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This study is based upon the premise that overall team performance is the sum of the team's performance in several individual team processes. The purpose of this study was to develop a tool to measure performance in each of these individual team processes. This study begins the measurement development cycle by developing a tool that uses direct observation to collect data on team processes. The tool was then tested in a battle simulation being used as a C2 training exercise. The study showed that (1) the team process performance can be measured using direct observation, and (2) non subject-matter experts can accurately and reliably rate team performance by using the data collection tool. The tool developed here relied on an observer to rate the command team on 43 items concerning ten team processes. Ratings were collected on visual analog scales that were overlaid with a Likert-type template for analysis. The results showed that six of the ten constructs were measured reliably and validly. However, inter-rate reliability was shown to be an issue to be overcome in future studies. The implications of this weakness, the potential of this line of research,and potential tool design changes are discussed in this thesis. / Master of Science

Command line and version control skills are vital to computer science students during their education and as they enter the software industry. These skills are commonly taught to undergraduate students via traditional lecturing methods and brief hands-on activities. Many students struggle with learning the Git version control system because they are not familiar with the command line, or they do not understand how Git works internally. Recent research highlights the effectiveness of using interactive visualizations to teach computer science concepts. Thus, we developed novel command line and Git exercises with interactive visualizations. These exercises integrate with learning management systems to automate grading. We tested the effectiveness of the exercises in a CS2 course at a large research institution by conducting pre-assessments before and post-assessments after the students completed the exercises. We found that students performed significantly better on both the command line and Git post-assessments than on the pre-assessments. Furthermore, we found that students with less experience with the command line and Git achieved a significantly greater improvement from the pre-assessments to the post-assessments. Additionally, we found that students with different levels of command line and Git experience did not perform differently on the exercises. Therefore, the exercises provide a novel tool for teaching command line and Git concepts to undergraduate computer science students with any level of command line and Git experience. / Master of Science / Command line is a term used to refer to a text-based user interface that allows users to interact with their computers by inputting commands. Git is a version control system typically used to track the stages of development for a computer program. Command line and Git skills are vital to computer science students during their education and as they enter the software industry. These skills are commonly taught to undergraduate students via traditional lecturing methods and brief hands-on activities. Many students struggle with Git because they are not familiar with the command line, or they do not understand how Git works internally. Recent research highlights the effectiveness of using interactive visualizations to teach computer science concepts. Thus, we developed novel command line and Git exercises with interactive visualizations. These exercises integrate with learning management systems to automate grading. We tested the effectiveness of the exercises in a CS2 course at a large research institution by conducting pre-assessments before and post-assessments after the students completed the exercises. We found that students performed significantly better on the post-assessments than on the pre-assessments. Furthermore, we found that students with less experience with the command line and Git achieved a significantly greater improvement from the pre-assessments to the post-assessments. Therefore, the exercises provide a novel tool for teaching command line and Git concepts to undergraduate computer science students with any level of command line and Git experience.

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Yes / In the last six years, hospitals in developed countries have been trialling the use of command centres for improving organisational efficiency and patient care. However, the impact of these Command Centres has not been systematically studied in the past. Methods: It is a retrospective population based study. Participants were patients who visited Bradford Royal Infirmary Hospital, accident and emergency (A&E) department, between Jan 01, 2018 and August 31, 2021. Outcomes were patient flow (measured as A&E waiting time, length of stay and clinician seen time)and data quality (measured by the proportion of missing treatment and assessment dates and valid transition between A&E care stages).Interrupted time-series segmented regression and process mining were used for analysis. Results: A&E transition time from patient arrival to assessment by a clinician marginally improved during the intervention period; there was a decrease of 0.9 minutes (95% CI: 0.35 to 1.4), 3 minutes (95% CI: 2.4 to 3.5), 9.7 minutes (95% CI: 8.4 to 11.0) and 3.1 minutes (95% CI: 2.7 to 3.5) during ‘patient flow program’, ‘command centre display roll-in’, ‘command centre activation’ and ‘hospital wide training program’, respectively. However, the transition time from patient treatment until conclusion of consultation showed an increase of 11.5 minutes (95% CI: 9.2 to 13.9), 12.3 minutes (95% CI: 8.7 to 15.9), 53.4 minutes (95% CI: 48.1 to 58.7) and 50.2 minutes (95% CI: 47.5 to 52.9) for the respective four post-intervention periods. Further, length of stay was not significantly impacted; the change was -8.8hrs (95% CI: -17.6 to 0.08), -8.9hrs (95% CI: -18.6 to 0.65), -1.67hrs (95% CI: -10.3 to 6.9) and -0.54hrs (95% CI: -13.9 to 12.8) during the four respective post intervention periods. It was a similar pattern for the waiting and clinician seen times. Data quality as measured by the proportion of missing dates of records was generally poor (treatment date=42.7% and clinician seen date=23.4%) and did not significantly improve during the intervention periods. Conclusion: The findings of the study suggest that a command centre package that includes process change and software technology does not appear to have consistent positive impact on patient safety and data quality based on the indicators and data we used. Therefore, hospitals considering introducing a Command Centre should not assume there will be benefits in patient flow and data quality. / This project is funded by the National Institute for Health Research Health Service and Delivery Research Programme (NIHR129483).

