<p>Predmet disertacije jeste optimizacija digitalne slike kada<br />ograničenje nije vezano za način reprodukcije već za samog posmatrača,<br />odnosno optimizacija opaženog kvaliteta digitalne slike od strane<br />osoba sa poremećajima viđenja boja. Predloženi model optimizacije<br />slike poboljšava distinkciju boja i opseg boja slike za korisnike sa<br />različitim težinama poremećaja viđenja boja uz očuvanje prirodnosti<br />slike. Metodološki okvir ispitivanja, koji uključuje kvantitativnu<br />analizu računarskih simulacija, analizu eye-tracking podataka i<br />subjektivno ocenjivanje poboljšanja opaženog kvaliteta test slika,<br />daje sistematičnu i pouzdanu verifikaciju efektnosti predloženih<br />metoda adaptacije boja slike.</p> / <p>The subject of the thesis was the digital image optimization when an<br />observer represents the main image reproduction limitation or, in other<br />words, the optimization of the perceived image quality by individuals with<br />colour vision deficiencies. The proposed image optimization model enhances<br />colour distinction and gamut for users with different severities of colourblindness<br />while preserving the image naturalness. The used methodological<br />framework, including a quantitative analysis of computer simulations, an<br />analysis of eye-tracking data and a subjective evaluation of the perceived<br />image quality, provides systematic and reliable effectiveness verification of<br />the proposed colour adaptation methods.</p>

A visão de cores apresenta um papel muito importante para a sobrevivência e desenvolvimento de primatas. A capacidade de discriminar, visualmente, o alvo de um fundo apenas pela diferença de matiz pode ser o diferencial tanto para a busca de alimentos, como para a fuga de predadores. Estudos sobre a visão de cores auxiliam a fazer inferências sobre suas bases biológicas e utilidade funcional. O presente estudo buscou avaliar a discriminação de cores em primatas do gênero Alouatta (Bugio), por meio de uma adaptação do teste computadorizado Cambridge Colour Test (CCT) e do sequenciamento dos genes que codificam as opsinas, uma vez que por estudos anteriores inferia-se que eles pudessem apresentar visão tricromática, diferenciando-os dos outros platirrinos. Para este estudo foram utilizados 6 indivíduos do Centro Nacional de Primatas (CENP, Ananindeua, Pará, Brasil). O experimento comportamental objetivava determinar elipses de discriminação de cor para três fundos de diferentes cromaticidades do diagrama CIE 1976 uv, as quais serviram de parâmetro para a determinação do fenótipo dos indivíduos. A análise genética buscou identificar as variedades de opsinas. Dois indivíduos concluíram o teste comportamental com sucesso, um macho de Alouatta caraya e uma fêmea de Alouatta seniculus, ambos apresentando visão de cores tricromática. A análise molecular identificou a presença de dois alelos para comprimentos médios/longos da opsina. O potencial de tricromacia demonstrado na análise genética foi compatível com os resultados da análise comportamental que mostraram capacidade discriminativa tricromática. Neste trabalho abordamos os diversos aspectos desse estudo, tanto na modelagem dos animais quanto na importância desse achado / Color vision has a very important role in the survival and development of primates. The ability to visually discriminate the target of a background only by hue difference may be the difference for both search of food or escape from predators. Studies on color vision help to make inferences about their biological bases and functional utility. This study sought to evaluate the color discrimination in primates of the genus Alouatta (Howler monkey), through an adaptation of the computerized test Cambridge Colour Test (CCT) and the sequencing of the genes coding opsins. Through previous studies have inferred that they could present trichromatic vision, distinguishing them from other platyrrhines. Six subjects from the National Primate Center (CENP, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil) were tested. The behavioral experiment aimed to determine color discrimination ellipses to three backgrounds of different chromaticity at CIE 1976 u\'v\' diagram, which served as a parameter for determining the phenotype of individuals and the genetic analysis sought to identify the varieties of opsins. Two individuals completed the test successfully one male and one female, both featuring trichromatic color vision. Two individuals successfully completed the behavioral test, one Alouatta caraya male and one Alouatta seniculus female, both presenting trichromatic color vision. Molecular analysis identified the presence of two alleles for medium/long lengths of opsin compatible with behavioral analysis. In this work we approach the various aspects of this study, both in the modeling of the animals and in the importance of this finding

