The reason why I chose this topic is that field trips (short-term or long-term) have demonstrable effect on students' knowledge, values and attitudes as well as teachers' skills. The objective of this thesis was to prepare a field trip including all needed teaching materials and evaluate it's effect on students' knowledge. Created teaching materials were tested in four classes in two primary school in Příbram and a nearby village. Students from these schools were divided into two groups - experimental and control. The experimental group attended the field trip and the control group got involved in the same program but at school. Both groups completed pretest, teaching, posttest 1 (with a feedback about teaching), posttest 2 and 3. Data collected from this research were evaluated using statistical methods. The results from these methods proved a significant difference of knowledge between groups in posttest 1 and 2. The score of both groups gained in posttest 3 was similar. We can conclude that students of both groups learned new information and their knowledge improved. Nevertheless the field trip had significantly higher effect on students' knowledge than the school lesson. Key words: teaching methods, field trip, students' knowledge, knowledge testing

This thesis is devoted to teaching of foreigners and creation of didactic materials for students of 2nd level of elementary schools with Czech as a second language. The thesis surveys and compares approaches to teaching foreigners in the Czech Republic and the USA. The author of the thesis describes methodology of the creation and use of special work materials for students determined to help them overcome language barriers and acquire the knowlede of specialized subjects. In the thesis, above entioned work materials are attested in refferential specimen for both, the attitude of the students to work with the materials and the use of informational resources and linguistic utilities included in the materials. KEYWORDS: instructional strategy, teaching methods, working-papers, non-native-speaking pupils

The main goal of this diploma work is to create a concept of one-year two-hour seminars teaching financial literacy at high school. Its content is in accordance with the standards of financial literacy that were defined in the document " The system of establishment of financial literacy at primary and secondary schools ", and which have been implemented in the RVP of high school and secondary vocational education in 2009. In particular, constructivist approach is being applied in the teaching to whose implementation using appropriately chosen teaching methods that are designated in the methodological recommendations of Pedagogical Research Institute. Following teaching materials are drawn up for each thematic unit seminar (household management, prices and money, financial markets, interest and interest calculation, financial products, financial planning and consumer protection): the recommended sequence of intermediate tutorial, theme, tutorial, tutorial presentations, pupil outputs, input and output test. The other goal of this diploma work is a small research through a questionnaire with closed issues, whose main aim was to map out the teaching of financial literacy at secondary schools in the Czech Republic. Keywords Financial literacy, Financial education, Activating teaching methods

The thesis is focused on the basic principles of activation methods as a useful tool for complementation and diversification of the education process. Every method is distinguished in a way that the reader can consider applicability of its use and its significance. The thesis should draw attention to advantages of activation methods when compared to standard direct teaching and introduce the reader to some non-standard methods. Included is a questionnaire research among students and teachers of two commercial academies as well as an outcome of the research. Its aim is to determine whether teachers of the commercial academy use activation methods during the education process of specialised subject and whether students perceive them. Complex evaluation of the questionnaires and interconnection of the results - answers from the students and teachers will help us to evaluate teaching methods used at given schools and knowledge of activation methods by the teachers themselves. To conclude, an analysis of the up-to-date state will be made, based on the outcome of the research, and proposition of possible improvement of the education process will be drawn.

The introductory art history course at the university level is the focus of this study. Recognized inadequacies of the traditionally conceived course prompt the development and implementation of a new course humanistically oriented and characterized by innovative methodologies derived from encounter group processes. The course develops through formative processes of examining three deviating teaching approaches: traditional, transitional-exploratory, and alternative-innovative. The resultant format applies concepts of art history, art education,general education, and humanistic psychology to needs of art and non-art students. Course implementation reveals experiences conducive to both art and personological student self-development. The conclusion is that a new art history course was developed and merits empirical testing.

The purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate how the progression appears in the teaching of subtraction between preschool class and grade 1. What was examined was whether the teaching in subtraction is interrelated be- tween these grades or whether it differs completely. In order to find this out, interviews were conducted with employed qualified teachers in pre-school class and grade 1. Through these interviews we got to learn about the teachers' stories about how they work and what influences their choices in their work on subtraction. A teaching media analysis was also carried out on the teaching materials that teachers stated they used in the teaching of subtraction. The re- sults show that teachers in pre-school class work very much with laboratory teaching materials in their teaching as well as in whole class or smaller groups, while teachers in grade 1 work less in whole class/groups but more with indi- vidual work. The work in grade 1 proves to be more focused on the fact that teachers want something to assess the students compared to the preschool class' work where much of the learning is done through play. The results show that preschool teachers work either very little with subtraction or not at all com- pared to primary school teachers in grade 1 where subtraction is practiced on a regular basis. In preschool the terminology that is used is both formal and informal, however, overall more informal words are used compared to grade 1 where more formal words are used. The results also show that preschool teach- ers prepare the subtraction strategy step-by-step calculations. In grade 1 the strategy step-by-step calculations are used as well as the numerical calculations strategy. / Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie var att undersöka hur progressionen ser ut i subtraktionsundervisning mellan förskoleklass och årskurs 1. Det som un- dersöktes var om undervisningen i subtraktion hänger samman mellan dessa årskurser eller om den ser helt olika ut. För att få reda på detta genomfördes intervjuer med verksamma behöriga lärare i förskoleklass samt årskurs 1. Ge- nom dessa intervjuer fick vi ta del av lärares berättelser om hur de arbetar och vad som påverkar deras val i sitt arbete med subtraktion. En läromedelsanalys genomfördes även på de läromedel som lärare uppgav att de använde sig av i subtraktionsundervisningen. Resultatet visar att lärare i förskoleklass arbetar väldigt mycket med laborativa läromedel i sin undervisning samt i helklasser eller mindre grupper medan lärare i årskurs 1 arbetar betydligt mindre del i helklass/grupper men desto mer med individuellt arbete. Arbetet i årskurs 1 visar sig vara mer inriktat på att lärare vill ha något som de kan bedöma ele- verna på jämfört med förskoleklassens arbete där stor del av lärandet sker ge- nom lek. Resultatet visar att lärare i förskoleklass arbetar väldigt lite eller inte alls med subtraktion till skillnad från årskurs 1 där subtraktion tränas regel- bundet. Terminologin som används i förskoleklass är en kombination av in- formella och formella ord, dock merparten informella ord till skillnad från årskurs 1 där det används mer formella ord. Resultatet visar att lärare i för- skoleklass förbereder subtraktionsstrategin stegvisa beräkningar och i årskurs 1 tränas strategierna stegvisa beräkningar samt talsortsvisa beräkningar.

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido tendo como tema principal a metodologia de simulação chamada Jogos de Empresas. Este tema ganhou destaque no cenário empresarial e acadêmico nas últimas décadas e tem sido utilizado como ferramenta de treinamento no meio empresarial e de aprendizagem no meio acadêmico, além de ser amplamente discutido em artigos, dissertações e teses. Tendo isto em vista, destaca a relevância dos jogos de empresas como metodologia de aprendizagem no ensino de Administração. Seu enfoque está baseado no conceito de aprendizagem vivencial, no qual o aluno participa ativamente do processo de aprendizagem e também na técnica de simulação com ênfase nos jogos de negócios; apresentando sua evolução, classificação, pesquisas sobre o seu emprego, a estruturação básica e a forma geral de funcionamento, além das suas utilizações, seu desenvolvimento e suas perspectivas, tendo em vista os grandes avanços tecnológicos que permitem hoje, maiores aproximações das simulações com a realidade. Apresenta um novo modelo de jogo de empresas a ser utilizado como instrumento de apoio à formação e treinamento de administradores, enfatizando principalmente o processo decisório, dando nova dinâmica a esta metodologia, visando estabelecer melhores resultados em termos de aprendizagem e motivação aos participantes. O modelo proposto foi aplicado em seis turmas diferentes, de cursos de administração, sendo então apresentados os principais efeitos da aplicação e uso do modelo proposto, mostrando que embora não tenha sido possível mostrar que o aprendizado foi maior, a percepção dos participantes mostrou resultados muito positivos. Finalmente apresenta sugestões para futuras pesquisas. / This work was developed seeking as main theme the simulation methodology. This theme stood out in the managerial and academic scenery in the last decades and it has been used as training tool in the managerial way and of learning in the academy, besides being discussed thoroughly in papers, dissertations and theses. This way, it detaches the relevance of the business games as learning methodology in the teaching of Administration. Your focus is based on the concept of experimental learning, in which the student participates actively of the learning process and also in the simulation technique with emphasis in the business games; presenting your evolution, classification, researches on your employment, the basic structuring and the general form of operation, besides your uses, your development and your perspectives, considering the great technological progresses that allow today, larger approaches of the simulations with the reality. It presents a new model of business game to be used as support to the administrators in your formation and training, emphasizing mainly the decision process, giving new dynamics to this methodology, seeking to establish better results in learning and motivation to the participants. Finally, it presents the principal effects and results of the application and use of the proposed model, besides the recommendations for future researches.

