Kong Sau Lai. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 209-225). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.ii / Abstract --- p.iii / Contents --- p.vii / List of Tables --- p.xi / List of Figures --- p.xxiv / Chapter Chapter 1: --- General Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Study Site --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Study Material --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4 --- General Objectives --- p.6 / Chapter 1.5 --- Organization of the Thesis --- p.6 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Seasonal Occurrence and Reproduction of Hypnea charoides in Ping Chau / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Study sites --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Populations of Hypnea charoides --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Measurement of plant length --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Examination of reproductive structures --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Environmental parameters --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Statistical analysis --- p.15 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results --- p.16 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Seasonal occurrence and growth of Hypnea charoides --- p.16 / Chapter 2.3.1.1 --- A Ma Wan populations --- p.16 / Chapter 2.3.1.2 --- Lung Lok Shui populations --- p.16 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Reproductive seasonality --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3.2.1 --- A Ma Wan populations --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3.2.2 --- Lung Lok Shui populations --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Other observations --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Environmental parameters --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3.4.1 --- Photoperiod --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3.4.2 --- Seawater temperature --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3.4.3 --- Nutrient concentrations --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Statistical analysis --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3.5.1 --- A Ma Wan populations --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3.5.2 --- Lung Lok Shui populations --- p.22 / Chapter 2.4 --- Discussion --- p.23 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Seasonal occurrence and growth of Hypnea charoides --- p.23 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Reproductive seasonality --- p.27 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Occurrence of cystocarps and tetrasporangia on the same thallus in Hypnea charoides --- p.34 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Algal Recruitment on Artificial Clearings / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Study site --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Clearing experiment --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Investigation on the clearing and control plots --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2.3.1 --- Species composition --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2.3.2 --- Percentage cover --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.3.3 --- Species richness --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.3.4 --- Species diversity --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Statistical analyses --- p.55 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.56 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Species composition --- p.57 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Percentage cover --- p.58 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Species richness --- p.61 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Species diversity --- p.65 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.69 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Species composition and percentage cover --- p.70 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Implications on algal succession --- p.76 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Implications for Hypnea charoides --- p.79 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Species richness and diversity --- p.82 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Colonization of Early Algal Assemblages on Artificial Substrata / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.121 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.123 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Study sites --- p.123 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Experimental design --- p.124 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Investigation for optimal sampling --- p.125 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Examination of tiles / Chapter 4.2.4.1 --- Species composition --- p.127 / Chapter 4.2.4.2 --- Species richness --- p.127 / Chapter 4.2.4.3 --- Mean density --- p.127 / Chapter 4.2.4.4 --- Percentage cover of encrusting coralline algae --- p.128 / Chapter 4.2.4.5 --- Species diversity --- p.128 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Statistical analyses --- p.128 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.129 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Species composition --- p.130 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- A Ma Wan tiles --- p.130 / Chapter 4.3.2.1 --- Species richness --- p.130 / Chapter 4.3.2.2 --- Algal density --- p.131 / Chapter 4.3.2.3 --- Percentage cover of encrusting coralline algae --- p.133 / Chapter 4.3.2.4 --- Species diversity --- p.134 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Lung Lok Shui tiles at -2 to -3 m CD - Biweekly-retrieved tiles --- p.135 / Chapter 4.3.3.1 --- Species richness --- p.135 / Chapter 4.3.3.2 --- Algal density --- p.136 / Chapter 4.3.3.3 --- Percentage cover of encrusting coralline algae --- p.136 / Chapter 4.3.3.4 --- Species diversity --- p.136 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Lung Lok Shui tiles at 一2 to -3 m CD - Monthly-retrieved tiles --- p.137 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Lung Lok Shui tiles at -1 m CD --- p.137 / Chapter 4.3.6 --- Permanently-placed tiles in A Ma Wan and Lung Lok Shui --- p.138 / Chapter 4.3.7 --- Presence of grazers and other organisms --- p.139 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.140 / Chapter Chapter 5: --- Seasonal Availability of Algal Propagules at Different Water Depths / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.170 / Chapter 5.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.171 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Study sites and sample collection --- p.171 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Experimental design --- p.173 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Examination of tiles and statistical analyses --- p.174 / Chapter 5.3 --- Results --- p.174 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Species composition --- p.174 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Availability of algal propagules in A Ma Wan --- p.175 / Chapter 5.3.2.1 --- Species richness --- p.175 / Chapter 5.3.2.2 --- Frequency --- p.176 / Chapter 5.3.2.3 --- Species diversity --- p.177 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Availability of algal propagules in Lung Lok Shui --- p.178 / Chapter 5.3.3.1 --- Species richness --- p.178 / Chapter 5.3.3.2 --- Frequency --- p.178 / Chapter 5.3.3.3 --- Species diversity --- p.179 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- Comparisons between A Ma Wan and Lung Lok Shui --- p.180 / Chapter 5.3.5 --- Physical parameters --- p.180 / Chapter 5.3.6 --- Correlation --- p.181 / Chapter 5.3.7 --- Other recruits - --- p.182 / Chapter 5.4 --- Discussion --- p.182 / Chapter Chapter 6: --- General Discussion --- p.197 / References --- p.205 / Appendix A --- p.222 / Appendix B --- p.270 / Appendix C --- p.278

