O trabalho buscou identificar se o intemperismo acelerado Xênon, utilizando a norma ASTM D4452-12, em corantes naturais encapsulados em matriz de sílica pelo processo sol gel com o uso de alcóxidos, conforme descrito pela patente INPI BR 10 2013 0219835, e injetadas em matriz de policloreto de polivinila (PVC) preservam as características de cor original dos corantes. Utilizou-se comparação dos mesmos corantes naturais – carmim, curcuma, índigo e urucum – sem encapsulamento e com encapsulamento, e injetados na mesma matriz de PVC. Executou-se a determinação da variação da cor antes do ensaio de intemperismo e após 126 h, 252 h, 378 h e 504 h em câmara de intemperismo Xênon utilizando-se a norma ASTM D4459-12. Utilizou-se o corante Tartrazina (INS 102) um azo corante sem encapsulamento como comparação do comportamento dos corantes naturais com um corante sintético. Os resultados indicam que não houve proteção da perda da coloração para os corantes naturais encapsulados, sendo a perda de coloração mais acentuada que os não encapsulados. Concluiu-se que é necessário executar alguns cuidados nas fases de encapsulamento dos corantes naturais como: uma dispersão cuidadosa dos corantes naturais e inclusão de um processo de repetição do encapsulamento do xerogel. / The study aimed to identify the Xenon accelerated weathering, using ASTM D4452-12 standards, of natural dyes encapsulated in the silica matrix by the sol-gel process with the use of alkoxides as described by the patent INPI BR 10 2013 0219835, and injected into matrix of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) preserve characteristics of original color of the dye. We used to compare the same natural colors - carmine, turmeric, indigo and annatto - without encapsulation and with encapsulation, and injected into the same matrix of PVC. Performed to determine the change in color before the weathering test after 126 h, 252 h, 378 h and 504 h in Xenon weathering chamber using ASTM D4459- 12 standards. We used the dye Tartrazine (INS 102) an azo dye without encapsulation as a comparison of the behavior of natural dyes with a synthetic dye. The results indicate that there was no protection of natural dyes encapsulated, with the loss of saturation more severe than the non-encapsulated natural dyes. It follows that some care needs to perform the encapsulation stages of natural dyes as a careful dispersion of natural colorants includes a process of repeat the encapsulation of the xerogel.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-05-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:38:04Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 franco_jh_me_araiq.pdf: 2988463 bytes, checksum: 88bd780cb08b82dfd5bdd91af395a305 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A tintura de cabelo é um processo adotado por milhões de pessoas, independente da raça, sexo, nacionalidade, religião ou idade. No entanto, os métodos analíticos disponíveis para avaliação destes produtos em formulação comercial, efluentes de salão de beleza, esgotos e águas superficiais são escassos. O presente trabalho investiga o desenvolvimento de um método analítico baseado em cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detector de arranjo de diodos para determinação dos corantes: Azul básico 99, Violeta ácido 43, Marrom básico 16, Vermelho básico 76 e Amarelo básico 57, usados em tinturas semipermanentes de cabelo. As melhores condições experimentais para separação dos corantes de cabelo de interesse foram: acetonitrila/água 35:65 (v/v) com adição de 4,0 x 10-2 mol L-1 de líquido iônico tetrafluoroborato de 1-butil-3-metilimidazólio (BMIm-BF4), à fase móvel, vazão: 0,4 mL min-1. Nestas condições experimentais observa-se melhor resolução e definição dos picos presentes nos cromatogramas nos respectivos tempos de retenção: AB 99 (tr =8,80 min), VA 43 (tr =14,78 min), MB 16 (tr =19,10 min), VB 76 (tr =25,08 min) e AB 57 (tr =34,17 min), confirmados pelos respectivos espectros hidrodinâmicos UV-Vis obtidos e comparados com o padrão de cada corante. O uso de liquido iônico como aditivo da fase móvel mostrou-se relevante para a detecção de corantes de cabelo melhorando significativamente a separação e encaudamento dos picos. Curvas analíticas foram construídas para cada corante de cabelo no intervalo de concentração de 1,0x10-7 a 8,0x10-5 mol L-1. O índice de recuperação dos corantes em água fortificadas por cada corante indicou valores entre 84 – 117 %. Amostras da tintura de cabelo comercial (HF 65, Arianor) foram submetidas à análise usando o método proposto e a concentração obtida... / The hair dye is a process used by millions of people regardless of race, sex, nationality, religion or age. However, the analytical methods available for evaluating these products in pharmaceutical formulation effluent salon, sewers