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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
231

Desenvolvimento, aplicação e avaliação de um programa nacional de educação a distância para profissionais da área da saúde sobre resistência microbiana e uso racional de antimicrobianos / A national wide web-based course for healthcare professionals on antimicrobial resistance and rational antimicrobial use

Guerra, Carla Morales [UNIFESP] 25 August 2010 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:49:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-08-25. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-11T03:26:26Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 Publico-277.pdf: 1313299 bytes, checksum: d9efa7c459ef573a430330551e19f390 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Introdução: A educação e a atualização dos profissionais da área da saúde devem ser consideradas fundamentais como estratégias para o controle da resistência microbiana e a garantia da segurança na assistência aos pacientes. Objetivos: Produzir um programa nacional de ensino a distância sobre medidas de prevenção e controle da resistência microbiana em serviços de saúde e avaliar o impacto da aplicação desse programa no conhecimento de profissionais da área de saúde. Avaliar a percepção e atitude de profissionais que atuam em comissões de controle de infecção sobre o programa de controle de infecção em suas instituições. Método: O estudo foi realizado na Comissão de Epidemiologia Hospitalar da Disciplina de Infectologia e Departamento de Informática e Saúde da Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Foi aplicada metodologia a distância utilizando a plataforma Moodle. Foram desenvolvidos dois cursos: RMcontrole, período entre 15 de outubro e 14 de dezembro de 2007, direcionado a profissionais da área da saúde em geral e ATMracional, período de 18 de fevereiro a 18 de abril de 2008, direcionado a profissionais prescritores de antimicrobianos (médicos e dentistas). Os profissionais deveriam inscrever-se pelo site do curso. A seleção dos alunos priorizou profissionais das regiões Centro-Oeste e Norte do país com atuação na área de controle de infecção hospitalar. O curso foi oferecido gratuitamente aos profissionais e financiado pela Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde e Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. O programa envolveu a produção de uma mídia impressa, um CD-ROM, enviados para o endereço do profissional, além da criação de site na internet. As atividades de cada aluno foram monitoradas por tutores especialistas no controle de infecção hospitalar e para a aprovação no curso foi exigida pontuação de 70% nas atividades e nas avaliações propostas. As avaliações dos alunos foram realizadas no final de cada módulo e no final do curso. Um questionário foi aplicado para obtenção de dados demográficos e epidemiológicos de cada profissional. Resultados: O total de profissionais inscritos para o curso RMcontrole foi 6256 e para o curso ATMracional foi 2856, dentre os quais foram selecionados 1172 e 917 profissionais para cada curso, respectivamente. A taxa de desistência no curso RMcontrole foi de 9,1% e no curso ATMracional foi de 8,0%, a taxa de aprovação foi 96,4% e 93,5%, respectivamente. Para a maioria dos participantes esta foi a primeira participação em um curso a distância, porém poucos referiram dificuldades com o estudo via internet. A ferramenta de estudo preferida pela maioria dos profissionais foi a apostila impressa, mas aproximadamente 20,0% dos profissionais preferiram estudar via internet. A avaliação dos participantes sobre o conteúdo do curso mostrou que, em relação à abrangência e atualização do tema, mais de 95,5% ficaram satisfeitos ou muito satisfeitos. Análise das pontuações em ambos os cursos mostrou que houve diferença entre as notas iniciais e finais, permitindo-nos concluir que houve aquisição de conhecimento (p< 0,001). Conclusões: Este foi o primeiro curso nacional, gratuito, para treinamento de profissionais da área da saúde sobre resistência microbiana. Acreditamos que o aprimoramento desta metodologia permitirá o acesso ao conhecimento técnico a um grupo maior número de profissionais e poderá se transformar em um importante instrumento de formação na área de prevenção e controle de infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde e no enfrentamento aos desafios da resistência microbiana. A avaliação da percepção e atitude de profissionais que atuam em comissões de controle de infecção sobre o programa de controle de infecção em suas instituições destacou informações importantes que poderão ser utilizadas pelas autoridades brasileiras para direcionar estratégias de melhoria dos programas de controle de infecção hospitalar de cada região do país. / Background: Education and updating of health professionals should be considered as an integral part of strategies to resistance control and to maintain quality of care and patient safety. Objective: To develop and apply a Web-based program on infection control practices and antimicrobial resistance for healthcare workers involved with healthcare-acquired infection from different demographic Brazilian regions, and to assess the knowledge and perceptions of participants. To evaluate the perception and attitude of professionals working in committees hospital infection control registered for the course of the infection control program in their institutions. Method: The study was conducted at the Division of Infectious Diseases and Department of Informatics and Health of Federal University of São Paulo. Were developed and implemented two courses: RMcontrole, directed to health professionals in general and ATMracional, directed only antimicrobial prescribers (physicians and dentists). Professionals should register on line in the site of the course. The selection of students prioritized professionals from the Midwest and North of the country involved in the area of hospital infection control. The course was offered free to the professionals. The program involved production of a printed booklet and a CD-ROM sent to the address of work, beyond the creation of website. One of the features of this work was the use of e-learning platform Moodle. The activities of each student tutors were monitored by specialists in hospital infection control and to pass the course was required score of 70% in the proposed activities and assessments. Results: The total number of professionals registered for the course RMcontrole was 6256 and the course was ATMracional 2856, among whom were selected in 1172 and 917 professionals for each course respectively. The dropout rate in the course RMcontrole was 9.1% and ATMracional was 8.0%, the approval rate was 96.4% and 93.5% and disapproval rate was 3.6% and 6.5 %, respectively. For most participants this was the first participation in a distance course even so, few students reported difficulties with the study via the Internet. The study tool preferred by most professional was the book printed, but approximately 20.0% of professionals reported prefer to study via the Internet. The assessment of participants on the course content showed that in relation to the scope and update more than 95.5% were satisfied or extremely satisfied. The discussions between tutors and participants surpassed the mark of 1,000 posts in each course. Analysis of the scores in both courses showed that there was difference between the initial and final notes, allowing us to conclude that there was knowledge acquisition (p <0.001). Conclusion: This was the first free national program for training health professionals on microbial resistance. We believe that the improvement of this methodology will allow access to technical knowledge to a broader number of professionals and may become an important tool for training in prevention and control of infections related to health care and in facing the challenges of antimicrobial resistance. The evaluation of the perception and attitude of professionals working in infection control committees on the program of infection control in their institutions highlighted important information that could be used by the Brazilian authorities to direct strategies to improve the programs of hospital infection control in each region of the country. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações
232