Inoculation trials were set up in fumigated nursery beds for red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) seedling production. Frankia inoculum was applied in eight treatments: control, nodule suspension, and three levels of cell suspension (strain ArI5) applied with and without a peat carrier. Seedlings were evaluated at midseason and lifting. The peat inoculum treatment produced larger seedlings than the other treatments, both at mid-season and at lifting. The other treatments had little effect on growth. Size differences paralleled differences in degree of nodulation. Differences in percentage of seedlings nodulated were most pronounced at midseason, indicating that the inoculation conferred primarily an early-season advantage. In a second nursery experiment, Frankia inoculum was applied in a peat mix carrier, in four treatments: uninoculated control, strain ArI5, strain AvcI1, and combined dual-inoculum. Seedlings were evaluated at midseason and at lifting. Frankia DNA from nodules was analyzed by DNA fingerprinting. The controls were poorly nodulated and grew slowly. The single strain inoculum for ArI5 produced larger seedlings than for AvcI1, both at mid-season and at lifting. The dual-inoculum treatment produced larger seedlings than all other treatments. The AvcI1 single-inoculum nodules primarily produced fingerprints identical to AvcI1, but nodule fingerprints from all other treatments were dominated by ArI5 patterns. In a field experiment, nodulation capacity was determined for soils from red alder stands in the Oregon coast range covering a wide span of ages. Total nitrogen, total carbon, nitrate, ammonium and pH were measured on the same soil samples. Soil pH was most highly correlated with nodulation potential, with nitrate content also significant. Cluster analysis of the sites using these two variables produced two groups with distinctly different nodulation capacities. The higher capacity cluster was lower in nitrate and higher in pH than the majority of sites in the lower capacity cluster. There was general overlap in the age ranges for the two groups but the lower capacity cluster contained the oldest sites. / Graduation date: 2002

Juvenile red snapper are attracted to structure and settle onto low profile reefs, which serve as nursery grounds. Little is known about their life history during this time. However, recent studies from a shell bank in the NW Gulf of Mexico have shown higher growth rates for juveniles located on mud habitats adjacent to low profile reefs, perhaps due to varied prey availability and abundance. To further investigate the habitat needs of juvenile red snapper, individuals were collected from a low profile shell ridge (on-ridge) and adjacent mud areas (off-ridge) on Freeport Rocks, TX, and divided into three size classes (≤3.9 cm SL, 4.0-5.9 cm SL, ≥6 cm SL). Feeding morphology and kinematics were characterized and compared among size classes and between the two habitats. A dynamic jaw lever model was used to make predictions about feeding mechanics, and kinematic profiles obtained from high-speed videos of prey capture events validated the model’s predictive ability. Model output suggested an ontogenetic shift in feeding morphology from a juvenile feeding mode (more suction) to an adult feeding mode (more biting). Stomach contents revealed a concomitant shift in prey composition that coincided with the ontogenetic shift in feeding mode. The model also predicted that on-ridge juveniles would have faster jaw closing velocities compared to off-ridge juveniles, which had slower, stronger jaws. Analysis of prey capture events indicated that on-ridge juveniles demonstrated greater velocities and larger displacements of the jaws than off-ridge juveniles. Shape analysis was used to further investigate habitat effects on morphology. Off-ridge juveniles differed from on-ridge in possessing a deeper head and body. Results from model simulations, kinematic profiles, personal observations, and shape analysis all complement the conclusion that on-ridge juveniles exhibited more suction feeding behavior, whereas off-ridge juveniles used more biting behavior. Stomach contents demonstrated an early switch to piscivory in off-ridge juveniles compared to on-ridge juveniles, which may account for higher off-ridge growth rates. Habitat disparity, perhaps available prey composition, generated variations in juvenile feeding mechanics and consequently feeding behavior. This disparity may ultimately affect the growth rates and recruitment success of juvenile red snapper from different habitats.

