This thesis seeks to provide guidance on the deployment of Bluetooth sensors for travel time measurement in work zone corridors. The investigation focuses on the detection characteristics of Class 1 and Class 2 Bluetooth devices, and how cultivating an understanding of these characteristics together with the effect of the sensor inquiry cycle length can suggest a more precise method of travel time measurement. This thesis also explores the range of detection location around a Bluetooth sensor in order to recommend a minimum corridor separation of Bluetooth sensors, and to ascertain the best method of Bluetooth travel time derivation. Finally, this thesis investigates these principles further through multiple side-fire deployments on the I-285 corridor in Atlanta, Georgia; as well as two deployments capturing several hours of active work zone travel time.

The use of Bluetooth technology for gathering traffic data is becoming increasingly popular due to the large volume of data that can be gathered at a relatively low cost. The limited number of devices in discoverable mode and potential long discovery time of the Bluetooth devices creates an opportunity for evaluating the sensor array setup that can maximize the sample of devices identified. This thesis investigates several factors that have a significant impact on the quality of the data obtained using Bluetooth, including the number of Bluetooth readers, orientation of the Bluetooth antennas, position of the readers relative to one another, and the location of the Bluetooth stations. The thesis begins with an overview of Bluetooth technology and literature review on the use of Bluetooth in previous traffic studies. Next, the methodology for the setup of the Bluetooth system and the four tests performed to evaluate the factors affecting the quality of the data are described. Through the results of these tests, it was observed that a "flat" antenna orientation allows for the greatest detection range and that the walls of buildings can prevent detection of Bluetooth devices inside the buildings. In addition, using multiple Bluetooth readers per sensor array resulted in statistically significant increases in number of detections of single reader sensors, and horizontally separated sensor arrays were observed to be more effective than vertically separated sensor arrays. Finally, the thesis concludes with a summary of findings and a discussion of further research needs.

Genom att studera olika kommunikationsprotokoll kunna svara på vad det är som gör att ett visst protokoll är bäst anpassat för att användas mellan mobila enheter och IoT-enheter. I arbetet användes en kvalitativ litteraturstudie för att ge en grundlig teoretisk bakgrund samt en experimentell studie där ett par teorier undersökts ifall de stämmer med resultaten ifrån verkligheten. De fem faktorerna kompatibilitet, batteritid, frekvens, räckvidd och tillförlitlighet undersöktes hos kommunikationsprotokollen Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), Närfältskommunikation (NFC) och Wi-Fi. Dessa tre valdes eftersom de stöds av nyare mobila plattformar idag. Kommunikations-protokollen analyserades sedan gentemot olika användningsområden inom IoT, eftersom påståendet vad som är bäst anpassat beror på vad situationen kräver för egenskaper. En systemutvecklare som ska välja kommunikationsprotokoll till en IoT-tillämpning och läser denna rapport bör själv jämföra de olika protokollen mot varandra inom de fem faktorerna för att kunna avgöra vilket protokoll som passar bäst inom dennes situation. I arbetet utfördes endast experimentella studier på BLE på grund av begränsningar inom utrustningen. Ytterligare experiment inom NFC och Wi-Fi skulle ge ett bredare perspektiv med fler infallsvinklar. / By studying different communication protocols respond to what it is that makes a certain protocol best suited for use between mobile devices and IoT devices. This study used a qualitative literature study to create a proper theoretical background and an experimental study where two theories were investigated in whether they matched wih the results from the reality. The five factors compatibility, battery loss, frequency, range and reliability were investigated in the communication protocols Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), Near field communication (NFC) and Wi-Fi, these three because they are supported by newer mobile platforms today. The communication protocols were then analysed against various uses in the IoT, since the claim what it is that makes it best suited depends on what the situation requires. A system developer that is about to select the communication protocol to use in an IoT application and reads this study should compare the different protocols to each other within the five factors to determine which protocol is best suited for his situation. This study only performed experimental studies on BLE because of limitations in the equipment. Additional experiments on NFC and Wi-Fi would provide a wider perspective.