The antimicrobial susceptibility and gene-based resistance of Streptococcus Agalactiae (group B Streptococcus) in pregnant women in Windhoek (Khomas region), Namibia

Engelbrecht, Fredrika January 2015 (has links)
Thesis (MTech (Biomedical Sciences))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015. / BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Group B Streptococci (GBS) can asymptomatically colonise the vagina and rectum of women. Studies have shown that this bacterium is the leading cause of septicemia, meningitis and pneumonia in neonates. In Namibia no known studies have investigated GBS colonisation and the antibiotic resistance profile of GBS isolates in pregnant women. This study accessed the GBS colonisation rate amongst the pregnant women who attended the Windhoek Central Hospital Antenatal Clinic (Khomas region), in Namibia for a period of 13 months. Furthermore, using the VITEK 2 system, the GBS isolates were tested against the following antimicrobial substances; benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, clindamycin, erythromycin, tetracycline, vancomycin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, linezolid and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Penicillin G is the drug of choice in the majority of studies, and seems to be the most effective drug for intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP). All the GBS isolates found in this study were also analysed for the presence of selected genes known to be associated with resistance to key antibiotics using specific primers within a polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
233

Biocompatibilidade in vivo de material resiliente temporário para base de prótese modificado por antimicrobianos para tratamento da estomatite protética / Biocompatibility in vivo of temporary soft denture liner for denture base modified by antimicrobials agents for denture stomatitis treatment

Juliana Hotta 10 November 2016 (has links)
Reembasadores resilientes temporários contendo fármacos antifúngicos foram sugeridos como um tratamento adjunto para estomatite protética. No entanto, antes de utilizar clinicamente estes reembasadores modificados em humanos, é importante avaliar a sua biocompatibilidade em modelos animais. Este estudo avaliou a biocompatibilidade in vivo de um reembasador resiliente temporário para base de prótese (Trusoft) modificado por agentes antimicrobianos em suas mínimas concentrações inibitórias (MCIs) para biofilme de Candida albicans. Dispositivos acrílicos intra-orais (DIOs) foram confeccionados individualmente para 60 ratos Wistar. Os ratos foram divididos em 6 grupos (n=5): 3 grupos controle (Negativo: sem DIO; Geral: DIO sem reembasamento; Positivo: DIO reembasado com Trusoft sem fármacos) e 3 grupos experimentais (DIOs reembasados com Trusoft modificados por fármacos em suas respectivas MCIs: 0,032 g de nistatina, 0,064 g de diacetato de clorexidina e 0,128 g de cetoconazol). Os ratos com ou sem os DIOs foram eutanasiados após 7 e 14 dias de avaliação. A análise histopatológica qualitativa foi realizada comparando-se fotomicrografias de secções histológicas, que foram obtidas utilizando um microscópio óptico que abrangeu transversalmente a região intermolares. As alterações morfológicas no epitélio e queratina foram analisadas quantitativamente através da realização de planimetria computadorizada. Os dados quantitativos foram analisados utilizando ANOVA 2-fatores e teste de Tukey (=0,05). A análise quantitativa mostrou que apenas o grupo com DIO contendo cetoconazol diminuiu significativamente a espessura e a área do estrato córneo em comparação com os outros grupos (p<0,05), que não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre si (p>0,05). Estes resultados estiveram de acordo com os obtidos para análise qualitativa. A incorporação de MCIs de nistatina e diacetato de clorexidina no Trusoft não induziram alterações histopatológicas na mucosa palatina de ratos, sugerindo a biocompatibilidade in vivo deste protocolo para o tratamento de estomatite protética. / Temporary resilient denture liners containing antifungal drugs have been suggested as an adjunct treatment for denture stomatitis. However, before clinically using these modified liners in humans, it is important to assess their biocompatibility in animal models. This study evaluated the in vivo biocompatibility of a temporary soft denture liner (Trusoft) modified by antimicrobial agents at their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for biofilm formation by Candida albicans. Methods: Acrylic intraoral devices (IODs) were individually made for 60 Wistar rats. The rats were divided into the following 6 groups (n=5): 3 control groups (Negative: without IOD; General: IOD without relining; Positive: IOD relined with Trusoft without drugs) and 3 experimental groups (IOD relined with Trusoft modified by drugs at MICs: 0.032 g for nystatin, 0.064 g for chlorhexidine diacetate, and 0.128 g for ketoconazole). The rats with or without the IODs were sacrificed after 7 or 14 days of evaluation. Histopathological qualitative analysis was performed by comparing photomicrographs of histological sections, which were obtained using an optical microscope that transversely covered the inter-molar region. Morphological changes in the epithelium and keratin were quantitatively analyzed by performing computerized planimetry. Quantitative data were analyzed using 2-way ANOVA and Tukey\'s test (=0.05). Quantitative analysis showed that only the group with IOD containing ketoconazole significantly decreased the thickness and area of the stratum corneum compared with the other groups (p<0.05), which showed no significant differences between each other (p>0.05). These results were in accordance with those obtained for qualitative analysis. Incorporation of MICs of nystatin and chlorhexidine diacetate in Trusoft did not induce histopathological changes in the palatal mucosa of rats, suggesting the in vivo biocompatibility of this protocol for treating denture stomatitis.
234