and surface waters are scarce. This paper investigates the development of an analytical method based on high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector for determination of dyes: Basic blue 99, Acid violet 43, Basic brown 16, Basic red 76 and Basic yellow 57 dyes used in semipermanent hair. Optimum conditions for separation of hair dyes of interest were acetonitrile / water 35:65 (v / v) with addition of 40 x 10-3 mol L-1 ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMIm-BF4), to the mobile phase flow rate: 0,4 ml min-1. Under these experimental conditions is observed better resolution and definition of these peaks in the chromatograms in the respective retention times: 99 AB (tr = 8.80 min) and VA 43 (tr = 14.78 min), 16 MB (tr = 19, 10 min), VB 76 (tr = 25.08 min) and 57 AB (tr = 34.17 min), confirmed by the respective UV-Vis spectra hydrodynamic obtained and compared with the pattern of each dye. The addition of ionic liquid additive as the mobile phase was found to be relevant for the detection of hair dyes significantly improved separation and peak tailing. Curves were constructed for each hair dye in the range of 1x10-7 to 8x10-5 mol L-1. The recovery rate of dyes in fortifield water indicated values between 84-117%. Samples of commercial hair dye (HF 65, Arianor) were analyzed using the proposed method and the concentration obtained for the dyes in the dye indicated the occurrence of AB 99, VA 43, MB 16, VB 76 and AB 57 in a concentration of 4,33 x 10-5, 8,81 x 10-6, 5,86 x 10-6, 1,31 x 10-4 and 1,99 x 10-5 mol L-1, respectively. The analytical method... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology Chemical Engineering In the Faculty of Engineering at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology / Wet textile processing (WTP), is faced with many challenges that are related to operating costs and market competiveness. WTP uses large amounts of water and electricity, which constitute a big portion of operating costs of dyehouses and other costs are related to releasing large quantities of water, high concentrations of dyes and chemicals into the textile effluents with possible effluents discharge limits (EDL) penalty charges if EDL are exceeded. EDL penalty costs had become a normative part of the operating costs for some WTP textile factories, making the EDL penalties, a monthly cost item, because water utilities and the effluent discharge are not controlled and optimized. Cotton dyeing is a complicated chemi-physical-sorption process that is not easy to perform efficiently. Inefficient dyeing (off-shades and un-level dyeing) sometimes results in several reprocessing steps, leading to mega litres of water and chemical usage. Inefficient dyeing can also lead to higher concentrations of dyes and chemicals in the dyeing effluents. The main objectives of this study were to investigate the applicability of electrocoagulation (EC) in treatment of reactive dyes textile effluents for safe discharge into sewers or forreuse and also to evaluate EC reaction kinetics in removal of various pollutants from reactive dyes textile effluent with a batch electrocoagulation reactor (ECR). To achieve these objectives; textile effluents to be used had to be created instead of using factory effluents because textile effluents vary between dyeing batches and reaction kinetics study require constant and consistent composition of effluents. This was done by following the standard commercial sample cotton-dyeing procedures. The dyeing and pre-bleaching procedures were formulated from literature sources. The dyeing and pre-bleaching were done to create the reactive dyes textile effluents with commercial sample dyeing machines; Washtec-P and Pyrotec-MB2 at liquor ratios of 10:1 and 20:1.

Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree: Doctor of Technology: DESIGN In the Faculty of Informatics and Design At the Cape Peninsula University of Technology / Currently, the South African leather tanning industry is dominated by chromium tanning which has been identified as highly polluting. Vegetable tanning is considered less environmentally hazardous. Yet, there have been no plans to promote it in South Africa. Vegetable tanning process utilises vegetable matter for converting animal skins or hides into pliable material that is known as leather. South Africa has a variety of plants that produce tannins. However, the focus of this study is on the mimosa locally known as black wattle (Arcacia miernsii). Furthermore, the South African vegetable tanning sector has been left behind in terms of research and development despite the country being endowed with the Mimosa plant that is widely used in the vegetable tanning process. The country is also endowed with surplus labour which can be absorbed by the leather industry which is labour intensive.