In October 1869, the fledgling Canadian federation was preparing for the transfer of Rupert's Land and the Northwestern Territory when the Métis set up a Provisional Government in order to resist what they saw as a unilateral annexation of their homeland. Although there were multiple references made to 'republicanism' during the Resistance, no scholar has ever explored whether republican conventions were actually present in political discourse in the District of Assiniboia prior to the Resistance and whether they were effectively activated during the Resistance. Working from the Cambridge School approach of discourse analysis, this thesis first identifies the conventions of democratic rhetorical republicanism, which includes positive and negative liberty, the rule of law, the mixed and balanced constitution and citizenship, which in turn involves virtue, the militia and real property. It then looks at the gradual introduction in Assiniboia of republican discourse from multiple sources, including the United States, Lower Canada, Upper Canada, Ireland, France and Great Britain and its circulation throughout several practical political struggles during the period from 1835 to 1869. In doing so, it shows that certain 'organic intellectuals' acted as 'transmission belts' of republican conventions and that institutional structures were a factor that rendered the activation of such conventions almost inevitable. By the time the Resistance took place in 1869, a more or less fully developed republican paradigm formed part of the linguistic matrix and was available to political actors in Assiniboia. Finally, the thesis shows that republican discourse was effectively mobilised by identifying fragments of republican conventions that were harnessed in various speechacts during the Resistance. It is argued that republican language was fundamental to the success of the ideological and political manoeuvres of the leaders of the Resistance as it was particularly effective both as an instrument of anti-colonialism and as a pragmatic ideal of self-government that sought to correct the iniquities of colonial government.

Red Snapper, Lutjanus campechanus, are the most economically important reef fish in the Gulf of Mexico. Population assessments that began in the mid-1980’s found red snapper to be severely overfished and lead to extensive regulations and harvest restrictions. As a result of these regulations many fish that are captured must be released and are known as regulatory discards. Red snapper live deep in the water column and when captured and rapidly brought to the surface they often suffer pressure-related injuries collectively known as barotrauma. These injuries include a distended abdomen and stomach eversion from the buccal cavity. High mortality of discards due to barotrauma injuries impedes recovery of the fishery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of two techniques designed to minimize barotrauma-related mortality: venting and rapid recompression. In laboratory experiments using hyperbaric chambers, I assessed sublethal effects of barotrauma and subsequent survival rates of red snapper after single and multiple simulated capture events from pressures corresponding to 30 and 60 m. I evaluated the use of rapid recompression and venting to increase survival and improve recovery indices, including the ability to evade a simulated predator. A condition index of impairment, the barotrauma reflex (BtR) score, was used to assess sublethal external barotrauma injuries, reflex responses, and behavioral responses. Greater capture depths resulted in higher BtR scores (more impairment). Non-vented fish had higher BtR scores than vented fish after both single and multiple decompression events. All fish in vented treatments from 30 and 60 m depths had 100% survival after a single capture event. Non-vented fish had 67% survival after decompression from 30 m and 17% survival from 60 m. Behaviorally, non-vented fish showed greater difficulty achieving an upright orientation upon release and less ability to evade a simulated predator than vented fish. Rapid recompression also greatly improved survival compared to surface-released fish with 96% of all rapidly recompressed fish surviving. These results clearly show that venting or rapid recompression can be effective tools for alleviating barotrauma symptoms, improving predator evasion after a catch-and-release event, and increasing survival. Fisheries managers should encourage the use of either of these two techniques to aid in the recovery of this important fishery.