Avaliação microbiológica, física e mecânica de materiais resilientes modificados pela adição de antimicrobianos para tratamento de estomatite protética / Microbiological, physical and mechanical evaluation of resilient materials modified by the addition of antimicrobial agents for denture stomatitis\' treatment

Mírian Galvão Bueno 31 October 2011 (has links)
No presente estudo, a proposta foi avaliar a ação antimicrobiana sobre o biofilme de Candida albicans (SC 5314) e determinar a mínima concentração inibitória (MCI) de cinco fármacos utilizados no tratamento de estomatite protética (nistatina, miconazol, cetoconazol, itraconazol e diacetato de clorexidina), quando incorporados em reembasadores resilientes temporários à base de resina acrílica (Trusoft e Softone) bem como o efeito dessa modificação sobre as propriedades de dureza Shore A e rugosidade superficial dos materiais. Para determinação das MCIs, o biofilme fúngico foi formado sobre corpos de prova circulares (10 mm x 1 mm) dos materiais (n = 6) modificados (experimentais) ou não (controle) pela adição dos fármacos. Diferentes concentrações dos antimicrobianos foram testadas e a viabilidade celular determinada espectrofotometricamente pelo ensaio de redução de sais de tetrazólio- XTT, nos períodos de 24 h, 48 h, 7 e 14 dias. As medidas espectrofotométricas foram convertidas em porcentagens de redução fúngica e as MCIs determinadas como aquelas suficientes para inibir 90% ou mais do crescimento de C. albicans. Para os ensaios de dureza e rugosidade, corpos de prova retangulares (36 mm x 7 mm x 6 mm) dos materiais resilientes (n= 8) foram confeccionados sem (controle) ou com incorporação dos fármacos nas MCIs previamente definidas. Após armazenamento em água destilada a 37°C por 24 h, 7 e 14 dias, foram realizados os testes de dureza em durômetro Shore A (Woltest, GSD-709A) e de rugosidade superficial em rugosímetro (Surftest SJ-301). Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente por ANOVA 3 fatores, seguida pelo teste de Tukey (=0,05). De acordo com os resultados, as MCIs determinadas para fármacos incorporados aos materiais resilientes foram: 0,032, 0,256, 0,128, 0,256 e 0,064 g/mL para nistatina, miconazol, cetoconazol, itraconazol e clorexidina, respectivamente. A adição dos antimicrobianos em ambos os materiais não alterou os valores de dureza, ou resultou na sua diminuição em relação ao controle, exceto para a incorporação de miconazol ao Softone, que demonstrou maiores médias após 14 dias (P=0,0035). A incorporação de nistatina aos dois materiais, de clorexidina ao Trusoft e de cetoconazol ao Softone não alterou os valores de rugosidade em relação ao controle após 7 e 14 dias (P>0,05). Nesses períodos, o itraconazol aumentou a rugosidade dos materiais (P<0,0001). Em relação às 24 h iniciais, o período de 14 dias mostrou que a rugosidade com a adição de nistatina, miconazol e cetoconazol foi reduzida para o Trusoft (P<0,05) e não apresentou alteração para o Softone (P>0,05). Foi possível concluir que a incorporação dos antimicrobianos testados inibiu o crescimento de C. albicans nos materiais ao longo de 14 dias de avaliação. A adição de todos os fármacos testados, exceto o miconazol no Softone, não causou alterações deletérias à dureza dos materiais resilientes no período avaliado. No período final, a adição de nistatina, miconazol e cetoconazol em ambos os reembasadores e de clorexidina no Trusoft não resultou em efeitos adversos na rugosidade. / The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial action on Candida albicans biofilm (SC5314) and determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of five drugs for denture stomatitis\' treatment (nystatin, miconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole, and chlorhexidine diacetate) incorporated into temporary denture relines (Trusoft e Softone) as well the effect of this addition on the Shore A hardness and surface roughness of the materials. For MIC determination, the fungal biofilm was formed on disc specimens (10mm x 1 mm) of the materials (n= 6) modified (experimental) or not (control) by the addition of drugs. Different dosages of the antimicrobials were tested and cellular viability was determined by spectrophotometric tetrazolium salt XTT reduction assay at 24 h, 48 h, 7 and 14 days of incubation. The spectrophotometric measurements were converted to percentage reduction in candidal growth and the MICs were determined as the concentrations necessary to inhibit 90% or more of fungal viability. For hardness and surface tests, rectangular specimens (36 mm X 7 mm X 6 mm) of the resilient materials (n= 8) were made without (control) or with incorporation of the MIC drugs. After storage in distilled water at 37°C for 24h, 7 and 14 days, the hardness tests were performed using a Shore A hardness tester (Woltest, GSD-709A) and the roughness assay was conducted in a surface roughness tester (Surftest SJ-301). Data were statistically analyzed by 3-way ANOVA followed by Tukeys test (=.05). According to the results, MICs of the drugs incorporated into the material were: 0.032, 0.256, 0.128, 0.256 e 0.064 g/mL for nystatin, miconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole and chlorhexidine, respectively. The addition of the tested antimicrobial agents in both materials demonstrated no evident hardness change or resulted in its decrease compared to the control, except for miconazole incorporation into Softone, which increased the hardness values after 14 days (P = .0035). The addition of nystatin into the two materials, chlorhexidine into Trusoft and ketoconazole into Softone resulted in no significant changes of roughness values compared to the control after 7 and 14 days (P>.05). In these periods, itraconazole promoted increase of the roughness for both materials (P<.0001). Compare to the 24- h period, the roughness at 14- day time with the addition of nystatin, miconazole and ketoconazole was reduced for Trusoft (P<.05) and remained unaffected for Softone (P> .05). It can be concluded that the incorporation of antimicrobial agents inhibited the C. albicans growth on the materials up to 14 days. The addition of all tested drugs, except for the miconazole into Softone, resulted in no deleterious effects on hardness of the resilient materials over the evaluation time. At the end period, the incorporation of nystatin, miconazole and ketoconazole into both denture relines and chlorhexidine into Trusoft resulted in no detrimental changes on the roughness.
235