ITC/USA 2010 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Sixth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 25-28, 2010 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, California / Most helicopter programs require the acquisition of parameters from the rotating systems. Historically, these systems made use of electromechanical slip rings for the transfer of power, control, and data from within the helicopter's cabin to the rotating hardware. Slip rings are primarily used in dedicated instrumentation vehicles and are not commonly used in production platforms that may require instrumentation of the rotating systems for in-service load and fatigue monitoring. Additionally, the use of slip rings requires time and money to integrate the hardware and equipment into the aircraft in order to perform rotor data acquisition. The time needed to perform modifications to transmissions and drive trains plays a big factor in the increased costs of aircraft development. Less intrusive installations would minimize the need for mechanical changes and would improve the time needed to install the instrumentation. This paper describes a wireless system approach to perform the test without the slip ring, and provides performance data that validates this new method of instrumenting unobtrusively to save time and money without sacrificing data integrity.

Electrocardiogram (ECG) is a noninvasive technology widely used in health care systems for diagnosis of heart diseases, and a wearable ECG sensor with long-term monitoring is necessary for real-time heart disease detection. However, the conventional ECG is restricted considering the physical size and power consumption of the system. In this thesis, we propose a Wireless ECG System with Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and Compressed Sensing (CS). The proposed Wireless ECG System includes an ECG sensor board based on a BLE chip, an Android application and a web service with a database. The ECG signal is first collected by the ECG Sensor Board and then transmitted to the Android application through BLE protocol. At last, the ECG signal is uploaded to the cloud database from the Android app. We also introduce Compressed Sensing into our system with a novel sparse sensing matrix, data compression and a modified Compressive Sampling Matching Pursuit (CoSaMP) reconstruction algorithm. Experiment results show that the amount of data transmitted is reduced by about 57% compared to not using Compressed Sensing, and reconstruction time is 64% less than using Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP) or Iterative Re-weighted Least Squares (IRLS) algorithm. / Graduate

The Internet of things is a scenario where devices such as lighting, household appliances, sensors etc. are connected and communicate with each other via Internet. This puts a demand for a good infrastructure around these devices. One way to handle this is to use radio as a means of communication and let the devices forward each other's traffic in what is known as a mesh network. This thesis explores different radio standards that can be used to create a mesh network for sensors. Two different approaches to mesh networking using Bluetooth Low Energy was implemented and evaluated. One approach works by letting all devices broadcast every message they receive, a rather brute force approach. The other approach worked by letting the network find routes between all the nodes in the network and then establishes a connection between the nodes that want to communicate via intermediate nodes. It was found that the rebroadcast approach in idle mode used 3.36 mAh while the connection approach used 0.47 mAh for the same configuration. Another test was performed where the percentage of successfully delivered messages was measured. For the rebroadcast approach it was 75 % and for connection it was 58 %. Tweaking the connection network to not be able to adapt to changes increased the throughput to 77 %. During the testing numerous ways for improving performance were thought of but not implemented. The need for synchronizing the devices clocks and establishing protocol for when to send and receive became apparent when working with the rebroadcast network. In the connection network there were problems with that the routing maintenance led to unavailable units and reduced performance. / Sakernas internet, Internet of Things är ett scenario där elektriska apparater så som belysning, hushållsmaskiner, sensorer mm är anslutna och kommunicerar med varandra via internet. Men så många anslutna enheter ställer stora krav på infrastrukturen kring enheterna. Ett sätt att lösa problemen kring infrastruktur är att låta enheterna kommunicera via radio och låta dem vidarebefordra varandras datatrafik i en typ av nätverkstopologi som kallas för meshnätverk. Det här examensarbetet utforskar möjliga radiostandarder som kan användas för att skapa ett meshnätverk för just sensorer. Två typer av meshnätverk implementerades med Bluetooth Low Energy och deras styrkor och svagheter utvärderades. En av dessa gick ut på att enheterna i nätverket sände ut meddelanden som alla kunde ta och sedan att de som lyckades ta emot i sin tur sände meddelandena vidare. Det är en enkel metod som är lätt att implementera.Den andra metoden gick ut på att nätverket tog reda på sin konfiguration och vilken rutt som ska tas via andra enheter för att nå den man vill. När enheterna sen vill kommunicera så upprättar de en anslutning via enheterna längs rutten. Två saker som jämfördes mellan metoderna var strömförbrukning och andel lyckade sändningar. För samma nätverk så drog återsändnings nätverket 3.36 mA och anslutningsnätverket 0.47 mA. Antalet lyckade sändningar testades i ett annat scenario och där kom 75 % av meddelanden i återsändningsnätverket fram och motsvarande siffra för anslutningsnätverket var 58\%. Vidare testades det att stänga av utbytet av rutt information och sökningar efter nya enheter i anslutningsnätverket och då kom 77 % av meddelanden fram. I återsändningsnätverket insåg man att det fanns ett behov av att synkronisera klockorna i enheterna och etablera ett protokoll för hur när man ska sända och ta emot.I anslutningsnätverket så uppstod problem med att enheterna blev otillgängliga när de synkroniserade sin konfiguration vilket ledde till försämrad prestanda.

