Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2004. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1967. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

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In order to utilize algae to fix CO2 and reduce Greenhouse gas emissions, large-scale, year-round algae cultivation will be required. This will require alga species that thrive in colder weather with media recipes based on commercially available fertilizers. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of using commercial based media and the effect of pH when growing the cold-temperature algae Chloromonas rosae var. psychrophila. Commercial grade media ingredients urea, potash, triple superphosphate, and Sprint 330® were used to provide nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, and EDTA with iron, respectively. The commercial grade media supported growth similar to the growth found with the lab-based media typically used. Additionally, tests were done to determine the effect of the pH of the media. Testing with initial pH targets of 5, 6, 7 and 8 using the laboratory media, showed that growth was not sufficient at a pH around 8. However both the laboratory and commercial grade media performed well when the initial pH was between 5 and 7, and no significant difference in algal growth was measured within this pH range.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-09-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:07:21Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 briani_dc_dr_rcla.pdf: 421185 bytes, checksum: 2d752e584452d7ba048387b912c4f60c (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Fundação para o Desenvolvimento da UNESP (FUNDUNESP) / O presente estudo versa sobre energética alimentar de um animal. O estudo procurou analisar, dentre outras coisas, os fatores intrínsecos e extrínsecos que respondem pela variabilidade na taxa metabólica em repouso (TMR) e a relação entre esta variação e padrões de história de vida de um marsupial (Gracilinanus microtarsus). Especificamente, a variabilidade da TMR seria determinada através de um aspecto especifico da história de vida, a dieta. Aspectos como possíveis efeitos da dinâmica de variação das reservas energéticas sobre esta relação também foram analisados. Utilizando metodologia apropriada também analisamos a variação da disponibilidade e qualidade da dieta. Variações desses fatores induzem modificações na condição corpórea e, desta forma, os efeitos desta variável sobre a TMR mediariam um dos objetivos do estudo, servindo como elemento de ligação para averiguar quais componentes da condição corpórea seriam responsáveis pela variabilidade na TMR. / The present study turns about energetics to feed of an animal. The study analyzed, among other things, the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that answer for the variability in the resting metabolic rate (RMR) and the relationship between this variation and patterns of life history of a marsupial (Gracilinanus microtarsus). Specifically, the variability of RMR would be determined through an aspect specify of the life history, the diet. Aspects as possible effects of the dynamics of variation of the energy budge about this relationship were also analyzed. Using appropriate methodology also analyzed the variation of the availability and quality of the diet. Variations of those factors induce modifications in the body condition and, this way, the effects of this variable on RMR would mediate one of the objectives of the study, serving as connection element to discover which components of the body condition would be responsible for the variability in RMR.

