and previous research suggested a clear trend in differences in perceptions of infidelity based on gender and age, with more mixed results in differences based on sexuality. This study expanded previous research by surveying 148 younger and older demographics, as well as men and women who are in opposite-sex and same-sex relationships. Results indicated no significant differences between emerging adults (21-29 years) and adults (30-45 years), same-sex and heterosexual couples. These findings challenge the applicability of SST to modern day relationships but need to be interpreted carefully due to several limitations of this study including unequal representation of men and same-sex couples. These findings can be considered when addressing online infidelity in individual or couple's counseling. A better understanding of the individual differences in the definition of infidelity has important positive social change implications of showing how online behaviors may affect beliefs on the difficult subject of emotional and sexual infidelity in relationships. Further studies with a larger study group as well as studies on how all media may change cultural values would be useful.

This dissertation examines the effects of issue frames and individual-level mediating factors on attitudes toward same-sex marriage and civil unions. It employs three survey experiments to test both competing and non-competing frame environments, an advance which will clarify the effect of these environments on public opinion. Prior literature on multiple frame environments has failed to reach consensus on the effects of multiple frame environments (MFEs) on public opinion, MFEs may: moderate subject opinion or facilitate stronger connections between subject core values and issue opinions. Results indicate that frame effects vary with framing environment: subjects presented with two persuasive frames advocating the same issue position, or a persuasive frame advocating one position and an unpersuasive frame advocating another, reported opinions closer to the persuasive frames than the control groups. Subjects who received persuasive frames advocating contrary positions reported more moderate positions than the control groups. The magnitude of frame effects also varied by question, with larger effects recorded for the civil unions question than the same-sex marriage question. On balance, these findings support the literature suggesting that multiple frame environments moderate public opinion, although some core value-issue opinion linkages were strengthened by the framed environments. Results for the individual-level political sophistication hypotheses were inconclusive. This thesis extends prior work on MFEs to a salient and divisive issue, with multiple possible solutions. In doing so, it helps resolve a debate in the literature on the effect of MFEs on public opinion. It also provides a first test of individual-level factors, such as respondent political sophistication, which may mediate the reception and processing of these frames by citizens. Finally, this thesis tries to bring both of these literatures into communication with one another to better understand the effects of each in relation to public opinion.