Marine structures must withstand the corrosive effects of salt water in a way that is low cost, reliable, and environmentally friendly. Aluminum satisfies these conditions, and would be a good choice for a sacrificial anode to protect steel structures if it did not passivate. However, various elements can be added to aluminum to prevent this passivation. Currently, Al-Ga alloys are used commercially as sacrificial anodes but their performance is not consistent. In this research, Thermo-Calc software was used to simulate various aspects of the Al-Ga system in an attempt to understand and potentially correct this reliability issue. Simulations showed that gallium segregates to the grain boundaries during solidification and then diffuses back into the grains during cooling to room temperature. Simulations also suggest that faster cooling rates and larger grains cause the potential segregation of gallium at the grain boundaries to remain after cooling. A set of aluminum plus 0.1% weight percent gallium alloy plates were produced with varying cooling rates, along with a control set (cooled slowly in a sand mold). Some samples were later homogenized via annealing. Samples were subjected to a 168 hour long galvanostatic test to assess voltage response. The corrosion performance of samples was found to have both consistent and optimal voltage range when subjected to quick cooling rates followed by annealing. Testing samples at near freezing temperature seems to completely remove optimal corrosion behavior, suggesting that there are multiple causes for the voltage behavior. / Master of Science / Ships must withstand the corrosive effects of salt water in a way that is low cost, reliable, and environmentally friendly. Aluminum has properties which could allow a plate of it to rust instead of a ship it is attached to, thus protecting the ships from rusting. However, because aluminum usually does not rust, gallium can be added to aluminum to allow it to rust. Currently, aluminum-gallium alloys are used commercially to protect ships, but their performance is not consistent. In this research, various aspects of the aluminum-gallium system were simulated in an attempt to understand and potentially correct this reliability issue. Simulations showed that the gallium concentration may not be uniform in the alloy, and various conditions can cause the gallium concentration to be inconsistent. A set of aluminum-gallium alloy plates were cast in molds from liquid aluminum. Some of the plates were cooled quickly, and some cooled slowly. Some samples were later heated in an oven at high temperatures in an attempt to even out the gallium concentration. Samples were subjected to tests to observe corrosion behavior. The corrosion performance of samples was found to be best when subjected to quick cooling rates followed by the oven heating. Testing the samples in cold temperatures seemed to remove the desired corrosion behavior, suggesting that there are multiple reasons for the inconsistent corrosion behavior of aluminum gallium.

The purpose of this research was to: 1) measure the importance Cohutta Wilderness users place upon potential indicators of preferred wilderness experiences, 2) identify the extent to which norm, or standards, exist among these users for a variety of social indicators of the wilderness experience, and 3) to compare these characteristics among a number of different subgroups in order to assess any differences which may exist among users. Social judgment theory was used in the study to develop a more reliable and useful method for achieving these objectives. Wilderness users tended to place high levels of importance on most of the indicators studied. However, the greatest importance was placed upon a number of the physical/ecological indicators. Subgroups of wilderness users classified according to wilderness involvement, place attachment, and length of stay showed the most significant differences in importance evaluations. Most of the users sampled were willing to provide personal norms, but these norms were often unstable over time. Users tended to become more restrictive concerning those conditions they found acceptable. Measures of consensus suggested two different conclusions. Wilderness user subgroups tended to have greater median variation than was the case for the approach using percent agreement for specific encounter norm levels. When users were broken down into subgroups, the wilderness involvement measure appeared to explain the most differences in norms regarding the acceptability of wilderness conditions. / Master of Science