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:59:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2006-Dorival Pereira Borges da Costa.pdf: 138385 bytes, checksum: 2fb301a9fde86d26ed524784415f0c83 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-05-05 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The evaluation of the morphologic measurements, meat quality and weight of the organs of two groups of eight steers Nellore and F1 Nellore x Sind, males castrated, raised in confinement and slaughtered with 36 and 48 were the objective of this study. The experimental design was a completely randomized in factorial arrangement 2 (two genetic groups) x 2 (two ages). There was not interaction between genetic group and age for any characteristics studied. By the analysis of morphologic measurements, there was not difference (P>0,05) for depth of chest just behind elbow joint, heart girth, rump height and width, ischium distance, rump length, body length, big thigh thickness, conformation, anamorphogenesis and Baron index. While the Nellore x Sind had higher (P<0,05) height withers (139,5 vs 136,5 cm) than Nellore, the Nellore cattle had a greater (P<0,05) compactness (12,7 vs 11,6). There was not influence (P>0,05) of the genetic group and age for the weight of digestive tract, kidneys, liver and lungs. Nellore animals had higher (P<0,05) heart weight (1,6 vs 1,2 kg) and spleen (1,1 vs 0,9 kg) than F1 Nellore x Sind cattle. The fat colour, luminosity and yellow intensity were similar (P>0,05) for both genetic groups and age. However, red intensity in fat was higher (P<0,05) in Nellore (8,5 vs 7,4) than F1 Nellore x Sind cattle. Animals with 36 months had higher (P<0,05) red intensity in fat (8,5 vs 7,3) than 48 months. The genetic group and age did not influence (P>0,05) moisture, protein, fat and mineral contents of the meat, cooking losses, luminosity, meat red and yellow intensity. It was concluded that Nellore x Sind promote a reduction on heart and spleen weight and no alterations in the most meat characteristics studied. The height and compactness are greater in Nellore and F1 Nellore x Sind. With exception of the greater red intensity in fat, the age not influenced others characteristics studied. / Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa realizar a avalia??o das medidas morfofuncionais, da qualidade da carne e das caracter?sticas das v?sceras de dois grupos de oito bovinos machos castrados Nelore e F1 Nelore x Sindi, terminados em confinamento e abatidos com 36 e 48 meses de idade. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 (dois grupos gen?ticos) x 2 (duas idades). N?o houve intera??o entre grupo gen?tico e idade para nenhuma das caracter?sticas estudadas. As vari?veis morfofuncionais, n?o diferiram significativamente (P>0,05) para altura tor?cica, per?metro tor?cico, altura da garupa, largura da garupa, dist?ncia dos ?squios, comprimento da garupa, comprimento do corpo, espessura do cox?o, conforma??o, anamorfose e ?ndice de Baron. Enquanto os bovinos F1 Nelore x Sindi possuem (P< 0,05) maior altura (139,5 vs 136,5 cm), os Nelore tiveram maior (P<0,05) compacidade (12,7 vs 11,6). N?o houve influ?ncia (P>0,05) do grupo gen?tico e da idade para o peso do trato digestivo, rins, f?gado e pulm?es. Animais Nelore t?m maior (P<0,05) peso do cora??o (1,6 vs 1,2 Kg) e do ba?o (1,1 vs 0,9 Kg) do que bovinos F1 Nelore x Sindi. A cor da gordura, a luminosidade e a intensidade do amarelo foram semelhantes (P>0,05), tanto para grupos gen?ticos quanto para idade. Entretanto, a intensidade do vermelho na gordura foi maior (P<0,05) nos bovinos Nelore (8,5 vs 7,4) do que nos F1 Nelore x Sindi. Os animais de 36 meses possuem maior (P<0,05) intensidade do vermelho na gordura (8,5 vs 7,3) do que os de 48 meses. O grupo gen?tico e a idade n?o influenciaram (P>0,05) nos teores de umidade, prote?na, gordura e minerais, bem como a perda pelo cozimento, luminosidade, intensidade do vermelho e amarelo da carne. Conclui-se que os produtos do cruzamento Nelore x Sindi possuem menor peso do cora??o e ba?o e n?o t?m altera??o na maioria das caracter?sticas da carne estudadas. A altura e a compacidade ? maior nos Nelore e F1 Nelore x Sindi. Com exce??o da maior intensidade do vermelho na gordura e na idade n?o causou influ?ncia nas demais caracter?sticas estudadas.