Viabilidade do uso de dispositivo acrílico intra-oral reembasado por material resiliente temporário modificado por antimicrobianos: estudo preliminar em ratos / Viability of using an intraoral acrylic device relined by resilient material temporarily modified with antimicrobial agents: a preliminary study in rats

Juliana Hotta 31 July 2013 (has links)
O objetivo deste estudo preliminar foi obter padrões metodológicos para viabilizar a utilização de um dispositivo acrílico intra-oral adaptável à mucosa palatina de ratos e passível de reembasamento com material resiliente temporário (Trusoft) modificado com antimicrobianos em suas mínimas concentrações inibitórias (MCIs) para biofilme de Candida albicans. Para delinear essa adequação, foram determinados parâmetros em relação à dieta e alojamento dos animais enquanto usuários desses dispositivos. A amostra total dos ratos (n=115) foi dividida em seis grupos: Controle Negativo (CN): sem dispositivo acrílico intra-oral; Controle Geral (CG): dispositivo acrílico sem reembasamento; Controle Positivo (CP): dispositivo reembasado com Trusoft sem fármaco; Diacetato de Clorexidina (CLO): dispositivo reembasado com Trusoft contendo clorexidina (0,064 g/mL); Cetoconazol (CET): dispositivo reembasado com Trusoft contendo cetoconazol (0,128 g/mL) e Nistatina (NIS): dispositivo reembasado com Trusoft contendo nistatina (0,032 g/mL). Os animais foram eutanasiados após 7 ou 14 dias da instalação dos dispositivos intraorais. As adaptações para a obtenção dos dispositivos incluíram a técnica de moldagem, método de reembasamento e formas de retenção à mucosa palatina dos animais. Para proporcionar a análise histopatológica descritiva padronizada, foram estabelecidos critérios em relação à obtenção das amostras histológicas, à seleção da região de interesse (RI) da análise e aos determinantes utilizados na descrição. Foi observado que a dieta pastosa e o alojamento em gaiolas com piso aramado sobre base de maravalha e papel craft possibilitaram melhores condições de sobrevivência aos animais. Os dispositivos intra-orais confeccionados individualmente e retidos via amarrilhos com fios ortodônticos nos incisivos e molares se mantiveram satisfatoriamente em posição durante todo o experimento para a maioria dos animais (72,6%), sobretudo no período inicial de 7 dias. O procedimento para o reembasamento dos dispositivos foi considerado apropriado em ambos os períodos testados. Houve perda de alguns animais por desnutrição (9,5%) ou durante a anestesia (4,1%). As amostras histológicas obtidas da mucosa palatina (tecido mole) foram descartadas por serem adequadas para a determinação da RI, sendo utilizadas apenas aquelas provenientes de tecidos mole e duro (n=12). A RI mais satisfatória para análise histopatológica correspondeu à área entre os primeiros molares, de um feixe neurovascular ao outro. A simples comparação visual das fotomicrografias obtidas na análise histopatológica descritiva sugeriu a ausência de infiltrado inflamatório em todos os grupos testados para ambos os períodos de avaliação. Após 7 dias, a espessura da camada córnea, estratificação das camadas do epitélio e disposição das fibras colágenas, dos vasos e das células da lâmina própria dos grupos de estudo se apresentaram similares ao observado para o grupo CN, havendo sinais de reabsorção óssea palatina apenas no grupo CG. Aos 14 dias, foi observado aumento da espessura de ortoqueratina e compressão das células epiteliais e do tecido conjuntivo da lâmina própria de todos os grupos em relação ao CN. Neste período, a reabsorção óssea palatina foi presente em todos os grupos, exceto CN e CP, com maior intensidade no grupo CG. Foi possível sugerir que os dispositivos acrílicos intra-orais podem ser considerados funcionais e viáveis para os testes de materiais para base de próteses e avaliação de tratamento para estomatite protética em ratos, sobretudo em períodos de até 7 dias. / The purpose of this study was to produce preliminary methodological standards to allow the use of an intraoral acrylic device adjusted to the palatal mucosa of rats and capable of relining with temporary resilient material (Trusoft) modified with antimicrobial agents in the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for Candida albicans biofilm. To design this adjustment, parameters were determined in relation to the diet and housing of animals as users of these devices. The total sample (n=115) was divided into six groups: Negative control (NC): without an acrylic intraoral device; Overall Control (OC): device without relining; Positive Control (PC): device relined with Trusoft without the addition of drugs; Chlorhexidine diacetate (CHL): device relined with Trusoft containing chlorhexidine diacetate (0.064 g/mL); Ketoconazole (KET): device relined with Trusoft containing ketoconazole (0.128g/mL); and Nystatin (NYT): acrylic device relined with Trusoft containing nystatin (0.032 g/mL). The animals were sacrificed after 7 or 14 days from the installation ofthe intra-oral devices. The adaptations for obtaining the devices included the impression technique, the reline method and the means of retaining in the palatal mucosa of animals. To obtain the standard descriptive histopathological analysis, criteria had been established in relation to obtaining the histological samples,selecting the region of interest (RI) of analysis and the criteria utilized in the description. It was observed that a paste diet and housing in cages with a wired fence floor with an additional base of wood shavings and craft paper enabled the best possible survival conditions for the animals. The individually made intra-oral devices retained with stainless steel wires at the incisors and molars remained satisfactorily in position throughout the experiment for most animals (72.6%), mainly in the initial period of 7 days. The procedure for the relining of the devices was deemed appropriate for both test periods. Some animals were lost from malnutrition (9.5%) or failure to recover from the anaesthetic (4.1%). The obtained histological samples of the palatine mucosa (soft tissue) were discarded as inappropriate for the determination of the RI, having utilized only those derived from hard and soft tissues (n = 12). The RI most satisfactory for the histopathological analysis corresponded to the area between the first molars from a palatal neurovascular bundle. A simple visual comparison of the photomicrographs obtained from the descriptive histopathological analysis suggested the absence of an inflammatory infiltrate in all the groups tested for both periods. After 7 days, the thickness of the keratin, the layers of the stratified epithelium and arrangement of the collagen fibers, cells and vessels of the lamina from the mucosa of the study groups presented similar findings to those observed for the NC group, having signals of palatine bone resorption only in the OC group. At 14 days, there was an increasing thickness of the keratin and compression of the epithelial cells and connective tissue of the lamina from the mucosa of all groups in relation to the NC group. In this period, the palatal bone resorption was present in all groups except the NC and PC groups, with a greater intensity in the OC group. It was possible to suggest that the intraoral acrylic devices may be considered as functional and viable for the testing of denture base materials and the evaluation of treatment for denture stomatitis in rats, especially in periods of up to 7 days.
236