Text in English / Previous studies have reported a high prevalence of HIV and AIDS among adolescent girls. It is estimated that there are 5,24 million people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). These estimates would mean that about 2.36 million people living with HIV/AIDS would be young women and girls aged 15-24 years. The latest household survey conducted by the Human Science Research Council (HSRC) revealed that the prevalence of HIV is three to seven fold in girls and young women aged 15-24 than boys and young men (HSRC 2014) This resurgence in HIV incidence is occurring at a time when it is believed the epidemic has reached a plateau following aggressive behavioural, biomedical and structural interventions by the Department of Health, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO) and civil society in general. A probability sampling method, involving a random selection of elements was used to select 130 young women and girls aged 18-24 presenting at Dr George Mukhari Academic Hospital by simple random sampling. Data were collected by self-administering questionnaires. High unemployment and greater age-disparity in the relationships were found to have a direct correlation with HIV incidence in the population under study. This study also shows that inconsistent condom use, low rate of medical male circumcision of male partners, coupled with lower HIV counselling and testing than the national average, was associated with new HIV infections, in spite of high level of condom availability, knowledge of HIV issues and an exposure to an array of behavioural change communication interventions. / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:47:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 426203.pdf: 5343272 bytes, checksum: 777dcd5eea3a2ff18006bbd76f4e8aa9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-27 / Esta disserta??o tem como objetivo analisar a constru??o de uma mem?ria ga?cha em Santa Catarina, a partir da funda??o de Centros de Tradi??es Ga?chas. Um fen?meno s?cio-cultural que vem ocorrendo no Estado desde 1957, vem se expandindo e ganhando notoriedade a cada ano. Inicialmente, o trabalho apresenta uma contextualiza??o do surgimento do ga?cho e a forma??o do seu estere?tipo. Esse processo ir? resultar em um movimento tradicionalista ga?cho, que ir? criar pr?ticas de representa??es do ga?cho, e o far? atrav?s dos Centros de Tradi??es Ga?chas. Por fim, o trabalho analisa os motivos que levam pessoas de diferentes lugares e grupos ?tnicos aderir a esse movimento.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:12:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2006-Betty Nogueira Rocha.pdf: 5580202 bytes, checksum: 27b02d9d47d691fadb95c54d721b87e2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-03-10 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The effort undertaken in this research was to investigate how the process of installation of the gaucho migrant in the north of Mato Grosso State happens. The basis of the analysis is the (re)construction of the ga?cha identity informed by the self-image of this social group which sees itself as an explorer, a pioneer and an enterprising that, leaving its origin territory, takes with it, in its baggage, a set of socio-cultural representations and references which are recovered in the new territory as a characteristic mark of its territoriality. It is about a case study from the life history and the ga?chos migrants memory who left the south region of the country going to a place which nowadays is the seat of the district of Lucas do Rio Verde. The research points to an analysis which has as reference the notion of symbolic power in which the group social identity interferes and is decisive in the constitution of new territories. It is through a symbolic array, using spacial elements, representations or symbols, that the gaucho constitutes his territorial identity, that is, he gives or reveals an aspect which homogenizes the territory where he lives, even if far from his homeland, able to give the group a certain cohesion and power (symbolic). In this way, a constitution process of a territory involves, dialectically, an indissoluble movement of unisntallation and reinstallation which happens in different scales and can be better understood from the concept of multiterritoriality. This dissertation has the aim of understanding the customs (social and cultural) and representations which were selected by this social actor, the gaucho , to print his identity in this new territory and to demonstrate that there is an interdependency which cannot be ignored among