Introduction Colour codes are used extensively in railways to convey specific information governing movement of trains and equipment on the track. One such task is the railway traffic control display that uses colour coded video display terminals (VDTs) to convey information of the signal status, train movements and track status to the railway dispatcher. Because individuals with colour vision deficiencies (colour-defectives) may have problems with these colour-related tasks, questions were raised about the suitability of colour vision defectives to work as railway dispatchers. In order to answer that, a VDT based Dispatch Colour Vision Test based on the actual railway traffic display was developed previously. Purpose The main purpose of this thesis is to establish the pass/fail scores and repeatability of the VDT based Dispatch Colour Vision Test that resulted from the previous work. Secondly, the study will also examine whether clinical colour vision tests can predict the performance on the practical task. Methods The Dispatch colour vision test was divided into three parts based on the colour sets that the dispatcher had to recognize. The testing computer system used the the same RGB colour settings, graphics card and monitor as in railway dispatch centres. Subjects viewed the display colours and entered their responses by using a mouse. One hundred colour-normals and fifty two colour-defectives participated in the initial session. The test was repeated approximately after 10 days. Ninety three colour-normals (93%) and 44 (85%) colour-defectives participated in the second session. The total number of errors and time to complete the test was recorded. Results Pass/Fail on the VDT Dispatch colour vision test was based on colour-normal errors. Ignoring orange-red errors, two errors were allowed in the first session and one error was allowed in the second session. Based on this criterion, 42% of colour vision defectives could perform as well as colour normal subjects. The kappa coefficient of agreement between the sessions for the colour-defectives was 0.85. Detailed analysis between the colour differences and the errors showed only a weak correlation between the two. However, the general trend was that colour-defectives made more errors on colours that were near or along the same lines of confusions and the colours were nearly equal in luminance. Nevertheless, the interaction between luminance and location with respect to the lines of confusion was not easy to interpret. The time to complete the task for the colour-defectives who passed the test took 14% longer than colour-normals and colour-defectives who failed took 30% longer than colour-normals. All groups showed a similar learning effect with an 18% reduction in mean times to complete the task at the second session. There was no significant correlation between the number of errors and time to complete or the clinical tests and completion times for any of the groups. Clinical colour vision tests have limited value in predicting performance of colour-defectives on the Dispatch test. Logistic analysis results showed that the Farnsworth D-15 along with the Nagel was the best predictor of the VDT Dispatch colour test pass/fail results. However, these results were similar to using the Farnsworth D-15 test alone. Ninety-five percent of the individuals who failed the Farnsworth D-15 also failed the Dispatch test. However, approximately 25% of the individuals who passed the Farnsworth D-15 failed the VDT Dispatch colour test which is an unacceptable false negative rate. These results indicate the Farnsworth D-15 can only be used to predict who is likely to fail the dispatch test. Conclusions Forty two percent of colour vision defectives could perform as well as colour-normals in identifying VDT railway display colours and time to complete the task. Clinical colour vision tests were inadequate predictors of performance in practical task, overall. However, the Farnsworth D-15 was a very good predictor of who would fail the VDT Dispatch test. Hence a practical VDT Dispatch test may be needed to test individuals who would want to work as railway dispatchers.

Colour segmentation is the most commonly used method in road signs detection. Road sign contains several basic colours such as red, yellow, blue and white which depends on countries.The objective of this thesis is to do an evaluation of the four colour segmentation algorithms. Dynamic Threshold Algorithm, A Modification of de la Escalera’s Algorithm, the Fuzzy Colour Segmentation Algorithm and Shadow and Highlight Invariant Algorithm. The processing time and segmentation success rate as criteria are used to compare the performance of the four algorithms. And red colour is selected as the target colour to complete the comparison. All the testing images are selected from the Traffic Signs Database of Dalarna University [1] randomly according to the category. These road sign images are taken from a digital camera mounted in a moving car in Sweden.Experiments show that the Fuzzy Colour Segmentation Algorithm and Shadow and Highlight Invariant Algorithm are more accurate and stable to detect red colour of road signs. And the method could also be used in other colours analysis research. The yellow colour which is chosen to evaluate the performance of the four algorithms can reference Master Thesis of Yumei Liu.