Efeito da incorporação de agentes antimicrobianos sobre propriedades físicas de materiais resilientes temporários para base de prótese / Effect of the incorporation of antimicrobial agents on the physical properties of temporary resilient materials for denture base relining

Jozely Francisca Mello Lima 31 October 2013 (has links)
O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da adição de mínimas concentrações inibitórias (MCIs) de agentes antimicrobianos para biofilme de Candida albicans na sorção de água e solubilidade de materiais resilientes temporários (Softone e Trusoft) para reembasamento de próteses removíveis. Os grupos de estudo (n=10) foram formados por corpos de prova circulares (50 mm x 0,5 mm) dos materiais sem (controle) ou com a incorporação das MCIs de três fármacos utilizados para tratamento de estomatite protética: nistatina (Ni)-0,032g/mL; diacetato de clorexidina (Cl)- 0,064g/mL; cetoconazol (Ce)- 0,128g/mL. Para determinar a sorção de água e solubilidade, as amostras foram dessecadas, imersas em água por 24 h, 7 ou 14 dias, pesadas, dessecadas e pesadas novamente. Os dados obtidos (&#x3BC;g/mm3) foram analisados por ANOVA 3 fatores e teste de Tukey (&#x3B1;=0,05). Comparado aos respectivos controles, a sorção de água dos dois materiais avaliados aumentou com a adição de nistatina e clorexidina após 24 h e 7 dias de imersão em água (P<0,0001). Após 14 dias de avaliação, exceto pela clorexidina (P<0,0001) no Softone (483,00 ± 61,00 &#x3BC;g/mm3), a sorção dos materiais não foi afetada (P>0,05) pela adição dos fármacos (Softone: Ni- 310,72 ± 55,00 &#x3BC;g/mm3; Ce- 202,13 ± 52,28 &#x3BC;g/mm3/ Trusoft: Ni- 320,26 ± 22,89 &#x3BC;g/mm3; Ce: 300,45 ± 69,49 &#x3BC;g/mm3; Cl: 331,01 ± 48,18 &#x3BC;g/mm3) em comparação aos respectivos controles (Softone: 244,00 ± 42,00 &#x3BC;g/mm3; Trusoft: 274,85 ± 83,12 &#x3BC;g/mm3). Para todos os grupos, o tempo de imersão aumentou (P<0,0001) a solubilidade do Softone (24h: 18,82 ± 9,80 &#x3BC;g/mm3; 7d: 32,16 ± 4,48 &#x3BC;g/mm3; 14d: 58,81 ± 8,79 &#x3BC;g/mm3), mas não do Trusoft (24h: 12,46 ± 4,51 &#x3BC;g/mm3; 7d: 14,34 ± 5,20 &#x3BC;g/mm3; 14d: 15,48 ± 5,68 &#x3BC;g/mm3) (P>0,05). Em relação aos controles e para todos os períodos, a solubilidade dos dois materiais foi alterada com clorexidina e cetoconazol (P<0,0001), mas não sofreu influência da nistatina (P>0,05). Foi possível concluir após 14 dias de imersão em água, a adição das MCIs de nistatina e cetoconazol nos dois materiais resilientes e de clorexidina no Trusoft não interferiu com a sorção de água. A solubilidade dos dois materiais temporários testados não foi alterada pela nistatina em até 14 dias de avaliação. / The objective of the present study was to evaluate the addition of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antimicrobial agents for C. albicans biofilm on the water sorption and solubility of temporary resilient materials (Softone e Trusoft) for denture base relining. Test groups (n=10) were formed by disc specimens (50 mm x 0.5 mm) of the materials without (control) or with incorporation of the MICs of three drugs for denture stomatitis\' treatment: nystatin (Nt)- 0.032g/mL; chlorhexidine diacetate (Cl)- 0.064g/mL; ketoconazole (Kt)- 0.128g/mL. To determine the water sorption and solubility, samples were dried, immersed in water for 24 h, 7 or 14 days, weighed, dried and weighed again. Data (&#x3BC;g/mm3) were analyzed by 3-way ANOVA and Tukeys test (&#x3B1;=.05). Compared to the respective controls, the water sorption of the two materials evaluated increased with the addition of nystatin and ketoconazole after 24 h and 7 days of water immersion (P<.0001). After 14 days of evaluation, except by chlorhexidine (P<.0001) in Softone (483.00 ± 61.00 &#x3BC;g/mm3), the sorption of the materials was not affected (P>.05) by the addition of the drugs (Softone: Nt- 310.72 ± 55.00 &#x3BC;g/mm3; Kt- 202.13 ± 52.28 &#x3BC;g/mm3 / Trusoft: Nt- 320.26 ± 22.89 &#x3BC;g/mm3; Kt: 300.45 ± 69.49 &#x3BC;g/mm3; Cl: 300.45 ± 69.49 &#x3BC;g/mm3) compared to the respective controls (Softone: 244.00 ± 42.00 &#x3BC;g/mm3; Trusoft: 274.85 ± 83.12 &#x3BC;g/mm3). For all groups, the immersion time increased (P<.0001) the solubility of Softone (24h: 18.82 ± 9.80 &#x3BC;g/mm3; 7d: 32.16 ± 4.48 &#x3BC;g/mm3; 14d: 58.81 ± 8.79 &#x3BC;g/mm3), but not of Trusoft (24h: 12.46 ± 4.51 &#x3BC;g/mm3; 7d: 14.34 ± 5.20 &#x3BC;g/mm3; 14d: 15.48 ± 5.68 &#x3BC;g/mm3) (P>.05). In comparison to the controls, and for all periods the solubility of the both materials was affected with chlorhexidine and ketoconazole (P<.0001), but not was influenced by nystatin (P>.05). It can be concluded that after 14 days of water immersion the addition of MICs of nystatin and ketoconazole in the both resilient materials and chlorhexidine in the Trusoft did not affect the water sorption. The solubility of the two temporary materials tested was not altered by nystatin up to 14 days.
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Optimiser l'évaluation des médicaments en néonatologie : l'exemple des médicaments anti-infectieux / Optimising the evaluation of medicines in neonatology : the example of anti-infective agents