Orientador: Maria del Pilar Taboada Sotomayor / Banca: Paulo Clairmont Feitosa de Lima Gomes / Banca: Gustavo Troiano Feliciano / Banca: Débora Gonçalves / Banca: Ivo Milton Raimundo Junior / Resumo: Efluentes industriais contendo corantes são diariamente liberados no meio ambiente. O lançamento de efluentes têxteis provoca uma degradação ambiental considerável, modificando a coloração natural e prejudicando o sistema biológico aquático. Dentre esses corantes, a classe de corantes trifenilmetano é largamente empregada na indústria têxtil e apresenta problemas à saúde pública e ao meio ambiente quando despejados nos efluentes, devido à alta toxicidade e difícil degradação. Uma alternativa para a detecção e quantificação destes compostos é o desenvolvimento de sensores biomiméticos com transdução óptica, empregando como sistema de reconhecimento polímeros molecularmente impressos (MIP). A vantagem desta metodologia é a boa seletividade, sensibilidade, estabilidade dos MIP e baixo custo dos materiais empregados. O presente trabalho explora diferentes sínteses de polímeros impressos para os corantes têxteis: Vermelho Básico 9 (BR9), Verde Ácido 16 (AG16) e Verde de Metila (MG). Para isso foram avaliadas sínteses com diferentes monômeros funcionais e proporções molares entre os reagentes empregados para a polimerização. Todos os MIP apresentaram melhor desempenho na proporção 1:3:200 de molécula molde, monômero funcional e monômero estrutural, respectivamente. O corante BR9 mostrou boa interação com o monômero funcional ácido 2-acrilamino-2-metilpropano sulfônico por meio de ligação de hidrogênio, enquanto que os corantes AG16 e MG apresentaram afinidade com o monômero 1-vinilimidazol, por meio de interação íon-dipolo e π-cátion, respectivamente. Os MIP para os corantes BR9 e AG16 apresentaram boa porcentagem de religação (70 e 86%, respectivamente), fatores de impressão bastante satisfatórios (1,82 e 6,91, respectivamente) alta seletividade frente a outros corantes têxteis e grande eficiência na extração dos respectivos corantes em amostra... / Abstract: Industrial effluents containing dyes are daily released to the environment. The launch of textile effluents causes a considerable environmental degradation, changing the natural color and harming the aquatic biological system. Among these dyes, the class of triphenylmethane dyes is widely used in the textile industry and it presents problems to public health and the environment when discharged in the effluent due to the high toxicity and difficult degradation. An alternative for the detection and quantification of these compounds is the development of biomimetic sensors with optical transduction, employing Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIP) as recognition system. The advantage of this methodology is the good selectivity, sensitivity and stability of the MIP and low cost of materials. This work explores different synthesis of MIP for the textile dyes: Basic Red 9 (BR9), Acid Green 16 (AG16) and Methyl Green (MG). For this, the syntheses were evaluated with different functional monomers and molar ratios among the reagents employed for the polymerization. All MIP showed better performance in the ratio 1:3:200 of template, functional monomer and structural monomer, respectively. The dye BR9 showed good interaction with the functional monomer 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid by hydrogen bonding, while the dyes MG and AG16 have affinity with the monomer 1-vinylimidazole, by electrostatic and π-cation interaction, respectively. MIP for dyes BR9 and AG16 have good percentage of rebinding (70 and 86%, respectively), satisfactory imprinting factor (1.82 e 6.91, respectively), high selectivity in comparison with other textile dyes and high efficiency in extraction of the respective dyes in sample of textile industrial effluent, presenting recoveries around of 100%. However, the MIP for the dye MG has not presented satisfactory results, with rebinding values below 20%. Probably the MIP performance... / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:21:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 890995 bytes, checksum: 4c0bc26823987fb8daa080ac8761b740 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-13 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo - FAPESP / The interactions between lamellar silicate with dyes have been widely studied for analytical applications that are intended as and electrochemical adsorption. In this work, sodium vermiculite (Vs) and vermiculites exchanged with copper (V/Cu) and cobalt (V/Co) and through controlled leaching (Vac1 and Vac3) were synthesized. The vermiculite reacted with nitric acid at concentrations 1.0 and 3.0 mol/dm3 originating materials named as Vac1 and Vac3. The different solids were characterized by chemical analysis, absorption spectroscopy FTIR, XRD, thermogravimetry and surface area. The solids were used as adsorbents for methylene blue dye (AM) and blue meldola (AD). Leaching of sodium vermiculite originated restructured porous solids with high surface areas whose values were 133 and 673 