Purpose: Environmental and climate issues are constantly on the agenda. At the climatechange conference in Paris, it was decided that the global average temperature shouldnot increase more than 2°C. This means that the energy consumption must be reduced.With the EU's 2020 targets as a basis, national goals have been set, which means thatSweden will achieve a 20 %increase of the energy efficiency by 2020. The public sectorshould act as a role model, therefore the Swedish Energy Agency was handing out asubsidy between 2010 and 2014 as a contribution to local governments for improvingenergy efficiency in its own organization. The goal of this study is to analyze how theenergy efficiency subsidy has helped municipalities in their work to reduce the energyuse in its real estate, and what remains to do to reach the 2020 target.Method: To reach the goal both a qualitative and quantitative study has been made.The data collection methods was interviews, a document analysis and a literaturereview. A case study has been made together with Herrljunga municipality.Findings: The energy efficiency subsidy has several positive effects. The energy usehas been reduced by 8% between 2009 and 2014 for the whole country and the casestudy object has been reduced by 12%. This can be refer to that the municipality hasprioritized the issue of energy higher. Other positive effects include improved indoorclimate and user behavior and that they have better control over energy consumption.The energy work is proceeding in many municipalities after the subsidy, the work willbe financed with own funds. To achieve the goal they should continue the work thatthey began but also complete it with other actions. This may be, for example: replaceheating- and ventilation systems, train the user group and renovate energy smart.Implications: The study shows that the subsidy has provided a push to energy issuesin the municipalities, the subsidy has resulted in a decreased energy use. After thesubsidy stopped many municipalities continued to work when they have seen thebenefits. The study also shows that it is possible for Sweden's municipalities to achievea reduction of energy use by 20% by 2020 in their real estates. To reach this Swedishmunicipalities needs to continue to work actively with energy issues and make newenergy efficiency measures.Limitations: This study has been limited to the municipality's own real estates. Theresult of the study is not valid for all the municipalities that received the subsidy asindependent but it provides an overview of the outcome of the municipalities together. Every municipality can learn from this report. / Syfte: Miljö- och klimatfrågor är ständigt på agendan, vid klimatmötet i Parisbeslutades att höjningen av jordens medeltemperatur inte får överstiga 2°C. Dettainnebär att energianvändning måste minska. Med EU:s 2020-mål som grund har ettnationellt mål satts upp som innebär att Sverige ska öka energieffektiviteten med 20 %till 2020. Den offentliga sektorn ska agera förebild därför delade Energimyndighetenmellan 2010 och 2014 ut ett bidrag till kommuner och landsting förenergieffektivisering i den egna organisationen. Studiens mål är att undersöka hurEnergieffektiviseringsstödet har hjälpt kommunerna i arbete med att minskaenergianvändningen i sitt fastighetsbestånd samt vad som finns kvar att göra för att nå2020-målet.Metod: För att nå målet har både en kvalitativ och kvantitativ studie utförts.Empiriinsamlingen består av intervjuer, en dokumentanalys och en litteraturstudie. Enfallstudie är gjord tillsammans med Herrljunga kommun.Resultat: Energieffektiviseringsstödet har gett positiva effekter i de kommunalalokalerna. Minskningen av energianvändandet har sjunkit med 8 % mellan 2009-2014för hela landet och fallstudieobjektet har minskat med 12 %. Detta kan hänföras till attden kommunala verksamheten har prioriterat energifrågan högre än innan. Andrapositiva effekter är bättre inomhusklimat och brukarbeteende samt att de fått störrekontroll på energianvändningen. I de flesta kommuner fortlöper energiarbetet efterbidragets slut men med egen finansierade medel. För att nå målet bör man fortsättaarbete som påbörjats men även komplettera det med andra åtgärder. Detta kanexempelvis vara: byta värme- och ventilationssystem, utbilda brukargruppen, renoveraenergismart.Konsekvenser: Studien visar att bidraget har gett ökat fokus till energifrågorna ikommunerna har bidraget lett till en att energiförbrukningen minskat. Efter att bidragetslutade delas ut fortsätter många kommuner med arbetet då man sett vilka vinster detger. Studien visar också att det är möjligt för Sveriges kommuner att nå en minskningav energiförbrukningen med 20 % till 2020 i sitt fastighetsbestånd. För att nå hela vägendit behöver Sveriges kommuner fortsätta arbeta aktivt med energifrågorna och göra nyaenergieffektiviseringsåtgärder.Begränsningar: Denna studie är begränsad till kommunens egna fastigheter. Resultatetav studie är inte giltigt för varje kommun som mottagit bidraget men ger en översiktligbild över utfallet för kommunerna gemensamt. Alla kommuner kan lära något av denna studie.

