Sexual conflict can occur whenever the evolutionary interests of males and females differ, and when sexually antagonistic selection acts upon traits shared between the sexes, one or both sexes can be constrained from reaching their phenotypic optima. This intralocus sexual conflict can be characterised by a tug-of-war of allelic replacement until it is resolved, but examples of well-characterised sexually antagonistic loci are rare. This thesis investigates the basis and dynamics of intralocus sexual conflict over insecticide resistance at the Cyp6g1 locus in Drosophila melanogaster, and wing colouration in Drosophila simulans. In D. melanogaster, the Cyp6g1 locus is the site of a series of insecticide resistance alleles, one of which is sexually antagonistic when back-crossed to the old isogenic lab strain Canton-S. I investigated the presence of sexual conflict over this same allele in a recently collected and genetically heterogeneous population. I found evidence of balancing selection on resistance (Ch. 2) that could not be explained by overdominance or sex-specific dominance (Ch. 3). However, balancing selection could be explained by resistance conferring increased fecundity to females (Ch. 2-4), and decreased reproductive success to males (Ch. 4). This male cost can in turn be explained by a negative genetic correlation between reproductive success and Cyp6g1 expression (Ch. 4), possibly influencing levels of reproductive investment (Ch. 2). Additionally, I explored the dynamics of the sex-specific fitness effects of resistance across three Cyp6g1 alleles back-crossed to a single genetic background. I found no evidence of sexual antagonism, but revealed that the cost of resistance increased with more derived alleles, and that all alleles were more costly to females (Ch. 5). After decades of strong selection imposed by insecticide use an unresolved sexual conflict persists at the Cyp6g1 locus despite sexual dimorphism in resistance, and it does not appear that more derived Cyp6g1 alleles are necessarily involved in mediating this conflict. Wing interference patterns (WIPs) are a newly discovered trait subject to female mate choice in Drosophila. I explored the potential for intralocus sexual conflict over WIPs by measuring WIP traits from males and females from populations of D. simulans evolved under relaxed or elevated sexual selection. In response to sexual selection male WIPs evolved to be brighter, higher contrast, and shifted to longer wavelengths of light, but there was no associated response to selection in females (Ch. 6). While WIPs did not appear to be constrained from detectably responding to selection by acute intralocus sexual conflict, male WIPs from the relaxed selection regime were similar to female WIPs, suggesting a cost to sexually selected WIPs that may be indicative of sexually antagonistic selection. IASC is pervasive and can influence a wide range of fundamental evolutionary processes including sexual selection, speciation, and extinction. The research presented in this thesis adds to a body of evidence that sexual dimorphism does not necessarily resolve IASC, and documents the first evidence that WIPs do not appear to be subject to acute IASC and can evolve in response to sexual selection.

South Sudan's recent war-to-war transition, and its post-conflict statebuilding experience prior to renewed mass violence beginning in December 2013, has upended conventional wisdom on post-conflict peacemaking. Analysts have been left scrambling to explain the apparent implosion of South Sudan's political and military system, often reverting to problematic or discredited analytical frameworks - including 'ethnic conflict', 'failed states' or variants of the 'greed not grievance' argument - to interpret the violence, or else have emphasised the chaotic and disorderly nature of conflict and governance in South Sudan. This thesis argues that in order to make sense of South Sudan's tragic and unshakeable relationship to political violence, an explanation grounded in the concepts of militarism and militarisation, and the framework of militarised statebuilding, is required. The post-conflict statebuilding process in South Sudan has further militarised social relationships whilst considerably expanding the state, creating an enabling environment for war to occur either on the margins of the political system established in the course of statebuilding, or from within it. Simultaneously, it has compelled those making political and economic claims on the state to do so through engaging with this militarised state infrastructure, or else through organising violence to gain entry into the state. However, this militarised statebuilding project entered a state of crisis since independence in 2011, culminating in the mass violence of December 2013, when the same forces which had propelled the expansion of the state would propel its sudden and violent contraction. This militarised statebuilding process has provided much for some sections of South Sudanese society (and especially its elites), but has also left the country particularly vulnerable to large-scale violence among its vastly expanded and heavily armed military. This framework of militarised statebuilding has the potential to speak to enduring militarism and violence in cases of post-conflict statebuilding beyond South Sudan, and advances debate on the relationship between statebuilding and violence in contemporary international politics.

