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Inledning: Klimatförändringar innebär stora risker för den globala såväl som den svenska ekonomin. Politiker har kommit att inse att klimatförändringar därför utgör ett stort och pressande hot. I denna anda representerar Parisavtalet, som undertecknades i december 2015, det första heltäckande klimatavtalet som uttryckligen erkänner behovet av att göra finans flöden förenliga med en väg mot låga utsläpp av växthusgaser och klimattålig utveckling. Som en primär kreditgivare är banksektorn potentiellt en nyckelaktör kring vitala initiativ som skall minska belastningen på miljön. Syftet: Denna uppsats har haft som mål att undersöka svenska storbankers roll i samhället för hållbar utveckling samt hur de ger stöd till företag i omställningsarbetet för att möta kraven i Parisavtalet. Metod: Kvalitativa metoder används i detta arbete för att uppfylla studiens syfte. Forskningsdesignen representerar en dokumentstudie där bearbetning av empiriskt material sker med hjälp av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat. Resultatet visar att samtliga storbanker kommit en bra bit på vägen med både sin egen interna omställning i relation till ett mer hållbart arbete som ligger i linje med Parisavtalet. Samtidigt har denna transformationsresa kommit att även påverka de kundrelationer som företagen har genom att de har intagit en coachande roll i syfte att hjälpa andra att arbeta mer hållbart, samt att ingå mer finansiellt och moraliskt hållbara samarbeten. Slutsats: Bearbetad empiriskt underlag påvisar att storbankerna har ett viktigt arbete i sin roll som rådgivare för de svenska företagen i att stödja och påverka företagen i deras strävan att uppnå ett lyckat omställningsarbete inom hållbarhet i enlighet med Parisavtalet

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This dissertation draws from the fields of history, sociology, psychology, moral philosophy, and organizational theory to establish a theoretical connection between a social/organizational influence (Ethical Work Climate) and an individual cognitive element of moral behavior (moral awareness). The research was designed to help fill a gap in the existing literature by providing empirical evidence of the connection between organizational influences and individual ethical choices, which has heretofore largely been merely assumed. Additional aspects of moral behavior beyond moral judgment, as suggested by the Four Component Model (Rest, 1994) were investigated. Extensively relying on the work of Victor and Cullen (1987, 1988), Rest (1979, 1986, 1994), and Blum (1991, 1994), seven hypotheses were formulated and tested to determine the nature of the direct relationship between the organizational level Ethical Work Climate and individual level moral awareness, and that relationship as moderated by four demographic and individual variables. Seven of the climate types identified by Cullen, Victor, and Bronson (1993) were replicated in the present study. All three of the hypotheses pertaining to the direct relationship between Ethical Work Climate and moral awareness were supported, as were three of the four hypotheses related to the moderating variables. These results provide evidence that Ethical Work Climate is a primary predictor of individual moral awareness, and that social influence often overrides the effects of individual differences is a work group setting. Implications for future research are provided. / Ph. D.

The atmospheric effect of greenhouse gas emissions is posing an increasing threat to the stability of the global climate. Like many developing nations, the western Africa nation of Nigeria faces risks from climate change, with potential effects on the environment upon which Nigerians rely and on broader social constructs, including the national economy. Nigeria's diverse topography, which stretches from dry northern regions of the sub-Sahara to lush southern rainforests along the Gulf of Guinea, accentuates susceptibility to a variety of climate-related hazards, including warming, irregular rainfall patterns, and extreme weather occurrences. Driven by the influence of tropical climates on the global climate system and the importance of climate variability and change specifically within Nigeria, this study of the Nigerian hydroclimate explicitly characterizes historical variability and change through analysis of in-situ daily climate data. Daily maximum and minimum air temperature and total precipitation data from 1982 through 2011 were obtained from the Nigeria Meteorological Service for 20 locations across the country. Given the limited temporal extent of the data, two popular satellite-derived precipitation products were tested for usability as supplements to the in-situ data. Each of the satellite-derived products depicts rainfall with an unrealistically high frequency and with a temporal trend that is opposite reality. Only in-situ data were analyzed further, beginning with a methodology to define the climatological wet and dry seasons across the country. The critical wet season across Nigeria was found to last between 120 days (north) and 200 days (south), beginning April/May and ending September/October, with wetness migrating from nearer the southern coastline northward through the country during the Northern Hemisphere summer, before retreating south again. As with seasonality, the spatial distribution of precipitation amount and frequency relates to distance northward from the southern coast. Wet season precipitation approaches 2500 mm from an average of more than 115 wet days along the coast, to only about 350 mm and 35 days across far northern Nigeria. Conversely, the dry season produces 300 mm from 30 wet days across the south, and only 80 mm from less than 10 days across the north. The wet season in Nigeria accounts for greater than 90% of annual precipitation and number of wet days. Nigeria experienced a warming and wetting of the climate during the 30-year study period, during both the wet and dry seasons. However, a change in the equitable distribution of precipitation across wet days (i.e., daily intensity) is not greatly evident, as it is for many other regions of the world. Thus, the likely benefit of greater precipitation does not appear to be mitigated by the risks associated with an increase in the frequency of high-intensity rainfall events. But tempering the positive precipitation signal is the likely detrimental effect of warming. Inter-annual variability in the wetness of the critical wet season is evident in the synoptic atmospheric expression of the inter-tropical convergence zone/discontinuity, but also in sea surface temperatures within the Gulf of Guinea. Historically, sea surface temperatures are considerably higher during the wettest wet season years compared to the driest years, possibly indicating a short-distance teleconnection that may offer seasonal predictability. / Master of Science / Nigeria is experiencing the consequences of global climate change caused by gases that trap heat in the atmosphere. Nigeria is endowed with a diverse terrain, with green rainy parts in the south and arid regions in the north. In Nigeria, the economy and the environment are both being impacted by climate change. Decades of climatic data from various regions of the nation were examined in this research. We discovered that Nigeria is generally becoming wetter and warmer. Most of the yearly precipitation falls during the rainy season, which runs from April to October. There hasn't been much of an increase in extremely heavy rain, though, because the intensity of the rainfall hasn't increased significantly. However, higher temperatures can lead to issues. The amount of rain that falls in Nigeria is also influenced by sea surface temperature in the Gulf of Guinea. This study sheds light on how Nigeria's weather is changing due to climate change, which may have negative effects on both people and the environment.