Desde os anos 1980, o governo brasileiro vem realizando ações no sentido de promover a eficiência energética, seguindo a tendência mundial de se poupar energia, enfatizada após os dois choques do petróleo. No âmbito do segmento de energia elétrica, as ações de conservação de energia levaram à criação do PROCEL, em 1985. Nessa mesma linha, nos anos 1990, foi criado o Programa de Eficiência Energética (PEE/ANEEL). Desde então, este Programa tem sido a principal fonte de investimentos em projetos de eficiência energética no Brasil. Observa-se, entretanto, que nesta segunda década do novo milênio, o Brasil ainda apresenta níveis muito baixos de redução no consumo de energia elétrica, face aos potenciais por ele exibidos. Neste contexto, esta tese tem o objetivo de propor uma sistemática alternativa ao PEE/ANEEL, de forma a incentivar uma redução mais intensa de consumo de energia elétrica, visando a aproveitar melhor os potenciais existentes e também a reduzir barreiras à implantação de medidas e/ou projetos nessa linha. Para atingir tal objetivo, este trabalho propõe a implantação no país de um sistema denominado White Certificate. Este tipo de sistema se baseia na criação de um mercado para a energia economizada e, sendo assim, pode gerar aumento na atratividade financeira de projetos de eficiência energética. Para tanto, o trabalho partiu da análise de projetos de eficiência energética existentes e potenciais para simular e mensurar o potencial de incremento na atratividade financeira desses projetos, caso existisse a possibilidade de se comercializar a energia economizada. Os resultados indicam que a sistemática proposta mostrou-se um instrumento de incentivo eficaz, capaz de gerar um incremento significativo na atratividade financeira desses projetos, contribuindo para que mais agentes se interessem em promover e perseguir a eficiência energética no país. / Since the 1980s, the Brazilian government has undertaken actions to promote energy efficiency, following the global trend of concern over the issue after the two oil shocks. Within the electricity sector, electricity conservation actions lead to the creation of PROCEL in 1985. In the same vein, in the 1990s, the Energy Efficiency Program (PEE/ ANEEL) was created. Since then, this Program has been the main source of energy efficiency funds in Brazil. It is noted, however, that in this second decade of the new millennium, Brazil still presents quite low levels of reduction in power consumption compared to the potential that the country shows. In this context, this thesis aims to propose an alternative mechanism to the established PEE/ANEEL in order to encourage a more intense reduction of energy consumption. The proposed mechanism also aims at making better use of the existing potential for energy efficiency and at reducing the barriers to the implementation of measures and / or projects in this line. To achieve this goal, this work proposes the implementation in the country of a mechanism called White Certificates in which it is created a market for energy savings, in order to increase the financial attractiveness of energy efficiency projects. The research departures from the analysis of energy efficiency projects existing and potential ones and simulates the potential increase in financial attractiveness of these projects, if there were the possibility of trading the energy saved. The results indicate that the proposed mechanism can generate a significant increase in financial gains of these projects, attracting more agents interested in pursuing and investing in energy efficiency projects in the country.

