Detta examensarbete undersöker hur belysningen vid receptionsdiskar faktiskt serut och hur personalen som arbetar där upplever den. Syftet med examensarbetetär att identifiera om det finns anledning att förändra de riktlinjer och rekommendationersom ställs på belysning på och omkring receptionsdiskar. På hotellen idag är oftast miljöerna dämpade och varierande då hotellens syfte äratt skapa en upplevelse för gästerna. Det har väckt ett intresse hos oss att undersökareceptionsdisken som är en viktig plats på hotellen. Vi har jämfört ”Ljus ochRums” rekommendationer (SIS, 2011) med faktiskt uppmätta ljusnivåer i fyra receptionsdiskaroch personalens upplevelse av hur det påverkar hur de kan utförasina dagliga arbetsuppgifter. De metoder vi har använt är ljusmätning, jämnhetsberäkning, visuell analys ochenkätundersökning. Ljusmätningarna utfördes på fyra olika hotell i Göteborg.Frågeformuläret vände sig till personalen på hotellen och handlade om deras upplevelseav ljuset på och omkring receptionsdisken. För att få en uppfattning ochövergripande förståelse utfördes en visuell analys på hotellen. Majoritet av personalen anser att belysningen var tillräcklig för att utföra sina arbetsuppgifter.Det är tydligt att ljuset uppfattas olika på de fyra receptionsdiskarnaberoende på hur hotellet är utformat och designat. / The purpose of this study is to identify if there is reason to change the requirementsand recommendations for illumination in reception desks areas. This studyexamines how lighting in reception desks areas actually is and how the staff perceivesthe lighting. Hotels today usually have subdued environments that vary according to the typeof experience intended for their guests. Our interest has been to explore the receptiondesks area as an important and separate element within the hotel. We havecompared “Ljus och Rum” recommendations (Swedish Standards Institute [SIS],2011) with actual measured light levels for four reception desks areas and examinedhow the staff perceives how the lighting affects their performance of dailytasks. The methods we have used are light measurement, evenness calculations, visualanalysis and surveys. Lighting measurements were performed at four differenthotels in Gothenburg. The questionnaire was directed to the hotel staff in order toascertain their perception of the lighting in and around the reception’s desks area.In order to get an impression of and gain an overall understanding for the lighting,a visual analysis was done at each hotel. The majority of the staff considers the lighting sufficient to perform their duties.It is clear that the lighting is perceived differently in each of the four hotels, dependingon how each hotel is formed and how the lighting is designed.

A good work environment in school is crucial in order to effectively teach and learn. Two factors that have a strong impact on the environment in a classroom is the lighting and the sound level. Research has shown that both light and sound have an impact on the health, and while a lot of research has been done on the work environment and the impact by different factors, very few studies have focused on how light and sound affect each other. The purpose of this study is to shed light on how the lighting can affect the sound level in a classroom. The results of this study could be used as a reference as to how the lighting should be set up in order to creative the most effective work environment in a classroom. In order to study if the sound level changes depending on the lighting, a quantitative field experiment has been performed. The study took place in a classroom with 6th graders in primary school. During 12 weekdays over a period of 3 weeks, the decibel values were logged to find out whether the sound level changed. During the first week, the original lighting was used. During the second week, the light was dimmed, and during the third and final week, the light was unevenly spread out. The results show that the sound level is indeed affected by the lighting in the classroom. The unevenly spread out lighting setup with a focus on vertical surfaces resulted in the lowest sound level. One conclusion that can be drawn is that more focus on the ambient light affects the students positively. The most important conclusion is that a lighting setup with different luminaires and a variety of the light levels and spread depending of the time of the day and season, is affecting the sound level and work environment in the classroom in a positive way. / En bra arbetsmiljö i skolan är en viktig förutsättning för att kunna förmedla kunskap. Två parametrar som har stor betydelse i ett klassrum är belysningen och ljudnivån. Forskning visar att både ljus och ljud påverkar hälsan men trots mängden forskning gällande arbetsmiljön och dess påverkande parametrar finns det fåtal forskningar som studerar hur ljus och ljud påverkar varandra. Syftet med studien och denna rapport är att öka kunskapen om hur ljussättning kan påverka ljudnivån i ett klassrum i grundskolan. Studien kan användas som underlag för hur klassrum bör belysas för att påverka arbetsmiljön i ett klassrum. För att undersöka om ljudnivå förändras vid förändrad ljusnivå respektive förändrad ljusfördelning har ett kvantitativt fältexperiment utförts. Studien genomfördes i ett hemklassrum för årskurs 6 och under tolv veckodagar under tre veckors tid loggades decibelvärden. Under vecka 1 var klassrummets ursprungliga belysning kvar, under vecka 2 sänktes ljusnivån och sista veckan skapades en ojämn ljusfördelning. Resultaten visar att ljudnivån kan ändras i ett klassrum med hjälp av belysningen, och studien resulterade i att den ojämna belysningen med fokus på vertikala ytor och omfältsljuset gav den lägsta ljudnivån. Slutsatser som kan dras av resultaten är bland annat att mer fokus på omgivningsljuset påverkar elevernas välmående i en positiv riktning. Den viktigaste slutsatsen är ändå att en belysningslösning med tillgång till olika typer av armaturer och möjlighet att kunna variera både ljusnivå och ljusfördelning beroende på lektion och tid på dygnet och årstid bidrar till en bättre arbetsmiljö i klassrummet.