Kaguelidou, Florentia 26 March 2012 (has links)
La population néonatale est la population pédiatrique la plus vulnérable car immature et celle ayant probablement les besoins en médicaments les plus importants, compte tenu de la spécificité des pathologies néonatales. Pour autant, un grand nombre de médicaments sont prescrits en dehors des conditions de leur AMM, ne permettant pas leur utilisation optimale. Cela est lié notamment aux difficultés de la recherche clinique chez le nouveau-né. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’analyser les différentes étapes de l’évaluation des médicaments chez le nouveau-né et de discuter les méthodes permettant de les optimiser, en centrant la réflexion sur la classe des médicaments anti-infectieux. En effet, ces médicaments sont parmi les plus prescrits hors AMM chez le nouveau-né, prématuré et à terme, bien qu’ils soient commercialisés depuis de nombreuses années. Nos travaux ont porté sur les différentes étapes de leur évaluation, illustrées chacune par un exemple. 1) Analyse des spécificités de la population néonatale et des pratiques d’utilisation des médicaments, illustrées par l’enquête Européenne sur l’utilisation de la ciprofloxacine et du fluconazole dans les unités de soins intensifs néonatales. Cette enquête a mis en évidence la grande variabilité des pratiques entre les pays mais aussi entre les centres d’un même pays, 2) Recueil et analyse des données disponibles, illustrés par la revue exhaustive de la littérature sur l’utilisation de la ciprofloxacine pour le traitement d’infections néonatales à germes Gram négatif, 3) Détermination de la posologie adéquate. L’implémentation d’outils de modélisation et de simulation de données est particulièrement préconisée chez le nouveau-né. La validation de ces modèles est importante, illustrée ici par une étude d’évaluation externe des modèles pharmacocinétiques de population de la vancomycine chez le nouveau-né. 4) Conception et réalisation des essais cliniques illustrées par l’exemple du développement clinique de la ciprofloxacine en néonatologie. La revue de la littérature sur les essais contrôlés randomisés évaluant les antibiotiques chez le nouveau-né a montré que la qualité des résultats de ces essais était globalement faible. L’analyse des obstacles à leur réalisation a permis de discuter les alternatives méthodologiques afin de contourner les difficultés pratiques, cliniques et éthiques sous-jacentes. / Neonates represent the most vulnerable paediatric population and probably the one with the greatest needs in medicines with regard to the specificities of neonatal diseases. Nevertheless, the off-label prescribing of drugs with no marketing authorisation, consequentlywithout information for their proper use, is widespread in neonatology. This situation is related to the difficulties of clinical research encountered in this population. The objective of this thesis is to analyse the different steps of drug development in neonates and to discuss the possible methods to optimize drug evaluation. To illustrate this development, we expose examples from the evaluation of anti-infective agents in neonatology. These drugs are very often concerned by a use outside their product licence in term and preterm neonates, despite the fact that they have been marketed for many years. This thesis includes studies concerning the different steps of their development illustrated by examples. 1) Evaluation of the specificities of the neonatal population and of drug prescribing. This was demonstrated by the results of a European survey on the use of ciprofloxacin and fluconazole in neonatal intensive care units. The surveys’ results underline the considerable variability in drug prescribing observed between different countries but also between units in the same country. 2) Analysis of available data, illustrated by the systematic review of the literature on ciprofloxacin use for the treatment of Gram negative neonatal infections, 3) Definition of optimal dosing. Use of modelling and data simulation approaches should be particularly favoured in neonatal drug research. Correct validation of models should be performed as illustrated by the external validation of vancomycin population pharmacokinetic models. 4) Design and implementation of clinical trials. This step has been illustrated by the clinical development of ciprofloxacin in neonatology. The review of all randomised controlled trials evaluating the therapeutic and prophylactic use of antibiotics in neonates showed that these trials are poorly designed, conducted and reported. Different methods of evaluation should be considered and further developed to circumvent the difficulties in drug evaluation and ensure the efficient and safe use of antibiotics.
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Estudo do perfil de resistência de bactérias Gram-negativas em infecções urinárias de origem comunitária : influência da legislação atuante no controle de venda de antimicrobianos / Gram-negative bacterial resistance in community acquired urinary tract infections : influence of an active control law for the sale of antimibrobials