Os teleósteos são o grupo mais diversificado entre os vertebrados e seu registro mais antigo data do Jurássico. Sua atual classificação inclui quatro clados, dentre os quais Euteleostei é o mais avançado e variado. Apesar de todos os trabalhos a respeito do grupo, ele ainda não possui diagnose, definição e composição precisas. A discordância entre autores é ilustrada pelas nove diferentes propostas filogenéticas elaboradas nos últimos 30 anos. Muitos fósseis do Cretáceo são classificados como euteleósteos basais por falta de conhecimento morfológico, enquanto outros fósseis possuem classificação sistemática controversa ou compartilham aspectos estruturais com euteleósteos basais. Nesse contexto, os objetivos da presente dissertação são avaliar o monofiletismo de euteleósteos basais e recuperar relações filogenéticas de táxons do Nordeste do Brasil, África, Europa, Ásia e América do Norte atribuídos aos euteleósteos basais. Sete táxons brasileiros (i.e., Beurlenichthys ouricuriensis, Britoichthys marizalensis, Clupavus brasiliensis, Santanasalmo elegans, Santanichthys diasii, Scombroclupeoides scutata e novo euteleósteo da Bacia de Pelotas) e 14 táxons de localidades estrangeiras (i.e., Avitosmerus canadensis, Barcarenichthys joneti, Chanoides macropoma, Clupavus maroccanus, Gaudryella gaudryi, Humbertia operta, Kermichthys daguini, Leptolepides spratiiformis, Lusitanichthys characiformis, Nybelinoides brevis, Orthogonikleithrus leichi, Pattersonella formosa, Wenzichthys congolensis e Tchernovichthys exspectatum) foram analisados através de observação direta, fotografias, desenhos e descrições e submetidos a uma análise de Sistemática Filogenética utilizando o princípio da parcimônia. Três espécies recentes (i.e., Elops saurus, Hoplias malabaricus e Salmo trutta) foram usadas como grupo externo. Sessenta e dois caracteres foram selecionados e, como resultado, seis árvores igualmente parcimoniosas foram obtidas com 325 passos, índice de consistência (CI) de 0,2523 e índice de retenção (RI) de 0,4309. O consenso estrito é representado pela seguinte topologia: ((C. marocanus), (C. brasiliensis, (H. malabaricus + S. diasii))) ((G. gaudryi, (C. macropoma + L. characiformis)), (K. daguini), ((A. canadensis, (novo euteleósteo, (S. elegans + W. congolensis), (B. ouricuriensis + B. marizalensis)), (L. spratiiformis, (S. scutata, (N. brevis + P. formosa))), (B. joneti), (O. leichi), (H. operta + T. exspectatum), indicando que euteleósteos basais não formam um grupo monofilético e que as atuais sinapomorfias propostas são insuficientes para suportar o grupo. / Teleostei is the most diversified group among vertebrates and its oldest record dates from the Jurassic. It is currently divided into four clades, from which Euteleostei is the most derived and varied one. Despite all the studies on this group, precise diagnosis, definition, and composition are still lacking. The nine different phylogenetic hypotheses proposed in the last 30 years demonstrate the disagreement among authors. Several Cretaceous fossil fishes are assigned to basal euteleosteans due to the lack of morphological data, whereas some others possess a controversial taxonomic classification, and/or share anatomical features with basal euteleosteans. In this context, the goals of the present dissertation are to verify the monophyly of basal euteleosteans and to recover phylogenetic relationships within the taxa from Northeastern Brazil, Africa, Europe, Asia, and North America assigned to basal euteleosteans. Seven Brazilian taxa (i.e., Beurlenichthys ouricuriensis, Britoichthys marizalensis, Clupavus brasiliensis, Santanasalmo elegans, Santanichthys diasii, Scombroclupeoides scutata, and new euteleostean from the Pelotas Basin) and 14 from foregoing localities (i.e., Avitosmerus canadensis, Barcarenichthys joneti, Chanoides macropoma, Clupavus maroccanus, Gaudryella gaudryi, Humbertia operta, Kermichthys daguini, Leptolepides spratiiformis, Lusitanichthys characiformis, Nybelinoides brevis, Orthogonikleithrus leichi, Pattersonella formosa, Wenzichthys congolensis, and Tchernovichthys exspectatum) were analyzed by direct observation, as well as by means of photographs, drawings, and descriptions. After that, these taxa were submitted to a cladistic analysis using the principle of parsimony. Three living species (i.e., Elops saurus, Hoplias malabaricus, and Salmo trutta) were chosen to the outgroup. Sixtytwo characters were selected and, as a result, six equally parsimonious trees were obtained, with a length of 325 steps, consistency index (CI) of 0.2523, and retention index (RI) of 0.4309. The strict consensus tree is represented by the following topology: ((C. marocanus), (C. brasiliensis, (H. malabaricus + S. diasii))) ((G. gaudryi, (C. macropoma + L. characiformis)), (K. daguini), ((A. canadensis, (new euteleostean, (S. elegans + W. congolensis), (B. ouricuriensis + B. marizalensis)), (L. spratiiformis, (S. scutata, (N. brevis + P. formosa))), (B. joneti), (O. leichi), (H. operta + T. exspectatum), indicating that basal euteleosteans are not a monophyletic group and that the current synapomorphies are insufficient to support it.

The aim of this thesis was to investigate the neural underpinnings of persistent developmental stuttering. We explored neural systems important for speech-motor integration and focused on subcortical control systems: the basal ganglia and cerebellum. A secondary aim of this work was to distinguish effects related to general traits of the disorder from those reflecting specific states of stuttered speech. To address these aims we used a variety of neuroimaging methodologies as well as an extensive neuropsychological and empirical test battery. Our examination of neural pathway microstructure using diffusion-tensor imaging replicated previous findings of widespread disorganisation of white matter in people who stutter. This disruption included all major white matter pathways leading in and out of the cerebellum. In our second, third, and fourth studies we examined functional activity at rest and during different types of speech. The brain networks used by people who stutter and controls largely overlapped. The brain regions that distinguished general traits and specific states of stuttering were somewhat task-specific. Subcortical activation in the basal ganglia and cerebellum was related to the frequency of dysfluent speech in the scanner. In our final study we examined performance on a variety of classical tasks of motor learning. We observed evidence of delayed learning in response to changes in environmental feedback in the stuttering group relative to controls. Within people who stutter, subgroups who differ according to heritability of the disorder may also differ in the balance of dopamine in the basal ganglia. Overall, we concluded that cerebellar alterations contribute to the general trait of stuttering, while basal ganglia disruption may reflect specific effects within stuttering. Our work supports a broader role of the subcortical system in speech production, generally.