the socio-cultural relationships of the migrants and the standard of appropriation and territorial organization in different scales. / O esfor?o empreendido nesta pesquisa foi o de investigar como se d? o processo de territorializa??o do migrante ga?cho no norte do estado de Mato Grosso. O fio condutor desta an?lise ? a (re)constru??o da identidade ga?cha informada pela auto-imagem deste grupo social que se v? como desbravador, pioneiro e empreendedor que, ao deixar seu territ?rio de origem, carrega consigo, em sua bagagem, todo um cabedal de representa??es e referenciais s?cio-culturais que s?o acionados no territ?rio de ado??o como marca distintiva de sua territorialidade. Trata-se de um estudo de caso a partir da hist?ria de vida e da mem?ria dos migrantes ga?chos que sa?ram da regi?o sul do pa?s tendo como ponto de atra??o o lugar que hoje ? sede do munic?pio de Lucas do Rio Verde. O caminho investigativo aponta para um eixo anal?tico que tem por referencial a no??o de poder simb?lico, onde a identidade social do grupo interfere e ? decisiva na constitui??o de novos territ?rios. ? atrav?s de todo um aparato simb?lico utilizando-se de elementos espaciais, representa??es ou s?mbolos que o ga?cho constitui a sua identidade territorial, ou seja, d? ou revela um aspecto homogeneizador ao territ?rio em que vive, mesmo que distante de sua terra natal, capaz de conferir ao grupo uma determinada coes?o e for?a (simb?lica). Neste sentido, um processo de constitui??o de um territ?rio envolve, dialeticamente, um movimento indissoci?vel de desterritorializa??o e de re-territoriliza??o que ocorre em escalas distintas e pode ser melhor compreendido a partir do conceito de multiterritorialidade. Esta incurs?o investigativa tem por objetivo compreender as pr?ticas (sociais e culturais) e representa??es que foram selecionadas por este ator social, o ga?cho , para imprimir a sua identidade neste novo territ?rio e demonstrar que h? uma interdepend?ncia, que n?o pode ser ignorada, entre as rela??es s?cioculturais dos migrantes e o padr?o de apropria??o e organiza??o territorial em diferentes escalas.

Somatostatinrezeptoren (SSTRs) hemmen die Hormonsekretion und Proliferation in einer Vielzahl von neuroendokrinen Geweben. Eine erhöhte Dichte dieser Rezeptoren konnte im Zusammenhang mit verschiedenen Schilddrüsenpathologien nachgewiesen werden. Mittels Gallium-68 (Ga-68) DOTA-Phe(1)-Tyr(3)-Octreotid (DOTATOC) Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie (PET), einem nuklearmedizinischen Untersuchungsverfahren, ist die funktionelle Darstellung der SSTR-Expression in vivo möglich. Unser Studienziel war es, den Ga-68-DOTATOC Uptake als Korrelat für die SSTR-Dichte in gesundem und pathologisch verändertem Schilddrüsengewebe zu quantifizieren. Die Ga-68-DOTATOC PET Bilder von insgesamt 165 Patienten wurden mittels (ROI)- Technik ausgewertet und die Studienteilnehmer verschiedenen Schilddrüsenpathologiegruppen zugeordnet. Ergänzend erfolgte eine schilddrüsenspezifische Anamnese, eine Ultraschalluntersuchung der Schilddrüse, sowie die Bestimmung der Laborparameter TSH and Anti-TPO-Antikörper für jeden Studienteilnehmer. Normale Schilddrüsen, ohne eine erkennbare Pathologie, zeigten eine klar nachweisbare SSTR-Expression mit einer großen Spannweite innerhalb der ermittelten TBR-Werte. In acht Fällen war es möglich, Folgeuntersuchungen von Patienten mit normaler Schilddrüse, aber erhöhten Uptake-Werten in der Gallium-68-DOTATOC PET Untersuchung, auszuwerten (TBR>4). Der Abstand der durchgeführten Kontrollen lag im Mittel bei 11,4 Monaten mit einer Spannweite von sechs bis vierzehn Monaten. In keiner der durchgeführten Kontrolluntersuchungen konnte eine neu aufgetretene Schilddrüsenpathologie nachgewiesen werden. Eine erhöhte SSTR-Dichte (TBR>3.4) zeigte sich zudem im Fall von autonomen Adenomen, disseminierten Schilddrüsenautonomien, sowie bei den meisten Patienten (fünf von acht) mit aktiven Hashimoto-Thyreoiditiden. Vor allem die gesunden Schilddrüsen von männlichen Studienteilnehmern fielen mit erhöhten Radiotraceruptake-Werten in der durchgeführten Untersuchung auf. Diese unterschieden sich signifikant von der Gruppe weiblicher Studienteilnehmer mit normaler Schilddrüse. Patienten ohne eine nachweisbare Schilddrüsenpathologie, aber mit erhöhten Uptake-Werten (TBR>4.0), zeigten in den späteren Kontrolluntersuchungen keinen Hinweis auf eine sich entwickelnde Pathologie, speziell keine Hinweise auf eine sich entwickelnde Hashimoto-Thyreoidititis. Alle Patienten mit verschiedenen Formen der Schilddrüsenautonomie zeigen einen erhöhten DOTATOC Uptake in unserer Studie.