Dentre as diversas aplicações da luz em nosso dia-a-dia, as ligadas à área biomédica merecem destaque e são frequentemente objetos de pesquisa tanto para o desenvolvimento quanto para o aprimoramento de técnicas para o diagnóstico e terapias. Os tecidos biológicos são, em sua maioria, estruturas complexas, não-homogêneas e opticamente muito espalhadoras. Apesar das centenas de estudos existentes acerca da propagação da luz em tecidos biológicos, sua complexidade exige que novos estudos sejam conduzidos a fim de aprimorar o conhecimento já existente, que ainda apresenta muitas lacunas. A presença de heterogeneidades nos tecidos (vasos sanguíneos, hematomas, cistos, tumores e outras alterações macroscópicas) mudam a propagação da luz e dificultam a previsibilidade do seu comportamento por modelos matemáticos. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo estabelecer um método empírico que utiliza imagens de refletância difusa obtidas através de uma instrumentação simples, baseada em uma fonte de luz contínua no visível (laser de diodo em 660 nm) e uma câmera CMOS monocromática, para verificar a possibilidade de localização de inclusões absorvedoras embebidas em phantoms altamente espalhadores. Foi avaliada a capacidade de detectar inclusões de dois diferentes tipos de materiais em diversas geometrias e tamanhos, posicionadas em diferentes profundidades. O ângulo de incidência do feixe laser também foi variado, bem como a distância entre a fonte e o objeto, a fim de avaliar quais as melhores condições experimentais. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os objetos puderam ser detectados, e suas formas puderam ser satisfatoriamente recuperadas através de um algoritmo desenvolvido para o processamento das imagens. Em algumas situações, mesmo para a maior profundidade utilizada, que foi de 20 mm, a inclusão pôde ser detectada nas imagens de refletância difusa processadas. Apesar da capacidade de detecção das formas geométricas representar um avanço com relação às possibilidades de identificação de estruturas em meios túrbidos, a determinação da profundidade ainda é um desafio a ser superado. / Among the various applications of light in our daily life, those connected with biomedicine should be highlighted and are frequently subject of researches aiming for the development and for the enhancement of techniques for diagnosis and therapy. Biological tissues are mostly complex, non-homogeneous and optically highly scattering structures. Despite the hundreds of existent studies on the propagation of light in biological tissues, its complexity requires new studies to be conducted in order to improve the existing knowledge, which still has many gaps. The presence of heterogeneities in tissue (blood vessels, bruises, cysts, tumors and other macroscopic alteration) changes the light propagation and impedes the predictability of its behavior by mathematical models. This work aimed to establish an empirical method using diffuse reflectance images acquired with simple instrumentation, based on a source of continuous light in the visible (diode laser at 660 nm) and a monochromatic CMOS camera, to check the possibility of the location of absorbing inclusions embedded in highly scattering phantoms. The ability to detect inclusions of two different kinds of materials in different sizes and geometries, positioned at different depths were evaluated. The laser beam angle of incidence was also varied, as well as the distance between the source and the object, in order to evaluate the best experimental conditions. The results showed that the objects could be detected, and their shapes might be satisfactorily recovered by an algorithm developed for image processing. In some situations, even at the greatest depth used, which was 20 mm, the inclusion could be detected in diffuse reflectance processed images. Although the detection capability of geometric shapes represents an improvement over the structures of identification possibilities in turbid media, the determination of depth is still a challenge to be overcome.

