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The First World War had a definite impact on all of Europe, not to say the entire world. The domain of art was no exception. In Zürich, neutral Switzerland, a group of young creative intellectuals who shared a hostile approach towards the structure of the bourgeois society, with its non-democratic rulers and current nationalism which lead up to the war, united under the artistic movement we today call Dadaism. After the war Dadaism sprung up in several cities throughout Europe, among those Berlin. In Berlin Dadaism became a socialist weapon of propaganda, with its norm breaking artistic manifestations, against the camouflaged conservative government of the new Weimar republic. Their political and artistic struggle lasted until the mid-twenties, after that the gradually disintegrated. Reading the history of Dadaism some thoughts came to my mind. Dadaism emerged as a rebel against First World War and those responsible; still the movement lives on after the war had ended. What was the connection between Zürich-Dada and Berlin-Dada? Can you trace the First World War in Berlin-Dada expressions years after the end of the war? Examining three different works of art by major Berlin-Dadaists George Grosz, Hannah Höch and Raoul Hausmann, I hope to respond to those questions in a satisfactory manner and during the process draw some essential conclusions.

The title of this work is “Indivisible and Inseparable” the motto of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. This motto is just one of many ways in the Austro-Hungarian Empire fought against the centrifugal forces seeking to destroy it. I argue here that the historic theory of decline and fall is misguided as a model for understanding the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and question its usefulness when applied to other nation states and empires as well. I suggest that the Austro-Hungarian military, specifically its condition prior to the First World War, is an ideal lens for exploring the dissolution of the Empire at the end of the war in 1918. The Austro-Hungarian military was composed of over 10 different nationalities at a time of surging nationalism, and was the single most important institution charged with the preservation of the Empire. This unique linkage with the state of the Empire as a whole renders the military, in particular the Common Army, extremely useful for examining this issue. I will discuss the structure of the military, its response to the problems posed by nationalism, and contemporary public views about the military within the Empire.

<p>Denna uppsats avhandlar de taktiska grundprinciperna och slagen vid Tannenberg och Somme under första världskriget. Syftet med uppsatsen är att utreda vilka taktiska grundprinciper som användes vid dessa slag samt med hjälp av dessa försöka ge en förklaring till dess utgång.</p><p>De taktiska grundprinciperna är hämtade ur <em>Doktrin för markoperationer, </em>vilket skall ge en förklaring till huruvida dagens svenska version av dessa kan appliceras på gårdagens slag.</p><p>Den metod som legat till grund för arbetet är fallstudier baserade på en litteraturstudie. Fallstudierna medför att en djupare analys och beskrivning av händelseförloppen kan ges än om längre epoker i första världskriget skulle ha avhandlats.</p><p>Arbetet är uppdelat i en inledning, där det ovannämnda är beskrivet. Därefter följer en avhandling där teorin kring de taktiska grundprinciperna beskrivs samt fallstudierna redovisas. Därefter kommer en analys där teorierna appliceras mot fallstudierna. Slutligen besvaras frågeställningen i en slutdiskussion.</p><p>I analysen framgår att teorierna går att applicera mot de båda slagen, men att de användes mer frekvent i det ena. I en mer rörlig strid ledde de taktiska grundprinciperna till ett avgörande. I ett utnötningskrig gjordes försök att använda dem, dock lyckades det inte på samma sätt.</p> / <p>This essay is about the tactical principles and the battles of Tannenberg and the Somme during World War 1. This essays purpose is to examine which tactical principles that were used within these battles and with the help of these principles try to explain the execution of the battles.</p><p>The tactical principles are collected from the Swedish doctrine for ground operations. The reason for this is to explain how doctrines of today can be applied on the battles of yesterday.</p><p>The method that has been used in this essay is a case study based on literature studies. Case studies give an opportunity for a deeper analysis and description by the historical events than if a whole description of the World War 1 had been made.</p><p>This essay is divided into an introduction where the battles mentioned above are described. Thereafter follows a chapter where the theory about the tactical principles is described and the cases are presented. Thereafter follows an analysis where the theories are applied to the cases. Finally the question at issue is answered in a final discussion.</p><p>The result of the analysis is that the theories can be applied to the battles but they were more frequently used in one of them. The tactical principles were more decisive in a mobile warfare compared to an immobile warfare. Attempts to use the tactical principles during the immobile battle were made, but didn’t succeed as well as in the mobile battle.</p>