Este trabalho de tese trata das dinâmicas da mineração a céu aberto e seus efeitos na água da região andina de Cajamarca, ao norte do Peru. O objetivo consiste em analisar “desenhos locais” que entram em conflito com os desenhos propostos – e alguns já instalados – pela mineração moderna, que começam a proliferar no Peru a partir de 1990 como um caminho inquestionável de desenvolvimento. Por meio de pesquisa de abordagem etnográfica, realizada entre 2013 e 2014, analisam-se dois casos. No primeiro, examinam-se as diferenças ontológicas mobilizadas pelas pessoas como resultado de ações causadas pelo projeto de mineração Conga, que “sacrificará” importantes lagoas na região de Cajamarca, Peru. Nesse contexto, campesinos e ronderos do centro poblado El Tambo têm se organizado para vigiar a lagoa Mamacocha. Observa-se que a relacionalidade dos campesinos com Mamacocha é ativada pela realidade da experiência vivida com a água, que começou a desaparecer a partir dos projetos de mineração, mas que é coproduzida em “encontros” com outras concepções ontológicas. Tais encontros dinamizam histórias orais da memória local. Para além de uma representação essencialista do conhecimento indígena versus o científico, são os diferentes regimes de relação com a água que intensificam colaborações entre os coletivos. O efeito é a emergência de “Mamacocha estendida”, sinalizada nas manifestações como “obra de Deus”, “água que alimenta” e “aquíferos”, a depender das relações e dos grupos, e dos campesinos como “guardiões das lagoas”. A noção de “alimentar” aparece em diálogos com campesinos que enfatizam relações entre as colheitas, os canais de irrigação e os puquios (nascentes de água) salientando que as lagoas não podem ser substituídas por reservatórios artificiais que a empresa propõe construir. Em um segundo caso, analisa-se como o desenho de uma mina a céu aberto na cidade de Hualgayoc, região próxima à anterior, influencia as pessoas que inicialmente desenhavam na terra, os velhos mineiros de socavão. Embora os mineiros articulem a história de um passado mineiro, o seu esforço por negociar suas relações com a empresa mineira oscilam entre antagonismo e expectativas por uma ocupação neste mercado de trabalho. Muitos deles são ignorados pelas grandes empresas por não serem os “mineiros modernos” que hoje manipulam maquinarias sofisticadas, apesar de terem trabalhado por muito tempo no socavão. Quando o centro urbano de Hualgayoc se tornou uma AID (Área de Influência Direta) da mineração a céu aberto, os seus habitantes foram categorizados em classificações específicas que os reprimem. Além disso, o que mostra o caso de Hualgayoc é que o projeto mineiro somente oferece trabalho pelas falhas que ele mesmo causa ao ser implementado. Esta perda é vista como uma oportunidade de trabalho para contratar pessoas que possam trazer água de outros lugares. Os efeitos na natureza e nas pessoas são reais, e, principalmente, os efeitos nas águas andam em paralelo com os projetos de vida de muitas pessoas que resistem ao projeto mineiro. Estes dois casos na região emblemática de Cajamarca ilustram os conflitos em torno de desenhos, relações e desenvolvimento. / This PhD dissertation is about the dynamics of open-pit mining activity and related controversies around water in the Andean region of Cajamarca, Peru. The goal is to analise “local designs” that are threatened by designs - some of them are already encroached on the land used by campesinos - coming from modern mining whose proliferation started in 1990 as a non-questionable way to development. Based on ethnographic research conducted between 2013 and 2014 in the region of Cajamarca, this work analises two cases. The first one, I examine ontological differences mobilized by people when the Yanacocha Mining Company officially announced its proposal to construct an open-pit copper-gold mine and would require draining important lagoons. In this context, campesinos (peasant farmers) and ronderos (rural patrol) from the hamlet of El Tambo organized themselves in order to guard the Mamacocha lagoon. Based on fieldwork in the area of the proposed Conga Mining Project, the author argue that the relationality between the campesinos and Mamacocha results from campesinos’ lived experiences with water that started to scarce, but it is also produced through encounters with other ontological conceptions. Those encounters activate older narratives about Mamacocha. These different ways of knowing designing should not be understood as an essentialist representation of ‘Indigenous’ knowledge that stands in opposition to ‘Western’ or scientific knowledge. Different regimes of relations with water intensify collaborations bewteen collectivities. The effect is the enactment of an “extended Mamacocha” as “God’s creation”, “water that nourishes” and “aquifers” and the campesinos as “Guardians of the Lagoons”. The concept of ‘nourishment’ appeared in dialogues with campesinos, emphasizing the relationship between food crops, irrigation channels, and natural water springs, could not be replaced with artificial reservoirs that the company proposed to build. In the second case, I analise how the design of an open-pit mine in the city of Hualgayoc, close to the previous area, influences people who used to be underground miners. Even though, miners articulate a narrative that Hualgayoc is a “mining region”, their efforts to negotiate with the mining company oscilate between antagonism and expectations for jobs. Some of them are ignored for not being modern miners that manipulate sophiscated machines, even though they have worked as underground miners for decades. When the urban center of Hualagyoc became an ADI (area of direct influence), their residents were also categorized in specific classification that repress them. Besides, the case shows that the Project offers jobs because of their own failures during its implementation. This loss is seen as an oportuniuty for hiring people that could bring water from other places. The effects on the environment and people are real, they travel through parallel worlds. These two cases in the emblematic region of Cajamartca illustrate conflicts around designs, relations and development.