O laser de baixa intensidade (LBI) é utilizado para tratamento em uma série de aplicações, inclusive na diminuição de processos inflamatórios. Assim, poderia ser utilizado para evitar a síndrome da resposta inflamatória sistêmica (SRIS), processo desenvolvido por alguns pacientes que são submetidos à circulação extracorpórea (CEC) procedimento cirúrgico cardíaco. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram estabelecer e validar um arranjo experimental para o estudo da distribuição de luz internamente a líquidos espalhadores e determinar a incerteza associada; utilizar esse arranjo para o estudo da distribuição de luz em sangue, e determinar o melhor comprimento de onda e melhor modo de iluminação para uma possível implementação da aplicação do LBI durante a CEC; e avaliar possíveis mudanças de propriedades reológicas do sangue provocadas pela sua iluminação com laser. Para tal foi utilizado um arranjo com o líquido espalhador Lipovenos PLR dentro de uma cubeta, com utilização de uma fibra ótica para coleta de luz espalhada em diversos pontos dentro do líquido. Lasers de dois comprimentos de onda foram utilizados, 632,8 nm e 820 nm. Os resultados experimentais da distribuição de luz foram comparados com uma simulação pelo método de Monte Carlo já conhecida, o que validou o arranjo proposto, com a incerteza associada aos resultados experimentais de 7%. O arranjo foi utilizado para o estudo da distribuição da luz dentro de sangue diluído para CEC. Além disso, foi avaliada a transmissão da luz pelas paredes dos tubos utilizados nos circuitos da CEC e a distribuição da luz no sangue contido nesses tubos. Um reômetro rotacional com sistema cone-placa foi utilizado para medir características reológicas de duas amostras de sangue diluído, uma iluminada com laser e a outra não iluminada. A luz de 632,8 nm, ao contrário da luz de 820 nm, consegue se distribuir até distâncias maiores do feixe laser, possibilitando que um maior volume de sangue seja tratado. A iluminação do sangue durante a CEC deve ser feita com o tubo de menor diâmetro em quatro pontos ao seu redor, em apenas uma secção do tubo, pois o sangue é mantido circulante. Foram observadas mudanças nas propriedades reológicas do sangue iluminado com o laser de 635nm, as quais devem ser mais bem entendidas para o uso em benefício do paciente submetido a CEC. / Low level laser therapy (LLLT) is a treatment used in several applications, including the reduction of inflammatory processes. It could be used to prevent the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), which some patients develop after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery applied to solve some heart diseases. The objectives of this study were to set an experimental arrangement to study light distribution inside scattering liquids, and determine the associated uncertainty; to use this arrangement to study light distribution inside blood, in order to implement the LLLT during CPB, and, through this study, to determine the best wavelength and the best way to perform the treatment. Possible changes on rheological properties of blood, caused by illumination with laser, were also evaluated. Lipovenos PLR, a scattering liquid, was contained inside a cuvette and an optical fiber was used to collect the scattered light. Two wavelengths were used: 632.8 nm and 820 nm. The arrangement was validated, with uncertainty of 7%, through comparison between the experimental results and Monte Carlo Method simulation previously performed. This arrangement was used to study light distribution inside blood, diluted to the same conditions of CPB procedure. Light transmission through CPB tubes walls and light distribution in blood inside CPB tubes were also evaluated. A rotational rheometer with a cone-plate system was used to test rheological properties of two blood samples, one illuminated with laser and the other non illuminated Compared to the 820 nm light, the 632.8 nm light is scattered further away from the laser beam, turning possible that a bigger volume of blood could be treated. The blood should be illuminated through the CPB tube with the smallest diameter, in four distinct points around the tube, only in one cross section of this tube, because the blood is kept passing through the tube all the time. Changes in rheological properties of blood were observed on blood illuminated with the 635 nm laser. These changes must be better understood in order to help the patient submitted to CPB.