Introduction Colour codes are used extensively in railways to convey specific information governing movement of trains and equipment on the track. One such task is the railway traffic control display that uses colour coded video display terminals (VDTs) to convey information of the signal status, train movements and track status to the railway dispatcher. Because individuals with colour vision deficiencies (colour-defectives) may have problems with these colour-related tasks, questions were raised about the suitability of colour vision defectives to work as railway dispatchers. In order to answer that, a VDT based Dispatch Colour Vision Test based on the actual railway traffic display was developed previously. Purpose The main purpose of this thesis is to establish the pass/fail scores and repeatability of the VDT based Dispatch Colour Vision Test that resulted from the previous work. Secondly, the study will also examine whether clinical colour vision tests can predict the performance on the practical task. Methods The Dispatch colour vision test was divided into three parts based on the colour sets that the dispatcher had to recognize. The testing computer system used the the same RGB colour settings, graphics card and monitor as in railway dispatch centres. Subjects viewed the display colours and entered their responses by using a mouse. One hundred colour-normals and fifty two colour-defectives participated in the initial session. The test was repeated approximately after 10 days. Ninety three colour-normals (93%) and 44 (85%) colour-defectives participated in the second session. The total number of errors and time to complete the test was recorded. Results Pass/Fail on the VDT Dispatch colour vision test was based on colour-normal errors. Ignoring orange-red errors, two errors were allowed in the first session and one error was allowed in the second session. Based on this criterion, 42% of colour vision defectives could perform as well as colour normal subjects. The kappa coefficient of agreement between the sessions for the colour-defectives was 0.85. Detailed analysis between the colour differences and the errors showed only a weak correlation between the two. However, the general trend was that colour-defectives made more errors on colours that were near or along the same lines of confusions and the colours were nearly equal in luminance. Nevertheless, the interaction between luminance and location with respect to the lines of confusion was not easy to interpret. The time to complete the task for the colour-defectives who passed the test took 14% longer than colour-normals and colour-defectives who failed took 30% longer than colour-normals. All groups showed a similar learning effect with an 18% reduction in mean times to complete the task at the second session. There was no significant correlation between the number of errors and time to complete or the clinical tests and completion times for any of the groups. Clinical colour vision tests have limited value in predicting performance of colour-defectives on the Dispatch test. Logistic analysis results showed that the Farnsworth D-15 along with the Nagel was the best predictor of the VDT Dispatch colour test pass/fail results. However, these results were similar to using the Farnsworth D-15 test alone. Ninety-five percent of the individuals who failed the Farnsworth D-15 also failed the Dispatch test. However, approximately 25% of the individuals who passed the Farnsworth D-15 failed the VDT Dispatch colour test which is an unacceptable false negative rate. These results indicate the Farnsworth D-15 can only be used to predict who is likely to fail the dispatch test. Conclusions Forty two percent of colour vision defectives could perform as well as colour-normals in identifying VDT railway display colours and time to complete the task. Clinical colour vision tests were inadequate predictors of performance in practical task, overall. However, the Farnsworth D-15 was a very good predictor of who would fail the VDT Dispatch test. Hence a practical VDT Dispatch test may be needed to test individuals who would want to work as railway dispatchers.

