<p>Oilseed is the third most important export item in Ethiopian foreign trade. It has registered a high export growth rate over recent years both in terms of volume and value. Besides its growing share in export, it is widely used for the extraction of edible oil and oilcake that is supplied to the domestic market. Although farmers are the primary producers of oilseeds, they are not able to benefit from the growing market share of the product due to the fact that they find themselves at the end of an extended market chain. As a result they only receive a very small proportion of what the final buyers are paying for the oilseed products. In addition, there is not much experience on the part of the farmers to process oilseeds, change it to edible oil and oilcake and retain the value addition in the local economy. This thesis used the value chain approach to investigate the possibilities for the primary producers to increase their income share from the selling of their products either by directly selling to exporters or by processing oilseeds, producing edible oil and oilcake, and retaining the value addition in the local economy.</p>

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Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Western Sydney, 2003. / Thesis submitted as fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, August, 2003. Bibliography : leaves [281]-310.

Thesis (doctoral)--Humboldt-Universität, Berlin, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 201-208).

The study was conducted in the Bilate River Watershed. Bilate River is one of the inland rivers of Ethiopia that drains in to the northern watershed of the Lake Abaya-Chamo Drainage Basin which forms part of the Main Ethiopian Rift and in turn is part of an active rift system of the Great Rift Valley in Africa. This study examined the extent and nature of rainfall variability from recorded data while estimation of evapotranspiration was derived from recorded weather data. Future climate scenarios of precipitation and temperature for the Bilate Watershed were also generated. Analysis of rainfall variability was made by the rainfall anomaly index, coefficient of variance and Precipitation Concentration Index. The FAO-56 reference ET (ETo) approach was used to determine the amount of evapotranspiration. Estimation of the onset and the end of the growing season, and the length of the growing period was done using Instat software. The results show that mean annual rainfall of the upper (2307 m.a.s.l), middle (1772 m.a.s.l) and lower (1361 m.a.s.l) altitude zones of the watershed are in the order of 1100 mm, 1070 mm and 785 mm with CV of 12%, 15% and 17% respectively. Based on the rainfall data record of the latest 30 years, there was a high temporal anomaly in rainfall between 1980 and 2013. The wettest years recorded a Rainfall Anomaly Index of +5, +6 and +8 for stations in the upper, middle and lower altitude zones respectively, where the driest year recorded value is -5 in all the stations. The average onset date of rainfall for the upper zone is April 3+ 8 days, for the middle zone April 10 + 10 days and for the lower zone April 11+ 11 days with CV of 23%, 26% and 29% respectively. The average end dates of the rainy season in the upper and middle zones are October 3+ 5 days and September 25+ 7 days with CV 5% and 7%. The main rainy season ends earlier in the lower zone; it is on July 12 + 10 days with CV of 14%. Climate change scenarios were generated for two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs): RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 using 20 GCMs from CMIP5 bias-corrected under three future time slices, near-term (2010-2039), mid-century (2040-2069) and end-century (2071-2099). Rainfall is projected to increase in total amount under all-time slices and emissions pathways but with pronounced inter and intra-variability. Minimum temperature will significantly increase during mid-century by 1.810C (RCP 4.5) and xiii 2.550C (RCP 8.5) and by 2.10C (RCP 4.5) and 4.270C (RCP8.5) during end-century. The projected increase in maximum temperature during mid-century is 1.430C under RCP 4.5 and 1.99 0C under RCP 8.5 and during end-century by 1.650C under RCP 4.5 and 3.50C under RCP8.5 during end-century. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was selected to simulate stream flow of the watershed. The Alaba Kulito gauging station monthly stream flows from 1990 to 1996 and 1997 to 2002 were used for stream flow calibration and validation respectively. The respective statistical results of the coefficient of determination (R2), Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient (NSE) and percent bias (PB) are 0.79, 0.78 and 0.56 for the calibration period and 0.64, 0.60 and -21.7 for the validation period which show that the model predicted the stream flow at the Alaba Kulito gauging station reasonably. The annual stream flow increased progressively throughout the century for all time periods under both RCP scenarios. The increases under RCP 8.5 scenario are the larger compared to RCP 4.5 scenarios, approximately 42.42% during the 2080s period. The six GCMs selected to see the uncertainties related to GCMs suggest that the river flow will change by small amounts of −6.18 to 7.83% change compared with the baseline. The simulated runoff in the Bilate River depends on the projected amount of rainfall embedded in the GCM structures selected to simulate the future climate and is less dependent on the local temperature increment. The study also assessed the farmers‘ perceptions of the changes on climatic variables and their adaptation options to the impacts of climate variability and change. The determinant factors that influence the choice of farmers to climate change adaptation were also investigated. Above 92% of the surveyed farm households perceived variability and change in climatic variables but 59% of the households participated in one or other of the six major adaptation strategies which most prevailed inside farmers of the watershed. Changing crop variety, using water harvesting scheme, intensifying irrigation, using cover crop or/and mulching, reducing the number of livestock owned and getting offfarm jobs are the main adaptation strategies used by the farming households. The results from the binary logistic model further showed that age and educational level of the household head, farm size and the income level of the household are household characteristics that significantly affect the choice of adaptation options, while access to climate information in the form of seasonal forecasts and local agro ecology are other factors that determined the selection of adaptation methods by the farming households in the study area. The main constraints to adaptation to climate change in the study area were seen to be the knowledge gap in the form of lack of information, shortage of labour and minimal land size. These were the three most explained constraints to climate change as explained by responding household heads. / Environmental Sciences / D. Litt. et Phil. (Environmental Sciences)