This work presents a study for the design and implementation of a LED Street light Luminaire. It shows the necessary characteristics for the proposed fixture replace the traditional models with High Pressure Sodium lamps (HPS), which are commonly used in Brazil. For this, it has been done a study and implementation of a LED fixture prototype that can replace a conventional fixture, keeping the photometric characteristics required by Brazilian standards. With this, is possible a significant reduction in the electrical power consumption by exploring the LED features such as high energy efficiency, long life, low luminous flux depreciation during the life and facility for light direction control. Here is presented an analysis of some traditional HPS lamps models to allow comparison of results of the prototype proposed. In this study is verified that the proposed LED fixture can reach similar levels of illuminance on the road that HPS modes, however using almost 50% of electric power. / Este trabalho apresenta um estudo para o projeto e a implementação de uma luminária de Iluminação Pública a base de LEDs, onde são apresentadas as características necessárias para que a luminária de LED proposta possa substituir os modelos tradicionais com lâmpadas de Vapor de Sódio de Alta Pressão (VSAP), que são usualmente utilizados no Brasil. Para tal, foi realizado um estudo detalhado e a implementação de um protótipo de uma luminária de LEDs que possa substituir as luminárias convencionais, mantendo as características fotométricas exigidas pelas normas vigentes no Brasil. Com isso, é possível uma redução significativa no consumo de energia elétrica, explorando as características dos LEDs como: alta eficiência energética, longa durabilidade, baixa depreciação luminosa e facilidade no direcionamento da luz. É apresentada uma análise elétrica e fotométrica de alguns modelos tradicionais bem como do protótipo proposto para permitir a comparação de resultados. No estudo é verificado que com a luminária de LED proposta pode-se atingir níveis de iluminação similares aos das luminárias com lâmpadas VSAP utilizando praticamente 50 % da potência elétrica.

Dentre as diversas aplicações da luz em nosso dia-a-dia, as ligadas à área biomédica merecem destaque e são frequentemente objetos de pesquisa tanto para o desenvolvimento quanto para o aprimoramento de técnicas para o diagnóstico e terapias. Os tecidos biológicos são, em sua maioria, estruturas complexas, não-homogêneas e opticamente muito espalhadoras. Apesar das centenas de estudos existentes acerca da propagação da luz em tecidos biológicos, sua complexidade exige que novos estudos sejam conduzidos a fim de aprimorar o conhecimento já existente, que ainda apresenta muitas lacunas. A presença de heterogeneidades nos tecidos (vasos sanguíneos, hematomas, cistos, tumores e outras alterações macroscópicas) mudam a propagação da luz e dificultam a previsibilidade do seu comportamento por modelos matemáticos. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo estabelecer um método empírico que utiliza imagens de refletância difusa obtidas através de uma instrumentação simples, baseada em uma fonte de luz contínua no visível (laser de diodo em 660 nm) e uma câmera CMOS monocromática, para verificar a possibilidade de localização de inclusões absorvedoras embebidas em phantoms altamente espalhadores. Foi avaliada a capacidade de detectar inclusões de dois diferentes tipos de materiais em diversas geometrias e tamanhos, posicionadas em diferentes profundidades. O ângulo de incidência do feixe laser também foi variado, bem como a distância entre a fonte e o objeto, a fim de avaliar quais as melhores condições experimentais. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os objetos puderam ser detectados, e suas formas puderam ser satisfatoriamente recuperadas através de um algoritmo desenvolvido para o processamento das imagens. Em algumas situações, mesmo para a maior profundidade utilizada, que foi de 20 mm, a inclusão pôde ser detectada nas imagens de refletância difusa processadas. Apesar da capacidade de detecção das formas geométricas representar um avanço com relação às possibilidades de identificação de estruturas em meios túrbidos, a determinação da profundidade ainda é um desafio a ser superado. / Among the various applications of light in our daily life, those connected with biomedicine should be highlighted and are frequently subject of researches aiming for the development and for the enhancement of techniques for diagnosis and therapy. Biological tissues are mostly complex, non-homogeneous and optically highly scattering structures. Despite the hundreds of existent studies on the propagation of light in biological tissues, its complexity requires new studies to be conducted in order to improve the existing knowledge, which still has many gaps. The presence of heterogeneities in tissue (blood vessels, bruises, cysts, tumors and other macroscopic alteration) changes the light propagation and impedes the predictability of its behavior by mathematical models. This work aimed to establish an empirical method using diffuse reflectance images acquired with simple instrumentation, based on a source of continuous light in the visible (diode laser at 660 nm) and a monochromatic CMOS camera, to check the possibility of the location of absorbing inclusions embedded in highly scattering phantoms. The ability to detect inclusions of two different kinds of materials in different sizes and geometries, positioned at different depths were evaluated. The laser beam angle of incidence was also varied, as well as the distance between the source and the object, in order to evaluate the best experimental conditions. The results showed that the objects could be detected, and their shapes might be satisfactorily recovered by an algorithm developed for image processing. In some situations, even at the greatest depth used, which was 20 mm, the inclusion could be detected in diffuse reflectance processed images. Although the detection capability of geometric shapes represents an improvement over the structures of identification possibilities in turbid media, the determination of depth is still a challenge to be overcome.

