RESUMO As abelhas africanizadas (Apis mellifera L.) apresentam um comportamento higiênico mais intenso comparado a outras subespécies de abelhas europeias. Embora o comportamento higiênico das abelhas já seja bem conhecido, ainda existem estudos a serem feitos em torno desse complexo comportamento. Assim, no presente trabalho pretendeu-se obter subsídios para uma melhor compreensão desse comportamento em relação ao comportamento de forrageamento e ao desenvolvimento interno das colônias, através da comparação do desempenho entre colônias de linhagens higiênicas e não higiênicas de abelhas africanizadas (Apis mellifera L.). Portanto, quarenta e uma colônias de abelhas Africanizadas Apis mellifera L. foram testadas quanto ao comportamento higiênico (CH). O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido no Laboratório Apilab do Departamento de Genética da FMRP-USP. Foram constituídos dois grupos de colônias: um grupo de 3 colônias higiênicas (H) com CH igual ou superior a 90% e 3 colônias não higiênicas (NH) com valor igual ou inferior a 55%, com o objetivo de se estudar, mediante monitoramento mensal durante 13 meses (julho de 2011 a julho de 2012), as variáveis relacionadas ao desenvolvimento interno das colônias (atividade de postura, área de cria aberta e de cria operculada), atividades forrageiras (área de pólen, área de néctar aberto e de néctar operculado) e ganho de peso. Para o ganho de peso foram utilizadas balanças eletrônicas adaptadas. Os mapeamentos dos dados climáticos foram registrados por um período na Estação Climatológica do Apilab na USP, porém devido a um acidente com queda de energia a fonte foi queimada, não sendo possível o uso programado dos dados climáticos para estudos de correlação com as variáveis das colônias. Os dados das variáveis internas da colônia foram obtidos utilizando-se de um suporte de madeira com tela de arame dividindo a área total em 36 quadrantes idênticos dentro do qual se colocava o quadro da colmeia para se estimar as áreas respectivas em % (néctar, pólen, crias, oviposição etc.). Os dados foram transformados em arco-seno para aplicação dos testes estatísticos. As comparações estatísticas foram realizadas usando-se o teste t-Student e análises de correlação pelo método de Spearman, (Software Statistica 8). Como principais resultados obtivemos os seguintes: as colônias H tiveram melhor desempenho que as NH quanto as atividades de coleta de pólen (P = <0,001), área de cria aberta (P = <0,001), área de cria operculada (P = 0,050) e oviposição das rainhas (P = 0,015). As colônias H apresentaram maior taxa de remoção de crias doentes e mortas que as NH. As abelhas das colônias H são melhores coletoras de pólen que as NH. Não houve diferença entre as linhagens quanto ao ganho de peso. Encontramos correlação positiva significante nas colônias (H e NH) entre áreas de pólen com as áreas com cria aberta H (r = 0,599; P = 0,029), NH (r = 0,791; P = 0,000) e entre as áreas de pólen com cria operculada H (r = 0,659; P = 0,013), NH (r = 0,731; P = 0,004), confirmando que o feromônio das larvas estimula a coleta de pólen. Houve também correlação positiva significante nas colônias H entre área de néctar operculado e cria operculada (r = 0,714; P = 0,005), e néctar operculado e pólen (r = 0,659; P = 0,013). Concluiu-se que o CH pode também ser utilizado como uma característica para critério de seleção para produção de pólen, sendo o CH considerado como uma das melhores alternativas para os programas de melhoramento de abelhas. / The africanized bees (Apis mellifera L.) present a more intensive hygienic behavior in comparison with another European subspecies bees. Although the hygienic behavior of these bees is already very known, there are studies being conducted on this complex behavior. Then, the present study aimed to obtain data to comprehend better the hygienic behavior in relation to the forager behavior and to the internal development of colonies through the comparison of development between colonies of A. mellifera bees from lineage hygienic and not hygienic. Thus, forty-one colonies of Africanized honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) were tested for hygienic behavior. This work was developed in the Apilab of the Department of Genetics, FMRP-USP in Ribeirão Preto-SP. There were two groups of colonies: a group of 3 hygienic colonies (H) ( H test => 90% ) and 3 non-hygienic colonies (NH) ( H test =< 55%) , with the objective of studying, through monitoring monthly from July/ 2011 to July/ 2012, variables related to the internal development of the colonies (oviposition area, open brood area and capped brood area) foraging activities (pollen area, open nectar area, capped nectar area) and weight gain. For weight gain determination adapted electronic scales were used. Mappings of climatic data were recorded for a period at the Apilab-USP, but due to an accident the Climatological Station was damaged, not being possible the correlation studies. Data of internal variables of the colonies were obtained using a wooden support mesh wire dividing the total area under 36 identical quadrants within which is placed the frame of the hive to estimate the respective areas in % (nectar, pollen, brood, eggs etc.). Data were transformed to arcsine in statistical tests. Statistical comparisons were performed using the Student t test and correlation analysis by the method of Spearman (Software