RF positioning methods have various tradeoffs that make them suitable for differing applications. This thesis identifies the most prominent positioning methods and deter-mines their suitability for context aware applications in pub-lic spaces using a number of different factors. This thesis first explores the physical characteristics of GPS, GSM, 802.11 and Bluetooth focusing on coverage and accuracy in both a historical and forward looking context. Next, it explores what it means for an application to be context aware and how that translates into building applications that are used in the context of public places. This thesis then reflects on the intersection of the two and explores some challenges related to practical implementations. In order to further explore these challenges, it assesses a high accuracy use case of merging Bluetooth positioning with augmented reality and virtual reality applications. We find that in the last decade Bluetooth has made rapid advancements in relation to competing technologies, but it is still far from ideal in all situations, especially when the situation requires extremely high accuracy.

Thesis (MMus) -- University of Stellenbosch, 2015. / This study details the design of an audible QR Code. The audible QRCode seeks to increase the rate of information exchanged in a human interaction and increase the quality of communication by altering the delivery medium of a QRCode. The delivery medium is changed from a two dimensional bar code to a audio signal. The design is discussed in detail grounded on telecommunication theory including signal modulation, packet construction and error correction. Three techniques were tested in order to reduce the possible intrusive characteristics of the audible QR Code on media content. The commercial uses of the audible QR Code is discussed as well as possible competitions and the advantages it has over the traditional visual QR Code. / Hierdie studie verduidelik die ontwerp van ’n hoorbare QR-Kode. Die hoorbare QR-Kode se doel is om die hoeveelheid inligting wat verruil word gedurende menslike interaksies te verhoog en ook om die kwaliteit van die kommunikasie te verbeter deur die afleweringsmedium van ’n QR-kode te verander. Die medium word verander van n visuele tweedimensionele streepkode na ’n klanksein. Die ontwerp word in diepte bespreek gegrond op die telekommunikasie teorie wat seinmodulasie, datapakkonstruksie en foutkorreksie insluit. Daar word drie tegnieke getoets wat ontwerp is om die indringende eienskappe van die Hoorbare QR-Kode te verminder. Die kommersi¨ele gebruike van die Hoorbare QR-Kode word bespreek, so ook moontlike kompetisie en die voordele wat die Hoorbare QR-kode besit bo die tradisionele visuele QR-kode.

Cell phones are the most prevalent computing devices. They come pre-loaded with many different functions such as a digital camera, a mobile web browser, a streaming media player, games, GPS navigation, and more. However, if the banks have their way, the cell phone may become the preferred method of payment for everyday purchases. When that happens, there will be a need to securely send and store the receipt information so that they can be quickly analyzed. This thesis will demonstrate the use of a Digital Receipt system to manage transactions using Bluetooth technology to communicate between mobile devices. This expands on a previous thesis titled "Bi-Directional Information Exchange with Handheld Computing Devices." (Qaddoura, 2006) Cell phones have now been added into the setup. Thereby, expanding the Digital Receipt concept to include many more affordable computing devices, thus, increasing the likelihood that this application will be accepted by the general public.

La llegada de nuevas tecnologías está creando nuevos escenarios para el consumo de publicidad siguiendo principios que permiten la personalización e interacción con los usuarios finales de forma directa. Los anunciantes y las marcas deben considerar todos los puntos de encuentro posibles con el público objetivo para que de este modo se logre una comunicación productiva. Con el transcurso del tiempo, el teléfono móvil ha dejado de representar un símbolo diferenciado de las clases privilegiadas y se ha tornado en un elemento útil e indispensable en la vida de la mayoría de las personas. Además, es el dispositivo que permanece activo más tiempo que cualquier otro medio y el más personal, por lo que es ideal para alcanzar a una audiencia perfectamente segmentada en el espacio y tiempo correcto. Por ello, el presente trabajo de tesis se centra en el estudio y diseño de un Sistema de Marketing de Proximidad empleando la tecnología inalámbrica Bluetooth disponible en los terminales móviles. A lo largo del desarrollo, se citarán casos de uso en otras partes del mundo donde este sistema ya ha empezado a aplicarse y se incluirá una muestra del estado actual de interés de los usuarios por esta nueva plataforma de publicidad. / Tesis