Bakgrund: Kroppsmedvetandeträning är ett fysioterapeutiskt tillvägagångssätt med syfte att öka patientens medvetenhet om den egna kroppen genom att normalisera kroppshållning, balans, andning och muskelspänning. Ångest är mycket vanligt förekommande hos patienter både inom primärvård och inom somatisk sjukhusvård samt hos patienter med långvarig smärta, och tar sig i uttryck i kroppen bland annat genom att kroppshållning, muskulär spänningsbalans och andning påverkas. Syfte: Att kartlägga om kroppsmedvetandeträning har en effekt på ångest. Metod: För att besvara syftet har en systematisk litteraturstudie genomförts. Sökningar gjordes i de medicinska databaserna Pub Med, Cinahl, PsycInfo samt Science Direct Journals. Resultat: Totalt granskades 13 studier. 12 av dessa visade att kroppsmedvetandeträning har en positiv effekt på ångest, varav nio stycken visade på signifikant effekt. En studie visade på ökning av ångest, dock ej signifikant. Av de nio studier som visade på signifikant positiv effekt på ångest studerade fem av dem kroppsmedvetandeträning som tilläggsbehandling och fyra studerade kroppsmedvetandeträning som enda behandling. Konklusion: Kroppsmedvetandeträning har en signifikant positiv effekt på ångest, både som enda behandling och som tilläggsbehandling.

The motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) have been linked to the emergence of exaggerated oscillatory activity in the 13 - 35 Hz beta range in recordings of the basal ganglia (BG) thalamocortical circuit of PD patients and animal models. PD patients and animal models also express dopamine-dependent cognitive impairments, implying effects of dopamine loss on the function of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). This thesis examines the electrophysiological behavior of the BG thalamocortical circuit in PD and dopamine-normal states during cognitive and motor activity. In vivo recordings in the BG of PD and dystonic patients were used to study the influence of dopamine during a test of executive function. Normal executive function was also investigated in the dopamine-healthy ACC of chronic pain patients. Both the BG and ACC exhibited lateralized electrophysiological responses to feedback valence. The BG also exhibited dopamine-sensitive event-related behavior. In additional experiments, chronically implanted recording electrodes in awake, behaving hemiparkinsonian rats were used to examine the transmission of synchronized oscillatory activity from the BG, through the ventral medial (VM) thalamus, to the ACC. Modulation of subthalamic nucleus, VM thalamus, and ACC activity during a simple cognitive/movement task was also investigated in hemiparkinsonian rats. Findings in the rat model suggest that ACC-mediated executive function is dopamine-sensitive and is reflected in the region's electrophysiology. These results may provide further insight into the significance of excessive oscillatory activity in PD and its influence on cognitive systems.

Basal melting of ice shelves is causing accelerating mass loss from the Antarctic Ice Sheet, yet the oceanographic processes which drive this are rarely observed. This thesis uses new observations from phase sensitive radar and moored oceanographic instruments to describe the processes which drive rapid basal melting of the north-western Ross Ice Shelf. Oceanographic conditions at the mooring site are strongly influenced by the neighbouring Ross Sea Polynya. High Salinity Shelf Water fills the lower water column continuously, but during summer a southward flow ventilates the cavity bringing Antarctic Surface Water (AASW) to the site. Tides account for half of the flow speed variance, and low frequency variability is influenced by local winds, and eddies associated with sea ice production in the polynya. Four years of basal melt rate observations show a mean melt rate of 1.8 m y$^{-1}$ at the mooring site and a strong seasonal cycle driven principally by water temperature variations. Radar observations show that melt rates vary rapidly and continuously in response to flow speed variability, and rapid melting occurs only when flow speeds are high. Radar observations of melt rates from 78 sites on the Ross and McMurdo ice shelves show an area-averaged annual-mean basal melt rate of 1.35 m y$^{-1}$, implying a net basal mass loss of 9.6 Gt y$^{-1}$ from the region. Melt rates are highest near the ice front where annual-mean and short-term summer rates reached 7.7 m y$^{-1}$ and 53 m y$^{-1}$, respectively. The seasonal and spatial variations in melt rate are consistent with melting driven by the summer inflow of AASW. Observations of boundary layer water temperature, flow speed and melt rates indicate that melt rates scale linearly with current speed, but sub-linearly with temperature in the outer boundary layer, possibly due to the stabilising effects of melt water input. Existing melt rate parameterisations which account for flow speed can be tuned to match the observations when thermal driving is low, but overestimate melt rates at higher temperatures, implying the need for further refinements to the models.