The primary problems of the study are to collect data on conflicts with respect to two hospitals. and to analyze such data in order to determine the seriousness of present intra- and intersubgroup conflicts and the subject matters and underlying causes of the more serious present subgroup conflicts. A comparative analysis of the respective subgroups in each hospital and a comparative analysis of the two hospitals in conflicts are also part of the study.

The literature on civil war termination has argued that comprehensive peace agreements and third-party guarantees that provide verification, support, or enforcement of agreement implementation contribute to the successful settlement of civil wars. Yet, there is to date no systematic study of the complex process by which guarantees are first given and then fulfilled while accounting for the strategic context within which this process occurs. This dissertation explores how potential guarantors’ perceptions of their own and of the conflict parties’ interests and means influence whether and what type of guarantee they give. I show that a guarantor’s interests and capacity as well as its expectations of the conflict parties’ commitment problems and preferences affect its decision to give a specific type of guarantee in support of intrastate conflict resolution. In particular, a potential guarantor’s material and structural capacity determines the type of guarantee they are likely to give. In addition, a potential guarantor’s perception that the conflict parties prefer a negotiated settlement over continued fighting increases its expectations of a successful guarantee and thus makes a guarantee more likely. I test the theoretical hypotheses using statistical analysis, case study research, and in-depth interviews. The dissertation contributes to a better understanding of when and what types of third-party guarantees are given with the aim of supporting the successful implementation of peace agreements to end civil conflict. My findings provide a foundation for subsequent research on the effects of third-party guarantees on the peace process.

This study empirically examines the dynamics and conditions of relationship conflict between supervisors and employees in Chinese State-Owned Enterprises. It proposes that relationship conflict has significant effects on leadership in Chinese SOEs, specifically, it threatens leader-member relationships, lowers the possibility of open-minded discussion, influences leadership effectiveness and prevents future collaboration. This study uses Deutsch’s (1973) theory of goal interdependence to understand relationship conflict between supervisors and employees. Specifically, it proposes that three types of goal interdependence affect the experience of relationship conflict and its outcomes. Cooperative goals compare to competitive and independent goals can help reduce relationship conflict between supervisors and employees and in turn lead to quality relationships, open-minded discussions, leader effectiveness, and confidence in future collaboration. A total of 103 face-to-face interviews were conducted in Nanjing and Guangzhou in mainland China, with all the participants from Chinese State-Owned Enterprises. Participants were asked to describe a specific incident in which they engaged in relationship conflict with their supervisors. Details of the incidents including the setting, what occurred, the reasons, and the consequences were also recorded during the interview. Participants also rated specific questions on 7-point Likert-type scale based on the recalled incidents. Results of structural equation modeling and other analyses support the hypotheses and provide statistical evidence to the proposed theoretical model that goal interdependence affects relationship conflict that influence several leadership constructs, named leader-member relationship, open-minded discussion, leadership effectiveness, and future collaboration. The model and the findings also help to broaden understanding of dynamics of relationship conflict and suggest ways it can be alleviated in order to strengthen organizational leadership.

