The aim of this thesis is to demonstrate how a subsidiary of a multi-national corporation (MNC) achieved a social licence, in a Sub-Saharan host country undergoing agrarian transformation. Several foreign companies lost their land to communities in the wake of land conflicts between the legal owners and surrounding communities. However, this is a case of one of a few big landowners that have survived and continued to operate, without suffering substantial vandalism from communities. The study argues this to be an instrumental case of achieving and maintaining a social licence in a context characterised by heighted resource nationalism sentiments. Extant literature acknowledges that communities’ expectations are rising, rendering a legal licence insufficient. Emphasis is on the need for firms reliant on finite natural resources, such as land, to seek a social licence from communities. Yet, the processes through which such a licence could be achieved and maintained are little understood. The social licence is conceptually and theoretically underdeveloped. Anchoring on legitimacy theory, this study looks across two literatures on social licence and corporate community engagement. It empirically demonstrates how and under what conditions corporate community engagement processes deliver phases of a social licence. An embedded case study is utilised to capture processes from the perspective of both the firm and the community. The study advances theory of social licence by exploring the processes of an instrumental firm in an understudied but critical agriculture industry. The study identified transactional, transitional and transformational engagement processes, as essential in building legitimacy and trust which are the basis of dynamic phases of social licence. The researcher proposes three new constructs: context specific community expectations, engagement legitimacy, and corporate community visibility, to advance scholarship on social licencing processes. The study distinguishes firm legitimacy from engagement legitimacy. This paves way for future studies to further develop these concepts in social licence process research. Managers in agriculture and other extractive firms will use the theory built from this study to understand how they can achieve social licence at various levels, thereby mitigating the high social risk associated with losing a social licence. / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / DPhil / Unrestricted

Urban public space is arguably far from the pacified, freely accessible, democratic space which Western normative literature proposes. It is a site of contention, where different interests, norms and perceptions over appropriate uses and presence come into conflict. The visual is a relevant dimension to understand this process: in fact, claims to space by people with a visible migratory background are often problematized by the media and often responded to with securitization practices. This study contributes to gain insight into spatial practices and the manner in which visibility and invisibility are experienced and strategically influenced by Othered subjects in Piazza Duca D´Aosta, a Milanese square. The result is a case study on the paradoxical meanings that are associated with re-territorialization practices in public space, on a continuum between domestication and detachment, as well as an exploration of the complex relation between visibility as an experience and a practice.

Les systèmes de positionnement ont connu un progrès indéniable. Actuellement, la précision atteint quelques centimètres sous certaines conditions : espace ouvert, ciel dégagé, technique très spécifique, etc. Néanmoins, le problème du positionnement dans un environnement intérieur demeure persistant : les trajets multiples qui compliquent les modèles de propagation, l'atténuation, etc. Différents systèmes ont vu le jour, utilisant des technologies telles que l'UWB, le WiFi ou l'Infrarouge. Ces systèmes apportent des résultats de positionnement intéressants, atteignant l'ordre du mètre. Cette précision reste liée à certaines contraintes : une infrastructure, une technologie utilisée, une calibration, une technique de calcul, etc. Afin de réduire toutes ces contraintes, nous proposons une nouvelle approche de positionnement. Notre approche utilise tous les équipements réseaux présents dans un environnement. Elle se base sur deux étapes fondamentales : l'étude de visibilité et l'élaboration de liens géographiques. L'étude de visibilité permet d'obtenir les équipements visibles par un équipement. Nous avons exposé plusieurs modèles de visibilité et nous avons effectué une comparaison des résultats. L'élaboration de liens géographiques permet de construire un graphe géographique tridimensionnel reliant tous les équipements de l'environnement. Ce graphe nous permet de visualiser la répartition des équipements et d'estimer les positions géographiques de chaque équipement. Pour la mise en œuvre de notre approche, nous avons développé un simulateur sous Matlab. Le simulateur élaboré évalue d'abord le nombre d'équipements visibles. Il estime les distances séparant cet équipement de chaque équipement visible. Enfin, il construit un graphe géographique et calcul les positions géographiques. Des résultats de simulations sont présentés pour valider notre approche qui permet d'aboutir à un système capable d'opérer, sans aucune infrastructure additionnelle, un positionnement dans un environnement intérieur et extérieur / Positioning systems have undeniably progressed. Currently, in an outdoor environment, the accuracy reaches a few centimetres under certain conditions: open space, clear sky, specific measurement techniques, etc. Nevertheless, the problem of positioning in an indoor environment remains persistent: multipath, attenuation, etc. Different systems for indoor positioning have been developed, using technologies such as UWB, WiFi or Infrared. These systems provide interesting results that could allow to reach one meter accuracy. But, this accuracy is related to many criteria: infrastructure, technology, calibration, technical computing, etc. To reduce these constraints, we propose a new approach for positioning. Our approach utilizes all the network equipments present in an environment. The approach is based on two fundamental steps: the study of visibility and the development of geographical links. The study of visibility estimates the visible equipments in the environment. We have studied several models of visibility and we carried out a comparison of the results. A three-dimensional graph is build using the study of geographical links between equipments. This graph allows us to visualize the distribution of equipments and to estimate the geographic positions of each device. To implement our approach, we developed a simulator in Matlab. The simulator first studies the visible equipments for the unknown device. Then, it estimates the distances between the device and the visible equipments. Finally, it constructs a graph and calculates the geographical positions. Simulation results are presented to validate our approach. Our approach is a positioning system capable of operating without additional infrastructure in an indoor environment