Many scholars highlight the essence of a participatory governance approach to climate change adaptation and the positive impact of allowing multiple actors participation in the process of decision making as a determinant for successful adaptation to climate change. However, political culture in some societies does not support participation, and people are neither interested nor even aware of political actions. There are very few studies carried out that examine cultural, especially political cultural, influences over governing climate change adaptation. In response to this academic gap, this research aims to investigate how political culture influences a governance approach to climate change adaptation. Using an empirical case study of the process of formulating national climate change adaptation policies in South Korea, this study examines the way decisions are made about climate change policies under ‘dominant bureaucratic’, ‘authoritarian’ and ‘weak participant’ political cultures and investigates how such political cultures will hamper or encourage a governance approach to effective climate change adaptation. This study therefore advances knowledge about how political culture influences climate change adaptation. It provides a basis for comparative analyses of other political cultures in different regions and will enable scholars to understand the challenges that particular forms of governance hold for promoting climate change adaptation.

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This study investigates the relationship between perceptions of servant leadership and the ethical climate in an agricultural business. Using the Executive Servant Leadership Scale (ESLS) and the Ethical Climate Questionnaire (ECQ), the data was collected; full-time employees of an agricultural business, rating the servant leadership style of their managers in addition to the ethical work climate of their organisation. The survey was conducted on a convenience sample (N=151) representing a response rate of 63.3% from a sample of 240 employees. This study found a statistically significant correlation between the manager’s leadership style of servant leadership and the ethical work climate of the organisation. / MBA, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

This study investigates the relationship between perceptions of servant leadership and the ethical climate in an agricultural business. Using the Executive Servant Leadership Scale (ESLS) and the Ethical Climate Questionnaire (ECQ), the data was collected; full-time employees of an agricultural business, rating the servant leadership style of their managers in addition to the ethical work climate of their organisation. The survey was conducted on a convenience sample (N=151) representing a response rate of 63.3% from a sample of 240 employees. This study found a statistically significant correlation between the manager’s leadership style of servant leadership and the ethical work climate of the organisation. / MBA, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

<p> In order to make informed decisions in response to future climate change, researchers, policy-makers, and the public need climate projections at the scale of few kilometers, rather than the scales provided by Global Climate Models. The North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP) is such a recent effort that addresses this necessity. As the climate models contain various levels of uncertainty, it is essential to evaluate the performance of such models and their representativeness of regional climate characteristics. When assessing climate change impacts, precipitation is a crucial variable, due to its direct influence on many aspects of our natural-human ecosystems such as freshwater resources, agriculture and energy production, and health and infrastructure. The current study performs an evaluation analysis of precipitation simulations produced by a set of dynamically downscaled climate models provided by the NARCCAP program. The Assessment analysis is implemented for a period that covers 20 to 30 years (1970-1999), depending on joint availability of both the observational and the NARCCAP datasets. In addition to direct comparison versus observations, the hindcast NARCCAP simulations are used within a hydrologic modeling analysis for a regional ecosystem in coastal Louisiana (Chenier Plain). The study concludes the NARCCAP simulations have systematic biases in representing average precipitation amounts, but are successful at capturing some of the characteristics on spatial and temporal variability. The study also reveals the effect of precipitation on salinity concentrations in the Chenier Plain as a result of using different precipitation forcing fields. In the future, special efforts should be made to reduce biases in the NARCCAP simulations, which can then lead to a better presentation of regional climate scenarios for use by decision makers and resource managers.</p>