Denna uppsats avhandlar de taktiska grundprinciperna och slagen vid Tannenberg och Somme under första världskriget. Syftet med uppsatsen är att utreda vilka taktiska grundprinciper som användes vid dessa slag samt med hjälp av dessa försöka ge en förklaring till dess utgång. De taktiska grundprinciperna är hämtade ur Doktrin för markoperationer, vilket skall ge en förklaring till huruvida dagens svenska version av dessa kan appliceras på gårdagens slag. Den metod som legat till grund för arbetet är fallstudier baserade på en litteraturstudie. Fallstudierna medför att en djupare analys och beskrivning av händelseförloppen kan ges än om längre epoker i första världskriget skulle ha avhandlats. Arbetet är uppdelat i en inledning, där det ovannämnda är beskrivet. Därefter följer en avhandling där teorin kring de taktiska grundprinciperna beskrivs samt fallstudierna redovisas. Därefter kommer en analys där teorierna appliceras mot fallstudierna. Slutligen besvaras frågeställningen i en slutdiskussion. I analysen framgår att teorierna går att applicera mot de båda slagen, men att de användes mer frekvent i det ena. I en mer rörlig strid ledde de taktiska grundprinciperna till ett avgörande. I ett utnötningskrig gjordes försök att använda dem, dock lyckades det inte på samma sätt. / This essay is about the tactical principles and the battles of Tannenberg and the Somme during World War 1. This essays purpose is to examine which tactical principles that were used within these battles and with the help of these principles try to explain the execution of the battles. The tactical principles are collected from the Swedish doctrine for ground operations. The reason for this is to explain how doctrines of today can be applied on the battles of yesterday. The method that has been used in this essay is a case study based on literature studies. Case studies give an opportunity for a deeper analysis and description by the historical events than if a whole description of the World War 1 had been made. This essay is divided into an introduction where the battles mentioned above are described. Thereafter follows a chapter where the theory about the tactical principles is described and the cases are presented. Thereafter follows an analysis where the theories are applied to the cases. Finally the question at issue is answered in a final discussion. The result of the analysis is that the theories can be applied to the battles but they were more frequently used in one of them. The tactical principles were more decisive in a mobile warfare compared to an immobile warfare. Attempts to use the tactical principles during the immobile battle were made, but didn’t succeed as well as in the mobile battle.

In my master thesis I focus on the effect of World War 1 on labour unions power in the United States of America. The goal is to answer these questions: What factors influenced position of labour unions at the beginning of the 20th century? How did the position of labour unions change during World War I? World War I was already a second experience with war economy in the history of the USA (remember American Civil War). For the first time, though, labour unions played important role in the American economy. I have decided to analyze the effect of World War I on position of labour unions because I consider it an important one. In Chapter one I will analyze the influence of war inflation on real wages of employees and on the ratio between wages of union workers and non-union workers. Chapter two is dedicated to labour conditions (social programs, safety, unemployment benefits) and to their modifications which took place because of World War I. Chapter three is about labour legislation development (regulation of hours and wages, yellow dog contracts, anti-trust and immigration legislation) and its adjustments during the war years. In the Conclusion I sum up all the evidence and evaluate the influence of the World War I on the labour unions and their members.