本文是以情態形式「daro」與終助詞「yo」、「ne」、「ga」「ni」及接續助詞「ga」相互結合時所產生的意思變化為考察對象。其探討重點首先將分析終助詞「yo」、「ne」、「ga」「ni」的基本義及其使用方法。接著針對｢daro_ne｣、｢daro_yo｣、｢daro_ga｣、｢daro_ni｣等形式之結合為何會產生責難、不信任之意加以探討。並將這四者對照比較，藉此探究各形式之間的差異。最後也針對「daro」與接續助詞「ga」結合後所產生的並列用法加以探討，並與「～demo～demo」對照比較，探討其用法之差異。 考察之結果，可得知其衍生意思是由於終助詞與表示不同意思的｢daro｣相互結合而產生的。終助詞「yo」與表示「推測」的｢daro｣相互結合會產生出詰問之意。另一方面，終助詞「ga」與表示「要求確認」的｢daro｣之組合會產生出責難等意思。 關鍵字：「daro」、終助詞「ne」‧「yo」‧「ga」‧「ni」、接續助詞「ga」、責難、不信任感

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Vita. "December 2005" Includes bibliographical references.

M.A. / It can be concluded from the findings of this study that there are no relevant facilities for mentally retarded children at Ga-Molepo, i.e. no professional services rendered,no voluntary services, no special schools or centres, no receipt of social security and no commitment from members of the community towards retarded children in the area. The list is endless. It can also be concluded that the researcher managed to achieve the aim and objectives of the study as she gained information which will be used by professionals who render services at Ga-Molepo. The information gleaned will enable these professionals, such as social workers, to make informed decisions on the development and utilisation of resources in the community to ensure that the needs of mentally retarded children in the area are met. The objectives of the study were also met, that is: The researcher managed to administer an interview schedule to parents of mentally retarded children at Ga-Molepo in order to identify the needs of the said children as highlighted in Chapter Two of the study. a, She also administered another interview schedule to key persons in the community of Ga-Molepo in order to identify existing resources, if any, for mentally retarded children in the area. The researcher managed to analyse data collected on the needs of mentally retarded children and the resources available in the area with the aim of formulating recommendations in that regard. Based on the findings and conclugions of this study, the researcher deems it necessary that certain recommendations pertaining to this investigation be made. These recommendations are: As the study indicates that the majority of the mentally retarded children at Ga-Molepo are moderately mentally retarded, would not progress beyond sub-standard B level, and could benefit from training in occupational and social skills, it becomes clear that a multi-purpose centre could be of benefit to these children. At such a centre, children could learn various survival skills, as various professionals or members of a multidisciplinary team, such as social workers, occupational therapists, clinical psychologists, speech therapists, etc. would visit regularly. The centre could also have a workshop wing where these children could practise their vocational skills and also leam how to earn a living at a later stage, when they become adults. It is recommended that an investigation be undertaken to establish the viability of such a centre and the number of mentally retarded children in the area who could benefit from the proposed centre. As it was noted that the community was predominantly indifferent to the plight of mentally retarded children at Ga-Molepo, which is confirmed by the lack of Voluntary services for these children, the researcher recommends that the professionals, such as social workers, clinical psychologists, etc. give educational talks to the entire community on the subject of mental retardation. Such an exercise would enlighten community members on what mental reatardation really is and could motivate them to participate actively in issues pertaining to mentally retarded people. 