The aim of this work was to create a set of didactic/methodological games for teaching biology, that would be appropriate to be realized on school gardens. The games were constructed for the broader cross-curricular usage within the secondary schools. The thesis consists of two parts. Firstly, the theoretical part was processed as literary research with the use of available Czech and German resources. Secondly, the practical part contains a set of games, complemented by methods for teachers. There were special aids created for every single game. Finally, four of the games were verified in practice.

Devido à demanda do mercado e da nova Lei das S.A´s que exigem um perfil de profissional da área de negócios com maior nível de raciocínio crítico, o objetivo geral desta tese foi conhecer, analisar e avaliar empiricamente a efetividade do modelo de raciocínio crítico de Richard Paul em alunos de disciplinas da área contábil no desenvolvimento de habilidades para pensar criticamente sobre contabilidade e atitudes de raciocínio crítico em geral. O quase-experimento piloto foi realizado em uma instituição pública durante o segundo semestre de 2010, teve uma abordagem geral (quatro intervenções de 30 min.) de aplicação do modelo e o autor da pesquisa foi monitor das classes. O segundo quase-experimento foi realizado em uma instituição particular durante o primeiro semestre de 2011, teve uma abordagem mista (aulas e atividades da turma experimento) de aplicação e o autor da pesquisa foi o professor das turmas. Em ambos os quase-experimentos os participantes preencheram três instrumentos de avaliação: dois deles aplicados no início e no final do semestre e avaliaram habilidades (Ennis Weir Critical Thinking Essay Test - EWCTET) e atitudes (California Critical Thinking Dispositions Inventory - CCTDI) de raciocínio crítico; e um deles foi uma pesquisa demográfica (aplicado no final do semestre). Além de análises descritivas das amostras, para testar as hipóteses foi aplicada a análise de covariância (ANCOVA) utilizando-se os pré-testes como covariáveis. Na instituição pública não foi constatado efeito significativo do modelo instrucional no desenvolvimento de habilidades ou atitudes de raciocínio crítico e nenhuma diferença considerando o efeito isolado das variáveis idade ou gênero. Foram confirmadas duas hipóteses na instituição particular: a turma experimento (p = 0,040 e d = 0,56) e os alunos mais velhos (p = 0,047 e d = 0,58) apresentaram maior desenvolvimento de habilidades de raciocínio crítico. Apesar de as médias das atitudes não terem sido significativamente diferentes, encontrou-se também efeito significativo do modelo instrucional no desenvolvimento da atitude curiosidade (p = 0,047 e d = 0,65). Também foram constatadas diferenças significativas nas habilidades para os efeitos isolados de idade (p = 0,002 e d = 0,77) e gênero (p = 0,016 e d = 0,60); e para as atitudes no efeito isolado do gênero (p = 0,033 e d = 0,46). Para futuras pesquisas, recomenda-se a aplicação do modelo em cursos de graduação ou pós-graduação da área de negócios e investigações mais profundas sobre formas de raciocínio, comportamento e aprendizagem, considerando idade ou gênero. / Due to market demands and the new Corporate Law\'s that require a professional profile of the business area with higher level of critical thinking, the general objective of this thesis was to recognize, analyze and evaluate empirically the effectiveness of teaching Richard Paul\'s model of critical thinking in students of accounting disciplines in the development of abilities to think critically about accounting and of critical thinking disposition\'s in general. The pilot quasi-experiment was conducted in a public institution during the second half of 2010 and had a general approach (four interventions of 30 min.) of the model\'s use and the author of the study was the monitor´s classes. The second quasi-experiment was conducted in a private institution during the first half of 2011 and had a mixed application approach (used in most classes and activities of the experimental class) and the author of the study was the teacher´s classes. In both quasi-experiments the applicants filled three evaluation instruments. Two of them were applied at the beginning and end of the semester and evaluated skills (Ennis Weir Critical Thinking Essay Test - EWCTET) and attitudes (California Critical Thinking Dispositions Inventory - CCTDI) of critical thinking and a demographic survey was applied at the end of the semester. In addition to descriptive analysis of the samples, to test the hypotheses set was applied the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) using pretest as covariates. In the public institution was not found significant effect of instructional model in developing skills and attitudes of critical thinking and no difference for the effect of isolated variables age or gender. In the particular institution two hypotheses were confirmed, the experimental class (p = .040 and d = .56) and the older students (p = .047 and d = .58) have presented higher development of critical thinking skills. Although the mean of the attitudes were not significantly different, also met significant effect of instructional model in the development of the curiosity attitude (p = .047 and d = .65). There were also significant differences in the abilities to the isolated effects of age (p = .002 and d = .77) and gender (p = .016 and d =.60) and in the attitudes to the isolated effect of gender (p = .033 and d = .46). For future researches, it is recommended to apply the same model in undergraduate or graduate business area and further investigation on ways of thinking, behavior and learning, taking into account age or gender.