O laser de baixa intensidade (LBI) é utilizado para tratamento em uma série de aplicações, inclusive na diminuição de processos inflamatórios. Assim, poderia ser utilizado para evitar a síndrome da resposta inflamatória sistêmica (SRIS), processo desenvolvido por alguns pacientes que são submetidos à circulação extracorpórea (CEC) procedimento cirúrgico cardíaco. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram estabelecer e validar um arranjo experimental para o estudo da distribuição de luz internamente a líquidos espalhadores e determinar a incerteza associada; utilizar esse arranjo para o estudo da distribuição de luz em sangue, e determinar o melhor comprimento de onda e melhor modo de iluminação para uma possível implementação da aplicação do LBI durante a CEC; e avaliar possíveis mudanças de propriedades reológicas do sangue provocadas pela sua iluminação com laser. Para tal foi utilizado um arranjo com o líquido espalhador Lipovenos PLR dentro de uma cubeta, com utilização de uma fibra ótica para coleta de luz espalhada em diversos pontos dentro do líquido. Lasers de dois comprimentos de onda foram utilizados, 632,8 nm e 820 nm. Os resultados experimentais da distribuição de luz foram comparados com uma simulação pelo método de Monte Carlo já conhecida, o que validou o arranjo proposto, com a incerteza associada aos resultados experimentais de 7%. O arranjo foi utilizado para o estudo da distribuição da luz dentro de sangue diluído para CEC. Além disso, foi avaliada a transmissão da luz pelas paredes dos tubos utilizados nos circuitos da CEC e a distribuição da luz no sangue contido nesses tubos. Um reômetro rotacional com sistema cone-placa foi utilizado para medir características reológicas de duas amostras de sangue diluído, uma iluminada com laser e a outra não iluminada. A luz de 632,8 nm, ao contrário da luz de 820 nm, consegue se distribuir até distâncias maiores do feixe laser, possibilitando que um maior volume de sangue seja tratado. A iluminação do sangue durante a CEC deve ser feita com o tubo de menor diâmetro em quatro pontos ao seu redor, em apenas uma secção do tubo, pois o sangue é mantido circulante. Foram observadas mudanças nas propriedades reológicas do sangue iluminado com o laser de 635nm, as quais devem ser mais bem entendidas para o uso em benefício do paciente submetido a CEC. / Low level laser therapy (LLLT) is a treatment used in several applications, including the reduction of inflammatory processes. It could be used to prevent the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), which some patients develop after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery applied to solve some heart diseases. The objectives of this study were to set an experimental arrangement to study light distribution inside scattering liquids, and determine the associated uncertainty; to use this arrangement to study light distribution inside blood, in order to implement the LLLT during CPB, and, through this study, to determine the best wavelength and the best way to perform the treatment. Possible changes on rheological properties of blood, caused by illumination with laser, were also evaluated. Lipovenos PLR, a scattering liquid, was contained inside a cuvette and an optical fiber was used to collect the scattered light. Two wavelengths were used: 632.8 nm and 820 nm. The arrangement was validated, with uncertainty of 7%, through comparison between the experimental results and Monte Carlo Method simulation previously performed. This arrangement was used to study light distribution inside blood, diluted to the same conditions of CPB procedure. Light transmission through CPB tubes walls and light distribution in blood inside CPB tubes were also evaluated. A rotational rheometer with a cone-plate system was used to test rheological properties of two blood samples, one illuminated with laser and the other non illuminated Compared to the 820 nm light, the 632.8 nm light is scattered further away from the laser beam, turning possible that a bigger volume of blood could be treated. The blood should be illuminated through the CPB tube with the smallest diameter, in four distinct points around the tube, only in one cross section of this tube, because the blood is kept passing through the tube all the time. Changes in rheological properties of blood were observed on blood illuminated with the 635 nm laser. These changes must be better understood in order to help the patient submitted to CPB.