Visiblity of page assume that is situated at top positions in search engines results for particular keywords. Search engine optimization is collection of rules, that should pass every page. In this thesis is described all essences of this technique, including methodology, that helps create optimized pages.

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This thesis investigates the relationship between light, visibility and women’s perceived safety through a case study. Specifically, it investigates visibility related to light levels and light distribution at four bus stops in urban areas of Stockholm, Sweden. The methodology is divided into Literature review and Case study. The first provides an overview on theories related to visibility, light and perceived safety in the urban environment.  Then, the Case study presents an investigation through Qualitative and Quantitative research. The Qualitative research is divided into three steps: (1) firstly, four bus stops are selected in urban areas through the Light Zones concept tool [12] and analyzed by the author through the V/P Theory [11]; (2) then, the relationship between light, visibility and women’s safety perception is evaluated through an online form; (3) and finally, this relationship is further investigated during on-site interviews in order to explore how light distribution affect women’s perception. During the Quantitative research, Luminance and Illuminance measurements are developed in order to assess light levels and light distribution at the area of the four bus stops. From the results of all methodology steps, the relationship between light, visibility and women’s perceived safety was discussed and three main factors were assessed to be important to women’s perceived safety at bus stop areas. The first factor is connected to light distribution, and this thesis understood that women’s perceived safety is connected to light on their immediate surroundings, rather than on further distances. The second factor is connected to light levels, and it was concluded that higher light levels on immediate surroundings increase visibility thus, increasing safety perception. The third factor is connected to the experienced light, in which this thesis recognized that previous experiences and contexts related to light influence how women perceive safety in urban spaces.

This thesis compares the visual representation of Syrian refugees during the 2015 refugee crisis and Ukrainian refugees during the Russian invasion 2022 in news outlets Dagens Nyheter, Svenska Dabladet and Aftonbladet. The aim of the study is thus to investigate how ethnic groups are framed in a photojournalistic setting. The theoretical concept otherness is used to analyze the selected visual images and the concept of visualities highlight how photographs published in the media communicate political messages and how images reflect immigration discourse. Additionally, photojournalistic regimes of visibility and responsibility are used to illuminate similarities and dissimilarities in the material. In total, 200 images made up the sample for the performed qualitative visual analysis. The findings reveal that empathetic portrayals dominate the Swedish narrative. Syrian refugees were overrepresented in imagery alluding to otherness painting a picture of Syrians as ethnic, cultural and dangerous others. Photography triggering social and political engagement were crucial in the forming of visualities, relating visual images to the political and public arena. The sampled images did reflect immigration discourses of intimidation and humanity.