Four studies including ten experiments adresses interrelations between some major and classical issues in visual perception: 3-D perception, colour constancy, colour perception and colour vision deficiencies. The main experimental paradigm to investigate the issues is within that of simulated shape from shading. 3-D impressions are induced by projecting space-modulated illuminations onto flat surfaces (displays), varying the colours and layout of the displays and the colour and modulation of the illumination. Study I includes four experiments investigating three types of space- modulated illumination. All experiments confirmed earlier findings that chromatic colour and complex display layout with reflectance edges crossed by illumination edges enhances shape from shading. In Study II the impressions of shape from shading and real 3-D objects were compared between persons with deutan colour vision deficiencies and normals. As predicted, the deutans show fewer and less distinct 3-D impressions in situations with their specific "problem colours" red and green. They also show a generally lower tendency for 3-D impressions, interpreted as a generally weaker colour constancy. Study III presents the AMBEGUJAS phenomenon; a novel twofold ambiguous shape from shading situation, continuously alternating between two different 3-D impressions coupled with different colour attributions. One solution is of an object with two clear surface colours, the other one of an object with greyish (desaturated) colours in coloured illumination which means classical colour constancy. The phenomenon illustrates the visual processes of separating reflectance and illumination characteristics and may provide a useful experimental setting to study colour constancy. In Study IV the AMBEGUJAS phenomenon is found to be robust as to chromaticness and different luminance contrasts for both normals and deutans. However, the deutans show slower shifts between percepts and a less pronounced desaturation of colour, which indicates a weaker colour constancy. The studies add evidence to the contribution of colour to 3-D shape perception, validated in a novel way by the results on "colour-blinds". The AMBEGUJAS phenomenon provides further support that the factors affecting shape from shading and the deutans different impressions are to be understood with reference to colour constancy. The deutans different impressions compared to normals are remarkable per se, but probably with very limited implications to everyday life. / <p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå university, 1996, härtill 4 uppsatser</p> / digitalisering@umu

Darbe ištirtos ir palygintos dviejų elektrofotografinių mašinų „Xerox DC5000“ ir „Conica Minolta 6500“ spalvų reprodukavimo galimybės. Tyrimas buvo atliekamas dviem spaudos mašinomis po tam tikro spaudų skaičiaus atspausdinant kalibracinį testą (lapą su specialiai spektrofotometrui paruoštais vienodo dydžio įvairių atspalvių kvadratėliais, kuriuose yra skirtingas visų keturių CMYK spalvų rastrinių taškų skaičius), kurio spalvų intensyvumas buvo matuojamas spektrofotometru „Efi ES–1000“. Nustatyta, kad spaudos mašinos „Xerox“ reprodukuojamų spalvų sodris didesnis lyginant su „Minolta“, tai lemia spaudo padengimas laku, kuris sukelia veidrodinį efektą, eliminuojama patenkanti į matavimo prietaisą išsklaidyta šviesa. Nustatytas savikalibracinės sistemos netobulumas bei abiejų mašinų spaudų skaičius, po kurio mašina turi buti kalibruojama. Darbą sudaro 7 dalys: įvadas, literatūros apžvalga, tyrimų metodika, rezultatai ir jų aptarimas, išvados ir rekomendacijos, literatūros sąrašas, priedai. Darbo apimtis – 57 p. teksto be priedų, 3 lentelės, 33 paveikslai, 15 bibliografinių šaltinių. Darbo priedai pridedami darbo pabaigoje. / The research regarding colour reproduction possibilities of two electrographic machines “Xerox DocuColor 5000” and “Conica Minolta Bizhub pro C6500” was made. In it two stamped machines were used, which had to stamp fixed numbers of calibration test (a paper with specially made, same size and various colours quadrants for spectrofotometer, where is different number of all four CMYK bitmap colour dots), which colour intensity was measured with using spaectrofotometer “Efi ES-1000”. The results have shown that “Xerox” machine has larger colour reproduction depth comparing to “Minolta” . This condition is made because of varnish that covers stamp. It creates specular effect and eliminates resolved light that comes to measuring devices. Self calibrating system cracks were discovered as well. Also two machines have to be calibrated after fixed number of stamps. Thesis has 7 parts: Introduction, literature review, research methodology, results, results discussion, conclusion and recommendation, literature list, appendix. Thesis consist of: 57p. text without appendix, 3 tables, 33 pictures, 15 bibliographical.