This project investigates states' strategies in the management of contentious interstate disputes asking why disputants select a particular approach, or forum, to serve as the stage for negotiations. The conflict bargaining process reveals incentives to reach peaceful solutions to war, but peace may be elusive due to bilateral bargaining problems (Fearon 1995; Schelling 1960). In general, third parties provide a useful service in interstate conflict management. However, not all third parties equally benefit the bargaining process. Recent research especially points to the efficacy of legal dispute resolution, such as arbitration and adjudication. The robustness of these results over different types of conflicts and disputants provides a clear prescription for substantive dispute resolution: If states are sincere about peacefully resolving conflicts, then the best way to achieve that - in terms of probability of reaching a settlement and ensuring compliance - is to submit to legal management fora. Despite the strength of this prescription, states rarely submit to legal dispute resolution. A majority of the time states, instead, negotiate bilaterally. Alternatively, they turn to one of the other, useful, but less effective forms of third party management, such as mediation. Drawing on these observations, the specific puzzle this dissertation addresses is why states avoid the types of conflict management that have been demonstrated empirically to be highly effective at resolving conflicts. In response to this puzzle, this dissertation defines a conflict management forum as as a venue for the substantive settlement of interstate conflicts, which is characterized by three different features: transparency, decision control, and expectations about distributional outcomes. This definition then serves as the basis for two formal bargaining models that explain forum selection in interstate conflict management. Empirical implications from these models were tested through a set of three laboratory experiments conducted at the University of Iowa. Through this series of theoretical models and experimental analyses, this project suggests that states select management fora that best balance their capabilities and interests. The features of a conflict management forum, which include decision control, transparency, and distributional biases, directly affect the outcome and long-term viability of negotiated settlements. States' ability to manipulate these features is an important part of the conflict bargaining process. In conclusion, the dissertation provides three answers to the motivating puzzle: States select management fora in order to balance power asymmetries and to enhance commitment to settlement, to identify focal points for settlement negotiations, and to break stalemates that could lead to violent breakdowns.

This dissertation documents a Garifuna community in transition as it seeks to attain international protection as an indigenous community. The Garifuna, an Afro-Indigenous group, have farmed and fished along the Caribbean Coast of Honduras for more than two hundred years, and they are attempting to protect access to natural resources that have been privatized and limited by development programs. Local Garifuna activists have mobilized community members to safeguard local resources by ensuring that community-held land titles are honored and that the community is preserved as culturally Garifuna. While tourism has been a major driver for the region economically, using the Garifuna culture and natural resources as attractions, the benefits have not been equitably distributed. Claims of economic success through tourism do not match the actual lived realities of community livelihoods, land use, local politics, development, and community discourses.

There were three underlying purposes to this study: 1) To test the main effect of gender on work -> family and family -> work conflict; 2) To re-examine the predictors of inter-role conflict used by Frone, Russell, and Cooper (1992) (i.e., job involvement, job stress, family involvement, and family stress); and 3) To investigate the importance of using personality characteristics as predictors of how individuals deal with inter-role conflict. A questionnaire was assembled, consisting of: a work -> family conflict spillover scale, a family -> work conflict spillover scale, a job involvement scale, a family involvement scale, a job stressors scale, a family stressors scale, and two sub-scales from the California Psychological Inventory (i.e., the Managerial Potential scale and the Work Orientation scale) . Questionnaires were completed by 134 employees of a civil service agency. Results indicated that gender was not a significant predictor of either work -> family or family ->work conflict. Job stress was found to be a significant predictor of both work -> family, and family ->work conflict. Where as family stress was found to be a significant predictor of family -> work conflict only. Job involvement was found to be a significant predictor of work -> family conflict for managers only. When all predictors were assessed simultaneously, Work Orientation was the only variable found to be a significant predictor of work -> family conflict. The results from this study clarify and add to Frone, Russell, and Cooper's (1992) study of the work-family interface.

Researchers and policy makers largely focus on gender-based violence (GBV) in eastern Congo’s conflict zones, leaving the remainder of the vast country understudied. Few in-depth studies exist regarding the nature and dynamics of gender-based violence that occurs in non-conflict zones in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) or on a regular basis within households of eastern DRC. This study uses the 2014 DRC Demographic Health Survey (DHS) data to explore the key factors that are associated with all forms of violence against women and girls in the DRC and takes a more refined look at the association between conflict and GBV than any other empirical study to date. By using a multilevel modeling approach, the research examines key risk factors at the individual, community and province level that influence a woman’s exposure or not to physical and sexual violence in the DRC. By developing and including variables that quantify social norms and attitudes as well as spatially joining data from the Armed Conflict Location and Event Database, the study analyzes the role of individual and contextual factors and the relationship between gender-based violence and conflict. Findings highlight that a woman’s experience of intergenerational violence and patriarchal norms at the individual and community levels are among the strongest predictors of GBV in the DRC, and that intimate partner violence (IPV) is the most prevalent form of GBV, even in areas of conflict. Surprising results show that a woman is less likely to experience GBV in areas of higher armed conflict – even when considering non-husband violence. The results do not show higher levels of IPV in areas that experience higher instances of violent conflict, contradicting studies conducted in other contexts. One of the most striking results of this study is the significant and consistent role that community-level variables play in the models -- demonstrating the valuable contribution of multilevel analysis and use of contextual variables. This study underscores how critical the use of “neighborhood” variables is to understanding GBV risks and validates the use of the ecological theoretical framework, moving beyond only individual risk factors to explain GBV in the DRC context. / 1 / Monica Carlson