A conjuntura nacional de crescimento econômico e populacional aliada aos programas habitacionais de combate ao déficit de moradias deixa antever o contínuo aumento da demanda energética no setor residencial, que deve ser alvo de políticas públicas de promoção de eficiência energética. O objetivo da presente dissertação é investigar o potencial do Código de Obras e Edificações (COE) do Município de São Paulo enquanto instrumento regulatório de promoção de eficiência energética e apresentar sugestões com vista à revisão do atual documento. Para tal dividiu-se a pesquisa em três temas: fatores que explicam o consumo energético (direto e indireto) das edificações e estratégias de minimização desse consumo; caracterização dos códigos de eficiência energética em edificações (CEEE), com destaque para o Código de Obras, e panorama internacional e brasileiro relativamente à sua adoção; caracterização do consumo energético do Município de São Paulo e análise dos requisitos de eficiência energética no atual COE. Atendendo à elevada taxa de novas construções e ao estoque de edifícios obsoletos com potencial de retrofitting defende-se que o Código de Obras, pela sua abrangência e obrigatoriedade, constitui um instrumento regulatório adequado à promoção da eficiência energética no setor de edificações no Município de São Paulo e sugere-se a revisão do atual COE com vista à introdução de requisitos de eficiência energética. Entre as sugestões apresentadas contam-se a segmentação das medidas dirigidas às moradias de interesse social e às chamadas edificações de mercado, definição de limites máximos para o valor de transmitância térmica dos elementos opacos da envoltória (paredes e cobertura) em ambientes condicionados e não condicionados e a exigência de um nível mínimo de eficiência energética para edificações e equipamentos instalados. Como contribuição da presente pesquisa cabe ainda destacar o cálculo da intensidade energética por unidade de área construída nos setores residencial e comercial no Município de São Paulo, indicador em falta na literatura e dados oficiais publicados. / The national economic and population growth in association with the housing programs to combat housing deficit are expected to result in future increase of energy demand in the residential sector. Considering the already high contribution of the building sector in the electricity consumption of Brazil, the development of policy measures aiming to promote energy efficiency in the sector should be encouraged. The main objective of this research is to investigate the potential of the Building Code (BC) of São Paulo municipality as a regulatory instrument to promote energy efficiency and make suggestions to revise it. To this end, the paper is divided in three parts: factors that explain the energy consumption (direct and indirect) of buildings and strategies to minimize it; characterization of Building Energy Efficiency Codes (BEEC) and the Brazilian and international panorama regarding its adoption; energy consumption of São Paulo municipality and analysis of energy efficiency requirements in the current BC. As a mandatory and comprehensive regulatory instrument, Building Codes are adequate do promote energy efficiency given the local reality of high annual rates of construction and the significant stock of old buildings which could benefit from retrofitting. Suggestions to a revision process of the BC of São Paulo Municipality include segmentation of energy efficient requirements according to social economic profile of buildings, definition of overall heat transfer coefficient values (U-factor) for building envelope components (walls and roof) of conditioned and non-conditioned areas, and definition of minimum energy efficiency levels for buildings and equipments. Additional contribution of this research includes estimation of electricity use per square meter of building floor area, for the residential and commercial sectors in São Paulo municipality.

A conjuntura nacional de crescimento econômico e populacional aliada aos programas habitacionais de combate ao déficit de moradias deixa antever o contínuo aumento da demanda energética no setor residencial, que deve ser alvo de políticas públicas de promoção de eficiência energética. O objetivo da presente dissertação é investigar o potencial do Código de Obras e Edificações (COE) do Município de São Paulo enquanto instrumento regulatório de promoção de eficiência energética e apresentar sugestões com vista à revisão do atual documento. Para tal dividiu-se a pesquisa em três temas: fatores que explicam o consumo energético (direto e indireto) das edificações e estratégias de minimização desse consumo; caracterização dos códigos de eficiência energética em edificações (CEEE), com destaque para o Código de Obras, e panorama internacional e brasileiro relativamente à sua adoção; caracterização do consumo energético do Município de São Paulo e análise dos requisitos de eficiência energética no atual COE. Atendendo à elevada taxa de novas construções e ao estoque de edifícios obsoletos com potencial de retrofitting defende-se que o Código de Obras, pela sua abrangência e obrigatoriedade, constitui um instrumento regulatório adequado à promoção da eficiência energética no setor de edificações no Município de São Paulo e sugere-se a revisão do atual COE com vista à introdução de requisitos de eficiência energética. Entre as sugestões apresentadas contam-se a segmentação das medidas dirigidas às moradias de interesse social e às chamadas edificações de mercado, definição de limites máximos para o valor de transmitância térmica dos elementos opacos da envoltória (paredes e cobertura) em ambientes condicionados e não condicionados e a exigência de um nível mínimo de eficiência energética para edificações e equipamentos instalados. Como contribuição da presente pesquisa cabe ainda destacar o cálculo da intensidade energética por unidade de área construída nos setores residencial e comercial no Município de São Paulo, indicador em falta na literatura e dados oficiais publicados. / The national economic and population growth in association with the housing programs to combat housing deficit are expected to result in future increase of energy demand in the residential sector. Considering the already high contribution of the building sector in the electricity consumption of Brazil, the development of policy measures aiming to promote energy efficiency in the sector should be encouraged. The main objective of this research is to investigate the potential of the Building Code (BC) of São Paulo municipality as a regulatory instrument to promote energy efficiency and make suggestions to revise it. To this end, the paper is divided in three parts: factors that explain the energy consumption (direct and indirect) of buildings and strategies to minimize it; characterization of Building Energy Efficiency Codes (BEEC) and the Brazilian and international panorama regarding its adoption; energy consumption of São Paulo municipality and analysis of energy efficiency requirements in the current BC. As a mandatory and comprehensive regulatory instrument, Building Codes are adequate do promote energy efficiency given the local reality of high annual rates of construction and the significant stock of old buildings which could benefit from retrofitting. Suggestions to a revision process of the BC of São Paulo Municipality include segmentation of energy efficient requirements according to social economic profile of buildings, definition of overall heat transfer coefficient values (U-factor) for building envelope components (walls and roof) of conditioned and non-conditioned areas, and definition of minimum energy efficiency levels for buildings and equipments. Additional contribution of this research includes estimation of electricity use per square meter of building floor area, for the residential and commercial sectors in São Paulo municipality.