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / An investigation of how fuel cells, an integrated power system, and directed energy weapons will affect the shipboard command and control process. The focus is on the implementation of the new technologies onboard near-term and far-term destroyer variants and the resulting changes to the command and control process. / Ensign, United States Naval Reserve

Military command is the single most important factor in the conduct of warfare. To understand war and military success and failure, historians need to explore command structures and the relationships between commanders. In World War I, a new level of higher command had emerged: the corps commander. Between 1914 and 1918, the role of corps commanders and the demands placed upon them constantly changed as experiences brought illumination and insight. Yet the men who occupied these positions were sometimes unable to cope with the changing circumstances and the many significant limitations which were imposed upon them. Of the World War I corps commanders, William Birdwood was one of the longest serving. From the time of his appointment in December 1914 until May 1918, Birdwood acquired an experience of corps command which was perhaps more diverse than his contemporaries during this time. He is, then, an ideal subject for a prolonged assessment of this level of command. This thesis has two principal objectives. The first is to identify and assess those factors which limited Birdwood???s capacity and ability to command. The second is to explore the institutional constraints placed on corps commanders during the 1914-1918 war. Surprisingly, this is a comparatively barren area of research. Because very few officers spent much time as corps commanders on their way to higher command appointments and because the role of the corps commanders in military planning and in the conduct of operations was not immediately apparent, their role has been practically ignored. Historians have tended to concentrate on the Army and divisional levels creating a deficient view of higher military command in World War I. However, corps commanders could and did play an important part in planning operations and in military affairs generally. Birdwood???s experience at Gallipoli and in France reflect some of the changes to command structures that were prompted by the successes and failures of operations directed at the corps level. In as much as these two theatres of war were vastly different and Birdwood was confronted with dissimilar problems, it is possible to draw some general conclusions about the evolution of higher command after 1914. Using a wide range of primary and secondary sources located in Australian and British archives, this thesis traces Birdwood???s career as a corps commander at Gallipoli and on the Western Front. It also examines his tenure as G.O.C. of the A.I.F.

Military command is the single most important factor in the conduct of warfare. To understand war and military success and failure, historians need to explore command structures and the relationships between commanders. In World War I, a new level of higher command had emerged: the corps commander. Between 1914 and 1918, the role of corps commanders and the demands placed upon them constantly changed as experiences brought illumination and insight. Yet the men who occupied these positions were sometimes unable to cope with the changing circumstances and the many significant limitations which were imposed upon them. Of the World War I corps commanders, William Birdwood was one of the longest serving. From the time of his appointment in December 1914 until May 1918, Birdwood acquired an experience of corps command which was perhaps more diverse than his contemporaries during this time. He is, then, an ideal subject for a prolonged assessment of this level of command. This thesis has two principal objectives. The first is to identify and assess those factors which limited Birdwood???s capacity and ability to command. The second is to explore the institutional constraints placed on corps commanders during the 1914-1918 war. Surprisingly, this is a comparatively barren area of research. Because very few officers spent much time as corps commanders on their way to higher command appointments and because the role of the corps commanders in military planning and in the conduct of operations was not immediately apparent, their role has been practically ignored. Historians have tended to concentrate on the Army and divisional levels creating a deficient view of higher military command in World War I. However, corps commanders could and did play an important part in planning operations and in military affairs generally. Birdwood???s experience at Gallipoli and in France reflect some of the changes to command structures that were prompted by the successes and failures of operations directed at the corps level. In as much as these two theatres of war were vastly different and Birdwood was confronted with dissimilar problems, it is possible to draw some general conclusions about the evolution of higher command after 1914. Using a wide range of primary and secondary sources located in Australian and British archives, this thesis traces Birdwood???s career as a corps commander at Gallipoli and on the Western Front. It also examines his tenure as G.O.C. of the A.I.F.