Mattos, Karen Prado Herzer, 1985- 12 November 2014 (has links)
Orientadores: Patrícia Moriel, Carlos Emílio Levy / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T14:28:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mattos_KarenPradoHerzer_M.pdf: 1543498 bytes, checksum: 9d1f9328148bdfe74a6e65854c319426 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: As Infecções de Trato Urinário (ITUs) são definidas como colonizações microbianas com invasão tecidual de qualquer parte do trato urinário, desde a uretra até os rins, considerada a doença infecciosa extra intestinal de origem comunitária mais comum em todo mundo. As ITUs em sua maioria são causadas por bactérias Gram-negativas, sendo a Escherichia coli o micro-organismo invasor mais comum, isolado em cerca de 80% a 90% das infecções agudas de origem comunitária. Neste início de terceiro milênio, a resistência bacteriana é um dos desafios globais de saúde pública a ser enfrentado e sabe-se que, a intensidade de exposição ao antimicrobiano é um importante parâmetro relacionado à seleção e à manutenção de bactérias resistentes. Em 2010 o Brasil vivia uma situação na qual estavam sendo observados vários focos de infecções hospitalares causadas por micro-organismos multirresistentes como a Klebsiella pneumoniae produtoras de carbapenemase (KPC). Em função do preocupante cenário, em 2010 foi implantada a Resolução da Diretoria Colegiada (RDC) nº 44 da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) que possui, dentre outros objetivos, a diminuição da resistência bacteriana aos antimicrobianos. Objetivo: Estudar o perfil de resistência de bactérias Gram-negativas relacionadas às ITUs de origem comunitária e analisar a influência da legislação atuante no controle de venda de antimicrobianos. Métodos: População de pacientes de demanda espontânea aos hospitais da Universidade Estadual de Campinas entre 2009 e 2013 com hipótese-diagnóstica de ITU de origem comunitária, de ambos os sexos, independente de raça e idade. As amostras de urina dos pacientes foram encaminhadas ao Laboratório de Microbiologia Clínica da instituição e foram incluídas no estudo as uroculturas com resultado positivo para os agentes etiológicos Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae e Proteus mirabilis. Os antimicrobianos foram agrupados em 5 classes: Aminoglicosídeos, Fluorquinolonas, Sulfonamidas, Beta-lactâmicos e Nitrofurano . Foi realizada análise estatística descritiva e o nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Resultados e discussão: Os dados demográficos demonstraram prevalência média de 75% de ITU's em mulheres. A idade média dos casos de ITU foi de 40 ± 1,8 anos. A E. coli foi o patógeno mais frequente (83%) nos exames de urocultura para casos de ITU. O relatório estatístico não apontou diferenças significantes entre a variação dos percentuais de resistência bacteriana para E. coli e P. mirabilis, além de não apontar uma tendência linear. Apenas a K. pneumoniae apresentou resultado estatístico significante na análise geral quando foi observado aumento das taxas de resistência e tendência linear crescente. A E. coli apresentou queda do percentual de resistência bacteriana e tendência linear decrescente com relação às fluorquinolonas. Estudo de 2013 da Universidade de São Paulo analisou o consumo extra hospitalar de antimicrobianos e observou queda de 7% do consumo geral, além de queda de 28% da venda de norfloxacino, o que suporta nossos resultados. Conclusão: Sugere-se que a RDC nº 44/2010 influenciou na queda das taxas de resistência bacteriana entre a classe das fluorquinolonas, principalmente o ciprofloxacino, para ITU¿s de origem comunitária / Abstract: Introduction: Community-acquired urinary tract infections (UTIs) are extra intestinal infectious diseases, causing microbial colonization and tissue invasion in the urinary tract. Gram-negative bacteria, especially Escherichia coli, are the most common invasive microorganisms causing UTIs; they are isolated in 80%¿90% of acute infections of community origin. Bacterial resistance is currently a global public health challenge. The intensity of bacterial exposure to antimicrobials is an important parameter affecting the selection and maintenance of resistant bacteria. In 2010, Brazil witnessed several outbreaks of nosocomial infections caused by multidrug-resistant microorganisms such as Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC). Collegiate Board Resolution (CBR) no. 44 was introduced by the National Health Surveillance Agency with the goal of reducing bacterial resistance to antimicrobials. Objectives: To study the resistance profile of gram-negative bacteria causing community-acquired UTIs and to analyze the influence of the legislation promoting active control of the sale of antimicrobials. Methods: Patients of different gender, ethnicity, and age, admitted at the State University of Campinas Hospital between 2009 and 2013, with a diagnosis of suspected community-acquired UTI were included in the study Patients with urine cultures positive for Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis were included in the study. The antimicrobial classes used were aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides, beta-lactams, and nitrofuran. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed, and the level of significance was set at 5%. Results and Discussion: Demographic data showed the average prevalence of UTIs among women to be 75%. The average age of the affected individuals was 40 ± 1.8 years. E. coli was the most common pathogen (83%) detected in urine culture tests for UTI cases. The percentage of variation of bacterial resistance was not significant between E. coli and P. mirabilis and did not indicate a linear trend. Only K. pneumoniae showed a statistically significant result in the overall analysis, showing increasing rates of resistance and an increasing linear trend. E. coli demonstrated a decrease in the percentage of bacterial resistance and a decreasing linear trend in fluoroquinolone resistance. The 2013 study from the University of Sao Paulo discussed the extra-hospital antimicrobial consumption, and observed a 7% decline in overall consumption and a 28% decline in the sale of norfloxacin, which supports our results. Conclusion: It is suggested that CBR nº 44/2010 influenced the decline in the rate of bacterial resistance towards fluoroquinolones, especially ciprofloxacinin community-acquired UTIs / Mestrado / Ciencias Biomedicas / Mestra em Ciências Médicas
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Evaluation of the Developmental Effects and Bioaccumulation Potential of Triclosan and Triclocarban Using the South African Clawed Frog, Xenopus Laevis