Face aux problématiques liées à la consommation énergétique, les industriels prennent conscience de réduire cette consommation. Une des pistes possibles est de repenser les moyens de production qui dans la plupart des cas ont été conçus pour répondre principalement à des performances de productivité. Les solutions retenus mettent en œuvre des technologiques énergivores. En mettant en avant les contraintes énergétiques lors de la reconception des moyens de production, il est possible de réduire de manière significative la consommation énergétique sans pour autant changer le procédé.Cette thèse propose une méthodologie pour reconcevoir les moyens de production. Celle –ci s’appuie sur une approche « design for x » où x est l’efficacité énergétique. Dans un premier temps, l’analyse du moyen de production est effectuée et un indicateur d’efficacité et de gain potentiel a été défini. Cet indicateur est alors interprété lors de la reconception des moyens de production tout en s’assurant de la dépendance des actions de conception, évitant ainsi les transferts d’impacts. Ces actions sont structurées en 4 pistes de reconception. Cette méthodologie est illustrée à l’aide d’un cas d’étude. / Facing the problems related to energy consumption in industrial sites, the awareness of energyconsumption takes its important. Design for energy efficiency aimed at improving the energy efficiencyproduction system has now become one of the approaches that arouses the most interest among researchers.This thesis proposes a redesign methodology for energy efficiency while keeping the manufacturingprocess unchanged. This methodology is based on two main steps: the analysis of production system and itscomponents based on an energy efficiency indicator to obtain a sufficiently precise energy consumptioncartography, the proposal of redesign scenario aimed at changing the current design based on differentguidelines. In terms of illustrations, a case study conducted in a machining center is used to illustrate themethodology proposed.

Renovation of the existing buildings in Sweden represents a great potential to achieve the energy efficiency and carbon emission targets set by the European Union and the Swedish government. The Energy Performance Contracting (EPC) is regarded as an efficient way to manage and to outsource the risks of energy efficiency (EE) measures. The thesis aims to identify the theoretical framework of EPC in the Swedish scenario and, through a real case, develop a model that relates EE measures and its results considering the capital investment versus running costs of renovation projects. The work is based on the incorporation with the Morastrand AB. The research expects to assess EPC processes and measures as in Energy Service Companies (ESCO) and consequently help in the decision making and the management of the projects. The thesis is composed of two parts. The first part identifies the theoretical framework of energy contract models focusing on the EPC, while a case study with Morastrand AB is subsequently presented. It is suggested one approach for the preliminary comparison of different renovation measures in EE projects, corresponding to the first step of the planning phase of an EPC. General recommendations and sensitive factors were identified and can assist Morastrand AB to effectively implement EE projects in the future. For orienting investments, the Lifecycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) is a method to study solutions under economic aspects and further it can be extended to the complete Lifecycle Assessment of the upcoming projects. The theoretical framework of the EPC is composed by identifying the projects, performing the technical analysis, determinizing the potential in energy savings, deepening the analysis with auditions, tendering the project, designing and executing the project, commissioning, operating and supporting the systems with constant monitoring and maintenance. The biggest challenge for the EPC in Sweden is the relation between the ESCOs and their clients. The figure of the facilitator could improve the results and balance the knowledge gap between the parts. The actors of these projects are the ESCO, the client, the facilitator and the financing part. In Sweden, very frequently the client finances the operation. There are a few models of contracting, and the most popular are guaranteed savings and shared savings. The thesis performed the LCCA of three options for window replacement in a building at the end of its lifespan. The results show that the trends in prices and interest rates are sensitive factors. In this case, the projects with higher initial investments were more profitable. Those solutions can shield the company against energy prices escalates and contribute to the green policies.