m2 g-1 for Vac1 and Vac3, respectively. The AM maximum dye quantities retained (Nf) were 0,042, 0,029, 0,00085, 0,020 and 0,021 mmol g-1 para os sistemas for systems Vs, Vac1, Vac3, V/Co and V/Cu respectively. For dye AD, the values of Nf were 0,038, 11.2 and 11.9 mmol g-1 for Vs, V/Cu and V/Co. It was that the adsorption capacity was independent of the nature of the dyes, but was influenced by the interlayer cation. The interactive processes dye/clay reactions involving the insertion and/or ion exchange. Regardless of the solid, it was observed that as the leaching became more pronounced, was deacreased companing with the original vermiculite the reactivity of the activated matrices for the original vermiculite. Solids derived from vermiculite have shown potential adsorbents for species pollutants such as organic dyes in solution. / As interações entre silicatos lamelares com corantes têm sido extensamente estudadas devido aplicações analíticas a que se destinam como eletroquímica e adsorção. Neste trabalho, a vermiculita sódica (Vs) e modificadas por troca iônica com cobre (V/Cu) e cobalto (V/Co) e através de lixiviação controlada (Vac1 e Vac3) foram sintetizadas. A vermiculita foi submetida a tratamento ácido com o ácido nítrico nas concentrações 1,0 e 3,0 mol/L originando os materiais denominados Vac1 e Vac3. Os diversos sólidos foram caracterizados por analise química, espectroscopia de absorção na região do infravermelho, DRX, termogravimetria e área superficial. Os sólidos foram aplicados como adsorventes para os corantes azul de metileno (AM) e azul de meldola (AD). A lixiviação da vermiculita sódica originou sólidos porosos reestruturados com elevadas áreas superficiais cujos valores foram 133 e 673 m2 g-1 para Vac1 e Vac3, respectivamente. Os valores máximos de corante AM retido Nf foram de 0,042, 0,029, 0,00085, 0,020 e 0,021 mmol g-1 para os sistemas Vs, Vac1, Vac3, V/Co e V/Cu respectivamente. Enquanto para o corante AD, os valores de Nf máximos foram de 0,038, 0,015 e 0,011 mmol g-1 para os sistemas Vs, V/Cu e V/Co. Verificou-se que a capacidade de adsorção foi independente da natureza dos corantes, mas foi influenciada pela natureza do cátion interlamelar. Os processos interativos corante/argila envolveram reações de intercalação e/ou troca iônica. Independentemente do sólido, observou-se que a medida que a lixiviação se tornou mais acentuada, não houve um aumento na reatividade frente aos corantes das matrizes ativadas em relação a vermiculita original. Os sólidos derivados da vermiculita se mostraram adsorventes potenciais para espécies poluentes como corantes orgânicos em solução.

O trabalho buscou identificar se o intemperismo acelerado Xênon, utilizando a norma ASTM D4452-12, em corantes naturais encapsulados em matriz de sílica pelo processo sol gel com o uso de alcóxidos, conforme descrito pela patente INPI BR 10 2013 0219835, e injetadas em matriz de policloreto de polivinila (PVC) preservam as características de cor original dos corantes. Utilizou-se comparação dos mesmos corantes naturais – carmim, curcuma, índigo e urucum – sem encapsulamento e com encapsulamento, e injetados na mesma matriz de PVC. Executou-se a determinação da variação da cor antes do ensaio de intemperismo e após 126 h, 252 h, 378 h e 504 h em câmara de intemperismo Xênon utilizando-se a norma ASTM D4459-12. Utilizou-se o corante Tartrazina (INS 102) um azo corante sem encapsulamento como comparação do comportamento dos corantes naturais com um corante sintético. Os resultados indicam que não houve proteção da perda da coloração para os corantes naturais encapsulados, sendo a perda de coloração mais acentuada que os não encapsulados. Concluiu-se que é necessário executar alguns cuidados nas fases de encapsulamento dos corantes naturais como: uma dispersão cuidadosa dos corantes naturais e inclusão de um processo de repetição do encapsulamento do xerogel. / The study aimed to identify the Xenon accelerated weathering, using ASTM D4452-12 standards, of natural dyes encapsulated in the silica matrix by the sol-gel process with the use of alkoxides as described by the patent INPI BR 10 2013 0219835, and injected into matrix of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) preserve characteristics of original color of the dye. We used to compare the same natural colors - carmine, turmeric, indigo and annatto - without encapsulation and with encapsulation, and injected into the same matrix of PVC. Performed to determine the change in color before the weathering test after 126 h, 252 h, 378 h and 504 h in Xenon weathering chamber using ASTM D4459- 12 standards. We used the dye Tartrazine (INS 102) an azo dye without encapsulation as a comparison of the behavior of natural dyes with a synthetic dye. The results indicate that there was no protection of natural dyes encapsulated, with the loss of saturation more severe than the non-encapsulated natural dyes. It follows that some care needs to perform the encapsulation stages of natural dyes as a careful dispersion of natural colorants includes a process of repeat the encapsulation of the xerogel.