Military command is the single most important factor in the conduct of warfare. To understand war and military success and failure, historians need to explore command structures and the relationships between commanders. In World War I, a new level of higher command had emerged: the corps commander. Between 1914 and 1918, the role of corps commanders and the demands placed upon them constantly changed as experiences brought illumination and insight. Yet the men who occupied these positions were sometimes unable to cope with the changing circumstances and the many significant limitations which were imposed upon them. Of the World War I corps commanders, William Birdwood was one of the longest serving. From the time of his appointment in December 1914 until May 1918, Birdwood acquired an experience of corps command which was perhaps more diverse than his contemporaries during this time. He is, then, an ideal subject for a prolonged assessment of this level of command. This thesis has two principal objectives. The first is to identify and assess those factors which limited Birdwood???s capacity and ability to command. The second is to explore the institutional constraints placed on corps commanders during the 1914-1918 war. Surprisingly, this is a comparatively barren area of research. Because very few officers spent much time as corps commanders on their way to higher command appointments and because the role of the corps commanders in military planning and in the conduct of operations was not immediately apparent, their role has been practically ignored. Historians have tended to concentrate on the Army and divisional levels creating a deficient view of higher military command in World War I. However, corps commanders could and did play an important part in planning operations and in military affairs generally. Birdwood???s experience at Gallipoli and in France reflect some of the changes to command structures that were prompted by the successes and failures of operations directed at the corps level. In as much as these two theatres of war were vastly different and Birdwood was confronted with dissimilar problems, it is possible to draw some general conclusions about the evolution of higher command after 1914. Using a wide range of primary and secondary sources located in Australian and British archives, this thesis traces Birdwood???s career as a corps commander at Gallipoli and on the Western Front. It also examines his tenure as G.O.C. of the A.I.F.

Military command is the single most important factor in the conduct of warfare. To understand war and military success and failure, historians need to explore command structures and the relationships between commanders. In World War I, a new level of higher command had emerged: the corps commander. Between 1914 and 1918, the role of corps commanders and the demands placed upon them constantly changed as experiences brought illumination and insight. Yet the men who occupied these positions were sometimes unable to cope with the changing circumstances and the many significant limitations which were imposed upon them. Of the World War I corps commanders, William Birdwood was one of the longest serving. From the time of his appointment in December 1914 until May 1918, Birdwood acquired an experience of corps command which was perhaps more diverse than his contemporaries during this time. He is, then, an ideal subject for a prolonged assessment of this level of command. This thesis has two principal objectives. The first is to identify and assess those factors which limited Birdwood???s capacity and ability to command. The second is to explore the institutional constraints placed on corps commanders during the 1914-1918 war. Surprisingly, this is a comparatively barren area of research. Because very few officers spent much time as corps commanders on their way to higher command appointments and because the role of the corps commanders in military planning and in the conduct of operations was not immediately apparent, their role has been practically ignored. Historians have tended to concentrate on the Army and divisional levels creating a deficient view of higher military command in World War I. However, corps commanders could and did play an important part in planning operations and in military affairs generally. Birdwood???s experience at Gallipoli and in France reflect some of the changes to command structures that were prompted by the successes and failures of operations directed at the corps level. In as much as these two theatres of war were vastly different and Birdwood was confronted with dissimilar problems, it is possible to draw some general conclusions about the evolution of higher command after 1914. Using a wide range of primary and secondary sources located in Australian and British archives, this thesis traces Birdwood???s career as a corps commander at Gallipoli and on the Western Front. It also examines his tenure as G.O.C. of the A.I.F.

This work deals with life and villages in the parish Křemže in the period 1885 to 1920. Home work contains a brief description of the emergence of villages and parishes of the first references in the historical annals, after the year 1885. Another reference to time zone are the years 1885 - 1905 from the perspective of life in the parish and Křemže of sacral buildings in this period. At the same time a separate chapter in the life and community events and intrusions Křemže parish and village life. The following chapter handles the period before the World War II, the years 1911 to 1914. Here is a breakdown done in terms of parish and community Křemže own view, and again the common life away. A separate chapter is devoted to the first veto war. Emphasis here is placed on the description of life in the village itself and the difficulties and War on the territory of the parish. The final chapter contains a description of a new independent Republic and its impact on the ethnic and political. It describes also describe trends and developments in the territory of the Catholic Church parish Křemže from 1919 - 1920.