Desde os anos 1980, o governo brasileiro vem realizando ações no sentido de promover a eficiência energética, seguindo a tendência mundial de se poupar energia, enfatizada após os dois choques do petróleo. No âmbito do segmento de energia elétrica, as ações de conservação de energia levaram à criação do PROCEL, em 1985. Nessa mesma linha, nos anos 1990, foi criado o Programa de Eficiência Energética (PEE/ANEEL). Desde então, este Programa tem sido a principal fonte de investimentos em projetos de eficiência energética no Brasil. Observa-se, entretanto, que nesta segunda década do novo milênio, o Brasil ainda apresenta níveis muito baixos de redução no consumo de energia elétrica, face aos potenciais por ele exibidos. Neste contexto, esta tese tem o objetivo de propor uma sistemática alternativa ao PEE/ANEEL, de forma a incentivar uma redução mais intensa de consumo de energia elétrica, visando a aproveitar melhor os potenciais existentes e também a reduzir barreiras à implantação de medidas e/ou projetos nessa linha. Para atingir tal objetivo, este trabalho propõe a implantação no país de um sistema denominado White Certificate. Este tipo de sistema se baseia na criação de um mercado para a energia economizada e, sendo assim, pode gerar aumento na atratividade financeira de projetos de eficiência energética. Para tanto, o trabalho partiu da análise de projetos de eficiência energética existentes e potenciais para simular e mensurar o potencial de incremento na atratividade financeira desses projetos, caso existisse a possibilidade de se comercializar a energia economizada. Os resultados indicam que a sistemática proposta mostrou-se um instrumento de incentivo eficaz, capaz de gerar um incremento significativo na atratividade financeira desses projetos, contribuindo para que mais agentes se interessem em promover e perseguir a eficiência energética no país. / Since the 1980s, the Brazilian government has undertaken actions to promote energy efficiency, following the global trend of concern over the issue after the two oil shocks. Within the electricity sector, electricity conservation actions lead to the creation of PROCEL in 1985. In the same vein, in the 1990s, the Energy Efficiency Program (PEE/ ANEEL) was created. Since then, this Program has been the main source of energy efficiency funds in Brazil. It is noted, however, that in this second decade of the new millennium, Brazil still presents quite low levels of reduction in power consumption compared to the potential that the country shows. In this context, this thesis aims to propose an alternative mechanism to the established PEE/ANEEL in order to encourage a more intense reduction of energy consumption. The proposed mechanism also aims at making better use of the existing potential for energy efficiency and at reducing the barriers to the implementation of measures and / or projects in this line. To achieve this goal, this work proposes the implementation in the country of a mechanism called White Certificates in which it is created a market for energy savings, in order to increase the financial attractiveness of energy efficiency projects. The research departures from the analysis of energy efficiency projects existing and potential ones and simulates the potential increase in financial attractiveness of these projects, if there were the possibility of trading the energy saved. The results indicate that the proposed mechanism can generate a significant increase in financial gains of these projects, attracting more agents interested in pursuing and investing in energy efficiency projects in the country.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2017-05-22T19:18:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Antonio Luiz Ferrador Filho.pdf: 5915578 bytes, checksum: 551fba401297a5d3da42829909edc17d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-22T19:18:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Antonio Luiz Ferrador Filho.pdf: 5915578 bytes, checksum: 551fba401297a5d3da42829909edc17d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-23 / The building sector is one of the largest consumers of energy in global terms, hence the importance of search for energy efficiency in this Field. According to the buildings life cycle, it is in the operational phase in which the highest energy consumption occurs. This research aimed to identify opportunities for energy efficiency improvements in a public, existing and operational Tribunal de Justiça de São Paulo building. The applied method was the case study. Data were collected in unstructured interviews and technical visits at the site, as well as related documentation examination. The data were analyzed by the PROCEL-Edifica prescriptive method, obtaining energy classification for the three characteristics of the building: the envelope got the label C, the illumination got label C and the conditioning of air got label B. The building general classification obtained was label C. The implications of this work for practice are in indicating potential improvements in the building's facilities to increase energy efficiency and in the analysis of potential and limitations for the study replication in other buildings. Some of the potential improvements identified were: change of fluorescent lamps to LEDs, change in the rooms lighting circuit, use of polarized films in the building’s glass, improvement in the vertical and horizontal shading of tower façades by using elements that reduce the direct incidence of sunlight. A basic investment payback period analysis for some improvements was conducted, as a examples to a action priorities definition. The