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The Internet of Things (IoT) is an umbrella term for smart things connected to the Internet.Precision agriculture is a related concept where connected sensors can be used to facilitate, e.g. more effective farming. At the same time, Bluetooth has been making advancements into IoT with the release of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) or Bluetooth smart as it is also known by. This thesis describes the development of a Bluetooth Low Energy moisture- and temperature sensor intended for use in an agricultural wireless sensor network system. The sensor was evaluated based on its effectiveness in agricultural environments and conditions such as weather, elevation and in different crop fields. Bluetooth Low Energy was chosen as the technology for communication by the supervising company due to its inherent support for mobile phone accessibility.Field tests showed that the sensor nodes were largely affected by greenery positioned betweentransmitter and receiver, meaning that these would preferably be placed above growing crops foreffective communication. With ideal placement of the sensor and receiving unit, the signal wouldreach up to 100 m, meaning that a receiving unit would cover a circle area with radius 100 m.Due to Bluetooth being largely integrated in mobile devices it would mean that sensor data couldeasily be made accessible with a mobile app, rather than acquiring data from an online web server.

Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka möjligheten att skapa ett övervakningssystem där man tillämpar en passande teknologi på ett kreativt sätt. Applikationen som valdes är övervakning av dementa på ett ålderdomshem.Två tänkbara teknologier för utvecklingen av systemet, RFID och Bluetooth, studeras och analyseras. Efter en utvärdering väljs Bluetooth och används för att konstruera ett prototypsystem. Ett antal systemexperiment med kommunikationen mellan systemkomponenterna utförs och en analys genomförs för att bedöma teknologins effektivitet och användbarhet.Resultaten av systemexperimenten visar att det är möjligt att använda Bluetooth-teknologin för övervakning av människor inom ett visst bestämt område, till exempel ett ålderdomshem. Man kan detektera patienternas position och visa den för personalen på en datorskärm i en ritning över lokalerna.Detta arbete ska ses som en grund för en framtida utveckling och konstruktion av ett operationellt system. / The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the possibility of creating a monitoring system which applies a suitable technology in a creative way. The application chosen is the monitoring of persons with dementia in a retirement home.Two possible technologies that can be used for the development of the system, RFID and Bluetooth, are studied and analyzed. After the evaluation, Bluetooth is selected and used to construct a prototype system. A number of system experiments with the communication between system components is performed and an analysis carried out to assess efficiency and usability of the technologies.The results of the experimental system show that it is possible to use Bluetooth technology for the surveillance of people within a certain defined area, such as a retirement home. One can detect the position of patients and show it to staff on a computer screen in a plan of the premises.This work should be seen as a basis for future development and construction of an operational system.

Today’s data centers (DCs) consume up to 3% of the energy produced worldwide, much of which is wasted due to over-cooling and underutilization of IT equipment. This wastage in part stems from the lack of real-time visibility of fine-grained thermal distribution in DCs. Wireless sensing is an ideal candidate for DC monitoring as it is cost-effective, facility-friendly, and can be easily re-purposed. In this thesis, we develop LEMoNet, a novel low-energy wireless sensor network design for monitoring co-location DCs. It employs a two-tier network architecture and a multi-mode data exchange protocol to balance the trade-offs between low power consumption and high data reliability. We have evaluated the performance of LEMoNet by deploying custom-designed sensor and gateway nodes in a SHARCNET DC at A.N. Bourns Science Building. We show experimentally that LEMoNet achieves an average data yield of over 98%. Under normal operations with one temperature and one humidity reading every thirty seconds, the battery lifetime of LEMoNet sensor nodes is projected to be 14.9 years on a single lithium coin battery. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Yes / This study presents a wideband multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna for Wifi/WLAN/LTE applications. The antenna consists of two triangular patches as the radiating elements placed orthogonally to each other. Two T-slots and a rectangular slot were etched on the ground plane to improve return loss and isolation. The total dimension of the proposed antenna is 30 x 30 mm2. The antenna yields impedance bandwidth of 101.7% between 2.28 GHz up to 7 GHz with a reflection coefficient of < -10 dB, and mutual coupling of < -14 dB. The results including S-Parameters, MIMO characteristics with analysis of envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), total active reflection coefficient (TARC), capacity loss, channel capacity, VSWR, antenna gain and radiation patterns are evaluated. These characteristics indicate that the proposed antenna is suitable for MIMO wireless applications.