In October 1869, the fledgling Canadian federation was preparing for the transfer of Rupert's Land and the Northwestern Territory when the Métis set up a Provisional Government in order to resist what they saw as a unilateral annexation of their homeland. Although there were multiple references made to 'republicanism' during the Resistance, no scholar has ever explored whether republican conventions were actually present in political discourse in the District of Assiniboia prior to the Resistance and whether they were effectively activated during the Resistance. Working from the Cambridge School approach of discourse analysis, this thesis first identifies the conventions of democratic rhetorical republicanism, which includes positive and negative liberty, the rule of law, the mixed and balanced constitution and citizenship, which in turn involves virtue, the militia and real property. It then looks at the gradual introduction in Assiniboia of republican discourse from multiple sources, including the United States, Lower Canada, Upper Canada, Ireland, France and Great Britain and its circulation throughout several practical political struggles during the period from 1835 to 1869. In doing so, it shows that certain 'organic intellectuals' acted as 'transmission belts' of republican conventions and that institutional structures were a factor that rendered the activation of such conventions almost inevitable. By the time the Resistance took place in 1869, a more or less fully developed republican paradigm formed part of the linguistic matrix and was available to political actors in Assiniboia. Finally, the thesis shows that republican discourse was effectively mobilised by identifying fragments of republican conventions that were harnessed in various speechacts during the Resistance. It is argued that republican language was fundamental to the success of the ideological and political manoeuvres of the leaders of the Resistance as it was particularly effective both as an instrument of anti-colonialism and as a pragmatic ideal of self-government that sought to correct the iniquities of colonial government.

Denna uppsats ämnar utreda vad det är som gör att Red Bulls konsumenter uppfattar Red Bull som unikt i jämförelse med andra energidrycker. Red Bull är idag marknadsledande i Sverige inom energidryckesmarknaden. De har en marknadsandel på 31 procent samtidigt som de har ett pris-premium på sina produkter. För att utreda Red Bulls unicitet har uppsatsen utgått från en teoretisk modell beståendes av fyra påverkande faktorer som alla bidrar till uppfattad unicitet. Dessa faktorer är uppfattad kvalité av varumärket, medvetenhet om varumärket, associationer till varumärket och lojalitet till varumärket. Med hjälp av en kvantitativ undersökning som genomförts med konsumenter till Red Bull kunde det konstateras att den avgörande faktorn till Red Bulls unicitet var konsumenternas medvetenhet om Red Bulls varumärke. En starkt bidragande orsak till den höga medvetenheten är förmodligen att Red Bull väljer att lägga 40 procent av sina intäkter på marknadsföring och med hjälp av denna strategi skapat sig en unik ställning på den svenska energidryckesmarknaden.

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Juvenile red snapper are attracted to structure and settle onto low profile reefs, which serve as nursery grounds. Little is known about their life history during this time. However, recent studies from a shell bank in the NW Gulf of Mexico have shown higher growth rates for juveniles located on mud habitats adjacent to low profile reefs, perhaps due to varied prey availability and abundance. To further investigate the habitat needs of juvenile red snapper, individuals were collected from a low profile shell ridge (on-ridge) and adjacent mud areas (off-ridge) on Freeport Rocks, TX, and divided into three size classes (≤3.9 cm SL, 4.0-5.9 cm SL, ≥6 cm SL). Feeding morphology and kinematics were characterized and compared among size classes and between the two habitats. A dynamic jaw lever model was used to make predictions about feeding mechanics, and kinematic profiles obtained from high-speed videos of prey capture events validated the model’s predictive ability. Model output suggested an ontogenetic shift in feeding morphology from a juvenile feeding mode (more suction) to an adult feeding mode (more biting). Stomach contents revealed a concomitant shift in prey composition that coincided with the ontogenetic shift in feeding mode. The model also predicted that on-ridge juveniles would have faster jaw closing velocities compared to off-ridge juveniles, which had slower, stronger jaws. Analysis of prey capture events indicated that on-ridge juveniles demonstrated greater velocities and larger displacements of the jaws than off-ridge juveniles. Shape analysis was used to further investigate habitat effects on morphology. Off-ridge juveniles differed from on-ridge in possessing a deeper head and body. Results from model simulations, kinematic profiles, personal observations, and shape analysis all complement the conclusion that on-ridge juveniles exhibited more suction feeding behavior, whereas off-ridge juveniles used more biting behavior. Stomach contents demonstrated an early switch to piscivory in off-ridge juveniles compared to on-ridge juveniles, which may account for higher off-ridge growth rates. Habitat disparity, perhaps available prey composition, generated variations in juvenile feeding mechanics and consequently feeding behavior. This disparity may ultimately affect the growth rates and recruitment success of juvenile red snapper from different habitats.