method used can serve as a basis of a systematic to be replicated in other TJ/SP buildings. This study can contribute to the enhancement of the TJ/SP Sustainable Logistics Plan, in its line of buildings energy efficiency. In general, the prescriptive method accepted by PROCEL-Edifica criteria is indicated for this study’s replication in other buildings of the TJ/SP, due to the agility to change parameters theoretically and obtain results that may guide the introduction of energetic efficiency improvement measures. However, the “envelope” dimension evaluation has a more complex replication and possibly will require trained technicians participation when analyzing other buildings. / O setor de edificações é um dos maiores consumidores de energia em termos globais, daí a importância da busca da eficiência energética neste campo. Levando em conta o ciclo de vida das construções, é na sua fase operacional em que ocorre o maior consumo de energia. Esta pesquisa buscou identificar oportunidades de melhorias em eficiência energética em um edifício do Tribunal de Justiça de São Paulo, público, existente e operacional. O método aplicado foi o estudo de caso. Os dados foram coletados em entrevistas não estruturadas e visitas técnicas no local, além do exame de documentação relacionada. Foi feita a análise dos dados pelo método prescritivo do PROCEL-Edifica, obtendo classificação energética para as três características do prédio: a envoltória foi caracterizada com a etiqueta C, a iluminação a etiqueta C e o condicionamento de ar a etiqueta B. A classificação geral do prédio obtida foi etiqueta C. As implicações deste trabalho para a prática estão na indicação de potenciais melhorias nas instalações do prédio para aumento da eficiência energética e na análise de potencial e limitações para a replicação do estudo em outros prédios. Algumas das potenciais melhorias identificadas foram: mudança de lâmpadas fluorescentes para LED, alteração no circuito de iluminação de salas, uso de filmes polarizados nos vidros, melhoria no sombreamento vertical e horizontal das fachadas da torre pela utilização de elementos que diminuam a incidência direta da luz solar, como brises. Uma análise básica de tempo de retorno de investimento para algumas melhorias foi feito, demonstrando possível priorização de ações. O método usado pode servir como base de uma sistemática a ser replicada em outros edifícios do TJ/SP. Esse estudo visa contribuir para o aperfeiçoamento do Plano de Logística Sustentável do TJ/SP, na sua linha de eficiência energética de edifícios. No geral o método prescritivo aceito pelos critérios do PROCEL-Edifica é indicado para replicação do estudo em outros prédios do TJ/SP, devido a agilidade para alterar parâmetros teoricamente e obter resultados que orientem a introdução de medidas de melhorias da eficiência energética. No entanto, a avaliação da dimensão "envoltória" tem uma replicação mais complexa e possivelmente exigirá a participação de técnicos treinados quando da análise de outros edifícios.

Energy efficiency has developed into an important objective for industrial enterprises. However, there is still a need for systematic approaches to reduce energy consumption in factories. Existing methods focus on the optimization of manufacturing processes and lack upon considering the entire factory system. Additionally, they are based on a detailed quantitative analysis of processes and thus, they need a high effort during the phase of data acquisition. Therefore, an approach for reducing energy consumption by providing energy efficiency measures to factory planning participants was developed in order to overcome these barriers. The general approach is described in this paper and supported with a use case that demonstrates the required information and possible outcomes in terms of energy efficiency information. Main advantages of this approach are reducing the effort to acquire energy data and the possibility to consider the factory system holistically.

While the utilization of energy efficiency has grown in recent years, it has not been distributed evenly across the country. In some states, over 2% of a utility’s budget is spent on energy efficiency; in other states that number is 0. Much of the growth in energy efficiency has been due to state policies and the development utility-level energy efficiency programs. Yet, all utility programs are not created equal. Because they are often exempt from state regulation (and therefore state energy efficiency policy), publicly-owned utilities have traditionally lagged behind IOUs when it comes to EE programs. This research quantifies energy efficiency programs in four Midwestern states: Iowa, Indiana, Michigan and Wisconsin. The first part of the thesis evaluates 474 electric utilities as to whether they had an energy efficiency program in 2010. The second part of the thesis evaluates each utility’s EE program spending in terms of energy and utility specific factors, as well as socio-economic, housing stock and political variables. Through descriptive statistical analysis and the creation of a predictable linear regression model, this thesis identifies relationships between the dependent variable (EE program spending as a % of a utility’s total revenue) and commonly cited barriers to EE program development. Through the analysis, this study finds widespread EE program coverage in Iowa, Michigan and Wisconsin. Also, it finds states are the greatest predictor of utility energy efficiency program spending. A utility’s ownership type and the share of homes that heat with electricity are also significant predictors of program spending.