This Master’s thesis is to delineate a luminaire design which has a flexible functional form, can be controlled by the user, and which creates multidirectional light distribution within an indoor space.  A lighting solution with varied light distributions can change a space’s different spatial experiences, granting a flexibility which is controlled by the user to direct light rays into walls, floors, ceilings or to create variations of these. A flexible luminaire in terms of light distribution allows, vertical and horizontal surfaces to be valued equally, because through a minimal intervention it is possible to shift the focus from one surface to another, providing a holistic interplay in space. The participants, who took part in the evaluation program of the final luminaire, freely introduced their possible activities in the predefined dining room, with different lighting proposals according to personal preferences of spatial experience. The designed luminaire was the only accessible tool to influence the space, and they managed to achieve their ideal atmospheres, and experiences, by the process of adjusting the luminaire with controlled light distribution. The varied results of the patterns of brightness and darkness on the vertical and horizontal surfaces in the predefined real space, prove the flexibility of the final design of the luminaire, MM Lamp. The luminaire fulfills the predefined design objectives of being user adjustable as well as creating varied light distribution.

This thesis investigates the relationship between light, visibility and women’s perceived safety through a case study. Specifically, it investigates visibility related to light levels and light distribution at four bus stops in urban areas of Stockholm, Sweden. The methodology is divided into Literature review and Case study. The first provides an overview on theories related to visibility, light and perceived safety in the urban environment.  Then, the Case study presents an investigation through Qualitative and Quantitative research. The Qualitative research is divided into three steps: (1) firstly, four bus stops are selected in urban areas through the Light Zones concept tool [12] and analyzed by the author through the V/P Theory [11]; (2) then, the relationship between light, visibility and women’s safety perception is evaluated through an online form; (3) and finally, this relationship is further investigated during on-site interviews in order to explore how light distribution affect women’s perception. During the Quantitative research, Luminance and Illuminance measurements are developed in order to assess light levels and light distribution at the area of the four bus stops. From the results of all methodology steps, the relationship between light, visibility and women’s perceived safety was discussed and three main factors were assessed to be important to women’s perceived safety at bus stop areas. The first factor is connected to light distribution, and this thesis understood that women’s perceived safety is connected to light on their immediate surroundings, rather than on further distances. The second factor is connected to light levels, and it was concluded that higher light levels on immediate surroundings increase visibility thus, increasing safety perception. The third factor is connected to the experienced light, in which this thesis recognized that previous experiences and contexts related to light influence how women perceive safety in urban spaces.

The purpose of this Master’s thesis is to broaden the horizon of customizable features available in the luminaire design industry. The aim was to study if enhanced customization features like light distribution, colour of light and use of sustainable materials can help foster emotional attachment and increased usage with the possibility of extending luminaire life. The conclusion here is drawn based on literature review, survey, prototype development and user experiment followed by assessment questionnaire. The table lamp prototype created allowed participants to change colour of light, materials and light distribution of the luminaire according to their mood and preferences. The study indicates these enhanced customization features positively influenced the participants mood, ambience and usage of the product. The survey and user assessment were both qualitative and quantitative in nature. However, all the data collected was quantified for a better understanding of the impact these enhanced features had on the participants. The participants felt a sense of ownership, satisfaction, and accomplishment because of the customization process. As a result, participants say they would prefer repair and replacement over disposal and would want to keep using the luminaire for a long time. The study concluded that enhanced customization features in luminaries can foster emotional connections, increase longevity, and promote sustainable consumption.