Mobility and safety are primary concerns for blind and visually impaired (BVI) users when navigating in unfamiliar environments. Typically, a sighted person can locate a place of interest if they are provided guidance while approaching within a few meters of the location. However, this resolution of guidance is often insufficient for blind travelers. In this thesis, we propose a crowdsourcing based micro navigation system for BVI users in both indoor and outdoor environments. To achieve this goal, our system includes three parts: crowdsourcing reports generated by volunteers using the volunteer application, landmarks validation performed by the system administrator using the admin application, and the BVI user navigation obtained through the BVI user application. In addition, we provide accessible audio navigation for indoor and outdoor environments required to deliver real time step by step landmark information to BVI users. Crowdsourcing is enabled by the contribution of many volunteers which use the proposed volunteer application to report specific landmarks in the environment including their location, description and surrounding landmarks. These reports which are uploaded to the server database, are validated by the admin application which updates the server database and deploy BLE tags for indoor environment. The BVI user application localizes users by GPS outdoors and BLE proximity technology indoors. Using the real-time location of users and the landmark node graph we built from updated server database, this application provides the shortest route to the destination and real time “micro-navigation” information describing how to get to the next landmark’s location with corresponding distance & orientation. This information is used ix to make users well aware of where they are, and guide users to their chosen destination within a cane’s distance. This application will improve the confidence and safety of BVI users by enabling them to explore and get navigation in both indoor and outdoor environments.

Advances in computing and communication technologies are blurring the distinction between today's PCs and mobile phones. With expected smart phones sales to skyrocket, lack of awareness regarding securing them, and access to personal and proprietary information, has resulted in the recent surge of mobile malware. In addition to using traditional social-engineering techniques such as email and file-sharing, malware unique to Bluetooth, Short Messaging Service (SMS) and Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) messages are being used. Large scale simulations of malware on wireless networks have becomes important and studying them under realistic device deployments is important to obtain deep insights into their dynamics and devise ways to control them. In this dissertation, we present EpiNet: an individual-based scalable high-performance oriented modeling environment for simulating the spread of mobile malware over large, dynamic networks. EpiNet can be used to undertake comprehensive studies during both planning and response phase of a malware epidemic in present and future generation wireless networks. Scalability is an important design consideration and the current EpiNet implementation can scale to 3-5 million device networks and case studies show that large factorial designs on million device networks can be executed within a day on 100 node clusters. Beyond compute time, EpiNet has been designed for analysts to easily represent a range of interventions and evaluating their efficacy. The results indicate that Bluetooth malware with very low initial infection size will not result in a major wireless epidemic. The dynamics are dependent on the network structure and, activity-based mobility models or their variations can yield realistic spread dynamics. Early detection of the malware is extremely important in controlling the spread. Non-adaptive response strategies using static graph measures such as degree and betweenness are not effective. Device-based detection mechanisms provide a much better means to control the spread and only effective when detection occurs early on. Automatic signature generation can help in detecting newer strains of the malware and signature distributions through a central server results in better control of the spread. Centralized dissemination of patches are required to reach a large proportion of devices to be effective in slowing the spread. Non-adaptive dynamic graph measures such as vulnerability are found to be more effective. Our studies of SMS and hybrid malware show that SMS-only malware spread slightly faster than Bluetooth-only malware and do not spread to all devices. Hybrid malware spread orders of magnitude faster than either SMS-only or Bluetooth-only malware and can cause significant damage. Bluetooth-only malware spread faster than SMS-only malware in cases where density of devices in the proximity of an infected device is higher. Hybrid malware can be much more damaging than Bluetooth-only or SMS-only malware and we need mechanisms that can prevent such an outbreak. EpiNet provide a means to propose, implement and evaluate the response mechanisms in realistic and safe settings. / Ph. D.

Advanced Traffic Management Systems (ATMS) and Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) utilize real-time information to apply measures improve the transportation system performance. Two key inputs for ATMS and ATIS are dynamic travel times and dynamic OD matrices. Bluetooth devices detection technology has been increasingly used to track vehicle movements on the network. This possibility naturally raises the question of whether this information can be used to improve the dynamic estimation of OD matrices. Previous research efforts rely entirely on the Bluetooth OD counts for estimation, which is why they require high penetration rates. In our study, we use Bluetooth data to supplement loop detector data while estimating dynamic OD matrices using Kalman filter. We use OD proportions as state variables and travel times, link counts, Bluetooth OD matrix and input and exit volumes as measurements. A simulation experiment is conducted in VISSIM and is designed such that the traffic network emulates the observed traffic patterns. Two case studies are performed for comparison. One uses Bluetooth OD matrices as input for estimation while the other does not. The Bluetooth ODs used in the Kalman filter estimation was found to improve the OD flow estimates. The developed methods were compared with synthetic OD estimation software (QueensOD) and were found to be more effective in obtaining dynamic OD flow estimates. A case of study with fewer detectors was also studied. When it was compared with a similar method developed by Gharat(2011), the errors were lower. / Master of Science