Each year, the world’s top orange producers output millions of oranges for human consumption. This production is projected to grow by as much as 64 million in 2010 and so the demand for fast, low-cost and precise automated orange fruit grading systems is only deemed to become more increasingly important. There is however an underlying limit to most orange blemish detection algorithms. Most existing statistical-based, structural-based, model-based and transform-based orange blemish detection algorithms are plagued by the following problem: any pixels in an image of an orange having about the same magnitudes for the red, green and blue channels will almost always be classified as belonging to the same category (either a blemish or not). This however presents a big problem as the RGB components of the pixels corresponding to blemishes are very similar to pixels near the boundary of an orange. In light of this problem, this research utilizes a priori knowledge of the local intensity variations observed on rounded convex objects to classify the ambiguous pixels correctly. The algorithm has the effect of peeling-off layers of the orange skin according to gradations of the intensity. Therefore, any abrupt discontinuities detected along successive layers would significantly help identifying skin blemishes more accurately. A commercial-grade fruit inspection and distribution system was used to collect 170 navel orange images. Of these images, 100 were manually classified as good oranges by human inspection and the rest are blemished ones. We demonstrate the efficacy of the algorithm using these images as the benchmarking test set. Our results show that the system garnered 96% correctly classified good oranges and 97% correctly classified blemished oranges. The proposed system is easily customizable as it does not require any training. The fruit quality bands can be adjusted to meet the requirements set by the market standards by specifying an agreeable percentage of blemishes for each band.

A visão de cores apresenta um papel muito importante para a sobrevivência e desenvolvimento de primatas. A capacidade de discriminar, visualmente, o alvo de um fundo apenas pela diferença de matiz pode ser o diferencial tanto para a busca de alimentos, como para a fuga de predadores. Estudos sobre a visão de cores auxiliam a fazer inferências sobre suas bases biológicas e utilidade funcional. O presente estudo buscou avaliar a discriminação de cores em primatas do gênero Alouatta (Bugio), por meio de uma adaptação do teste computadorizado Cambridge Colour Test (CCT) e do sequenciamento dos genes que codificam as opsinas, uma vez que por estudos anteriores inferia-se que eles pudessem apresentar visão tricromática, diferenciando-os dos outros platirrinos. Para este estudo foram utilizados 6 indivíduos do Centro Nacional de Primatas (CENP, Ananindeua, Pará, Brasil). O experimento comportamental objetivava determinar elipses de discriminação de cor para três fundos de diferentes cromaticidades do diagrama CIE 1976 uv, as quais serviram de parâmetro para a determinação do fenótipo dos indivíduos. A análise genética buscou identificar as variedades de opsinas. Dois indivíduos concluíram o teste comportamental com sucesso, um macho de Alouatta caraya e uma fêmea de Alouatta seniculus, ambos apresentando visão de cores tricromática. A análise molecular identificou a presença de dois alelos para comprimentos médios/longos da opsina. O potencial de tricromacia demonstrado na análise genética foi compatível com os resultados da análise comportamental que mostraram capacidade discriminativa tricromática. Neste trabalho abordamos os diversos aspectos desse estudo, tanto na modelagem dos animais quanto na importância desse achado / Color vision has a very important role in the survival and development of primates. The ability to visually discriminate the target of a background only by hue difference may be the difference for both search of food or escape from predators. Studies on color vision help to make inferences about their biological bases and functional utility. This study sought to evaluate the color discrimination in primates of the genus Alouatta (Howler monkey), through an adaptation of the computerized test Cambridge Colour Test (CCT) and the sequencing of the genes coding opsins. Through previous studies have inferred that they could present trichromatic vision, distinguishing them from other platyrrhines. Six subjects from the National Primate Center (CENP, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil) were tested. The behavioral experiment aimed to determine color discrimination ellipses to three backgrounds of different chromaticity at CIE 1976 u\'v\' diagram, which served as a parameter for determining the phenotype of individuals and the genetic analysis sought to identify the varieties of opsins. Two individuals completed the test successfully one male and one female, both featuring trichromatic color vision. Two individuals successfully completed the behavioral test, one Alouatta caraya male and one Alouatta seniculus female, both presenting trichromatic color vision. Molecular analysis identified the presence of two alleles for medium/long lengths of opsin compatible with behavioral analysis. In this work we approach the various aspects of this study, both in the modeling of the animals and in the importance of this finding