Statistica 8). As main results we achieved the following: H colonies outperformed the NH in the following variables: pollen area (P = <0.001), open brood area (P = <0.001), capped brood area (P = 0.050) and oviposition (P = 0.015). Hygienic colonies (H) showed higher removal rate of sick and dead brood than Non hygienic colonies (NH). The Africanized Honey Bees of the Hygienic colonies ( H ) are better pollen-collecting than the Honey Bees of the Non-hygienic colonies (NH). There was no difference between strains regarding weight gain. Significant positive correlation was found in both groups of colonies (H and NH) between area of pollen with open brood H (r = 0.599; P = 0.029), NH (r = 0.791; P = 0.000) and between areas of pollen with capped brood H (r = 0.659; P = 0.013), NH (r = 0.731; P = 0.004), confirming that the larval pheromone stimulates pollen collection. There were also significant positive correlation in the Hygienic colonies (H) between area of capped brood and capped nectar area (r = 0.714; P = 0.005) as well as between pollen area and capped nectar area (r = 0.659; P = 0.013). It was also concluded that the Hygienic Behavior of the Honey Bees can also be used as a feature selection for pollen production. The Hygienic Behavior feature is being considered today as one of the best alternatives for Honey Bee breeding programs.

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In the years after 1959 Britain's disengagement from her colonial Empire was comprehensive and rapid. A newly re-elected Conservative government, well aware that many special interests would suffer in the process, set out nevertheless to press the policy of decolonisation speedily to its end. This new tempo of policy was a natural enough response to the experiences of the preceding years. The decade and a half since the war had encompassed both the rise of articulate and aggressive colonial nationalism and a steep decline in Britain's own power in the world. What Macmillan and Macleod recognised, in essence, was that a point had been reached beyond which the continuation of the old gradualist tempo of devolution would precipitate more colonial unrest than Britain could hope to contain. Thus the period from the end of the war to the general election of 1959 appears in retrospect as the penultimate phase of Britain's colonial experience, spanning those events and movements of ideas in terms of which the hurried conclusion of the early sixties may be understood. This work attempts to discuss the domestic politics of colonial policy in the period. It is motivated not by any general belief that the approach to decolonisation is best studied from the domestic point of view, but simply by the hope of illuminating an area of the picture which, by comparison with the events in the colonies themselves, has remained in shadow. The study deals with the activities of the major political parties and certain pressure groups within that area of British political activity having the Colonial Office and Parliament as its focal points. It is organised around two broad questions. Firstly, how were colonial problems and issues dealt with in British politics; that is, what kinds of attitudes and activities were stimulated among parties and groups by the existence, and the changing character, of this area of British responsibility? Secondly, how far did domestic political activity affect the course of governmental policy?

The general problem of the morality of borders is to determine what kind of borders liberal democracies ought to have. This in turn raises two particular problems. First to determine the nature of states entitlement to control the administration of political and territorial borders and second, to determine what constitutes to exercise this entitlement in fair terms. This thesis is devoted to the first particular problem. I distinguish two kinds of approaches to legitimate border control: justice-based accounts and legitimacy oriented accounts. I argue that justice-based accounts are inappropriate to frame and address the legitimacy problem of borders because they typically merely assume that a set of institutions apply to those over whom coercion is exercised. But these accounts never provide an explanation about why we (and not others) have legitimate rights over territorial borders. This standard objection shows that these views fail to reach the boundary problem, but it does not say why. In this thesis I advance an explanation. I say that justice-based accounts are unfit to address problems of borders. The idea is that justice-based is a simplified account tailored to the problem of public justification, but this simplification has removed the traits relevant to reach the boundary problem. In contrast I introduced legitimacy-oriented accounts of borders. When legitimacy is not about justice and the problem of public justification of coercion, it is about integrity and the assessment of political power from the point of view of distinct political virtues such as fairness, democratic participation, due process, and justice. Legitimacy as integrity performs a division of labour between distinct conceptions of legitimacy in order to justify political power as a whole including the kind of power that borders exercise. But integrity of international basic institutions like borders point out to porous borders as the appropriate case for liberal democracies.