5.4.3 Owing to the fact that no professional services are being rendered to mentally retarded children at Ga-Molepo, it is recommended that the government ensure that professional services, especially those required by mentally retarded children, be made available in the area. The ideal is for services to be taken to the people. In other words, people should not have to travel long distances to procure professional Children with mental disabilities -- Services for -- South Africa -- Ga-Molepo

Um den ständig steigenden Energiebedarf durch Kälteanlagen wie Kühlschränke oder Klimaanlagen zu verringern, sind in den vergangenen Jahren Kühlprozesse in den Mittelpunkt aktueller Forschungen gerückt, die auf Phasenumwandlungen in Festkörpern beruhen. Ein Beispiel dafür sind magnetokalorische Materialien, zu denen auch das in der vorliegenden Arbeit untersuchte Ni-Mn-Ga-Co gehört. In dieser Heusler-Legierung tritt eine Phasenumwandlung erster Ordnung von einer ferromagnetischen, kubischen Hochtemperaturphase (Austenit) in eine tetragonal verzerrte Tieftemperaturphase (Martensit) mit geringerer Magnetisierung auf. Der Unterschied in den Magnetisierungen beider Phasen erlaubt es auch, diese Phasenumwandlung durch ein Magnetfeld zu induzieren. Hierbei kühlt sich das Material durch eine Verringerung der Gitterentropie in dem System ab. Ein Nachteil von Phasenumwandlungen erster Ordnung ist die damit verbundene Hysterese. Außerdem lässt sich der magnetokalorische Effekt durch die scharfe Umwandlung nur in einem kleinen Temperaturbereich effektiv nutzen. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit besteht darin, anhand epitaktisch gewachsener Ni-Mn-Ga-Co-Schichten auf PMN-PT-Substraten zu untersuchen, ob und wie die Umwandlungstemperatur und damit auch die Hysterese der Heusler-Legierung durch mechanische Spannung beeinflusst werden kann. Dafür soll durch Anlegen eines elektrischen Feldes an das piezoelektrische Substrat die Ni-Mn-Ga-Co-Schicht reversibel mechanisch verspannt und die daraus resultierenden Veränderungen der strukturellen und magnetischen Eigenschaften untersucht werden. Im ersten Ergebnisteil wird zunächst gezeigt, dass epitaktische Ni-Mn-Ga-Co-Schichten auf PMN-PT wachsen können und diese einen strukturellen und magnetischen Phasenübergang zeigen. Eine Beeinflussung der bei Raumtemperatur vorliegenden Phase ist dabei über eine Variation der chemischen Zusammensetzung der Probe möglich. Im Anschluss werden die Auswirkungen eines angelegten elektrischen Feldes auf die strukturellen und magnetischen Eigenschaften analysiert. Röntgenuntersuchungen zeigen, dass die piezoelektrische Dehnung des Substrats vollständig auf das Ni-Mn-Ga-Co übertragen werden kann. Allerdings treten bei hohen Temperaturen aufgrund einer Phasenumwandlung im PMN-PT nichtlineare Dehnungseffekte auf. Eine Veränderung der Umwandlungstemperaturen durch die Dehnung des Ni-Mn-Ga-Co ist jedoch nicht möglich. Als wahrscheinliche Ursache dafür wird eine Besonderheit des martensitischen Gefüges der Ni-Mn-Ga-Co-Schichten diskutiert. Im Austenit wurde jedoch eine vollständig reversible Änderung der Magnetisierung um bis zu 7 % gemessen. Diese Magnetisierungsänderung bietet einen interessanten Anknüpfungspunkt für weitergehende Untersuchungen dieses Systems für multikalorische Anwendungen.