Cheng Po Chu. / Thesis (M.Sc.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1992. / Includes bibliographical references. / ABSTRACT --- p.1 / Chapters / Chapter I. --- BACKGROUND --- p.2 / Chapter II. --- OVERVIEW OF HISTORY-TAKING EXPERT SYSTEMS --- p.3 / Chapter II.1 --- Structure of Diagnostic systems --- p.3 / Chapter II.2 --- Present Design --- p.4 / Chapter III. --- LOGICAL APPROACH TO HISTORY TAKING --- p.5 / Chapter III.1 --- Objectives of Taking a Medical History --- p.5 / Chapter III.2 --- Process of History Taking --- p.6 / Chapter III.3 --- The Art of Asking Questions --- p.8 / Chapter III.4 --- Implementation Problems --- p.9 / Chapter III.4.1 --- Question of Users --- p.9 / Chapter III.4.2 --- Question of the End Point --- p.10 / Chapter III.4.3 --- Analysis Problems --- p.10 / Chapter IV. --- DESIGN OF THE SYSTEM --- p.11 / Chapter IV.1 --- DATA REPRESENTATION --- p.11 / Chapter IV.1.1 --- Diagnosis --- p.11 / Chapter IV.1.2 --- Symptoms --- p.12 / Chapter IV.1.3 --- Patient History --- p.14 / Chapter IV.2 --- KNOWLEDGE --- p.15 / Chapter IV.3 --- INFERENCE ENGINE --- p.19 / Chapter IV.4 --- TEACHING MECHANISM --- p.24 / Chapter IV.4.1 --- Diagnostic Module --- p.24 / Chapter IV.4.2 --- Teaching Module: --- p.24 / Chapter V. --- STATISTICAL STUDY --- p.26 / Chapter VI. --- SAMPLE RUNNING OF THE PROGRAM: --- p.27 / Chapter VI.l. --- DIAGNOSTIC MODULE --- p.28 / Chapter VI.1.1 --- "Demographic Data, Chief Complaint and History of Present Illness" --- p.28 / Chapter VI.1.2 --- Related Symptoms --- p.30 / Chapter VI.1.3 --- Symptom Descriptors --- p.30 / Chapter VI.1.4 --- Deduction and Ask Cycle --- p.30 / Chapter VI.1.5. --- Summary --- p.31 / Chapter VI.1.6 --- Record in casebook --- p.32 / Chapter VI.2 --- THE TUTORING MODULE --- p.32 / Chapter VI.2.1 --- Demographic Data and Chief Complaint --- p.32 / Chapter VI.2.2 --- Advises and History of Present Illness --- p.33 / Chapter VI.2.2.1 --- Advises --- p.33 / Chapter VI.2.2.2 --- Summary --- p.34 / Chapter VI.2.2.3 --- History of Present Illness --- p.34 / Chapter VI.2.2.4 --- Advises again --- p.35 / Chapter VI.2.2.5 --- History of Present Illness again --- p.36 / Chapter VI.2.2.6 --- Advises again --- p.36 / Chapter VI.2.2.7 --- Summary again --- p.37 / Chapter VI.2.2.8 --- History of Present Illness again --- p.37 / Chapter VI.2.2.9 --- Offer of advice and Summary again --- p.38 / Chapter VI.2.3 --- Termination --- p.38 / Chapter VI.3 --- RETRIEVING CASES AND SUMMARIZING --- p.39 / Chapter VII. --- PERFORMANCE OF THE SYSTEM --- p.43 / Chapter VIII. --- FURTHER DEVELOPMENT --- p.44 / CONCLUSION --- p.46 / REFERENCES: --- p.46 / ACKNOWLEDGMENT: --- p.46