King, Marie Kumsher 12 1900 (has links)
Triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) are antimicrobials found in U.S. surface waters. This dissertation assessed the effects of TCS and TCC on early development and investigated their potential to bioaccumulate using Xenopus laevis as a model. The effects of TCS on metamorphosis were also investigated. For 0-week tadpoles, LC50 values for TCS and TCC were 0.87 mg/L and 4.22 mg/L, respectively, and both compounds caused a significant stunting of growth. For 4-week tadpoles, the LC50 values for TCS and TCC were 0.22 mg/L and 0.066 mg/L; and for 8-week tadpoles, the LC50 values were 0.46 mg/L and 0.13 mg/L. Both compounds accumulated in Xenopus. For TCS, wet weight bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) for 0-, 4- and 8-week old tadpoles were 23.6x, 1350x and 143x, respectively. Lipid weight BAFs were 83.5x, 19792x and 8548x. For TCC, wet weight BAFs for 0-, 4- and 8-week old tadpoles were 23.4x, 1156x and 1310x. Lipid weight BAFs were 101x, 8639x and 20942x. For the time-to-metamorphosis study, TCS showed an increase in weight and snout-vent length in all treatments. Exposed tadpoles metamorphosed approximately 10 days sooner than control tadpoles. For the hind limb study, although there was no difference in weight, snout-vent length, or hind limb length, the highest treatment was more developed compared to the control. There were no differences in tail resorption rates between the treatments and controls. At relevant concentrations, neither TCS nor TCC were lethal to Xenopus prior to metamorphosis. Exposure to relatively high doses of both compounds resulted in stunted growth, which would most likely not be evident at lower concentrations. TCS and TCC accumulated in Xenopus, indicating that the compound has the potential to bioaccumulate through trophic levels. Although TCS may increase the rate of metamorphosis in terms of developmental stage, it did not disrupt thyroid function and metamorphosis in regards to limb development and tail resorption.
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Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of cobalt and cobalt sulphide nanoparticles against selected microbes that are found in wastewater

Phuti, Moukangoe Getrude January 2018 (has links)
M. Tech (Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences) Vaal University of Technology. / Water shortages, water pollution and climate changes are highly interrelated global issues. These have raised immense concerns about serious adverse effects on the quality, treatment and re-use of wastewater. A major role of water is for vitality of life on earth. Water is recognized as source of evolution from origin to degree of civilization, since it is an essential resource its treatment becomes a necessity for day to day for life. Nanoparticles and their application in treatment of wastewater is becoming a major area of research. It is mainly applicable to the removal of major contaminants like microorganisms. This study was carried out with an objective to investigate the antibacterial and antifungal potentials of nanoparticles. Cobalt and cobalt complexes of urea and thiourea were synthesized and characterized using UV-Vs, PL, FTIR, TEM, SEM, XRD and TGA techniques. The Co particles are in a mixture of rod, agglomerates with irregular shape around 50 – 100 nm in diameter. The Co/Thiourea particles appear to be around 10 – 30nm in size. The Co complexed with urea images showed spherical to hexagonal shape with 50 nm size in diameter. The antimicrobial activity was determined using Minimum Inhibitory and bactericidal concentration and the well diffusion method. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of ratios (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 2:1 μg/mL) of doped cobalt nanoparticles were tested against a panel of five Gramnegative bacteria - (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella enterica, Salmonella typhi and Salmonella sonnei) human pathogenic bacteria; and two fungal strains - Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. Zones of inhibition as a consequence of nanoparticles were compared with that of different standards like Neomycin for antibacterial activity and Amphotericin B for antifungal activity. The results showed a remarkable inhibition of the bacterial growth against the tested organisms. The most striking feature of this study is that Cobalt, Urea and Thiourea nanoparticles have antifungal activity comparable or more effective (as in case of Thiourea on A. niger) than Amphotericin B and nearly promising antibacterial activity although not comparable to Neomycin.

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