My goal in this research was to identify the reasons for the turnover of police officials in the Amhara National Regional State of Ethiopia in order for the Amhara National Regional State Police Commission to retain a greater number of police personnel in future. A further purpose was to share and introduce a number of important reasons for turnover, namely poor salary, low emphasis by government, risk of work in policing, hardship of policing, lack of extra pay for extra work, unfair decisions and unequal treatment, tentativeness of the rules and regulations, lack of an incentive/reward system, unfair transfer and lack of transfer, lack of promotion, lack of respect for policing on the part of the community, lack of participation in decisions, inadequate equipment, and lack of and unfair educational opportunities. The research describes to what extent the poor salary and low emphasis on policing by the government influence turnover. It clearly portrays the emphasis placed by all respondents on these two factors in particular. Finally, this research explains the responsibility of police management structures to establish and maintain diversified management situations so that relatively safe and agreeable conditions pertain at all levels of the police service and in all areas of the work of an official. Therefore, the researcher hopes that the senior management of the Amhara Police Commission will recognise the seriousness of the problem of turnover and will improve the internal management of the organisation in the interests of all inhabitants of the region. / Police Practice / M. Tech. (Policing)

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document / Thesis (PhD (Agricultural Economics))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / unrestricted

In this research, the researcher is analysing the models of development in Ethiopia on ADLI policy after the Ethio-Eritrean War of 1998-2000. As a post- conflict country it is always important to know how a country reconstructs its economy after the war. The researcher will give a brief background of Ethiopia with her different regime changes. Ethiopia is a landlocked country and is found in the Horn of Africa. Her boarders are Eritrea on the north and north east, and Djibouti and Somalia on the East, Kenya on the south, on the west and south west by Sudan. (BCC) Ethiopia has been under three remarkably different political regimes; the feudal imperial era under Emperor Haile Selassie; the socialist military dictatorship of Colonel Mangistu’s Derg; and the marketoriented Western aligned democracy of Prime Minister Meles Zenawi.(Devereux et al,2005:121 ) Each regime had applied different policies on agriculture which employs 80 percent of the population. Feudal policies where the land was in the hands of the landlords failed during Selassie’s regime and this was proved by the famine of 1974. He was overthrown by Derg in a coup in 1974. Derg introduced a “radical agrarian transformation based on land redistribution. His policies on agriculture were based on the Marxist egalitarian ideology and by conviction that feudal relations in agriculture had exposed millions of highland Ethiopians to intolerable levels of poverty and vulnerability.” (Devereux et al, 2005:121-122). According to Derg’s agricultural policy land was confiscated from the landlords and was redistributed to the rural farmers and it was trying to break inequalities over land control and it aimed at achieving agricultural productivity and rural incomes. Derg’s regime was overthrown by Ethiopian Peoples’ Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) in 1991. EPRDF further continued with land redistribution in the wake of 1990s and it gave farmlands to demobilised soldiers and tried to correct the inequalities that emerged with time as farming families were growing. (Devereux et al, 2005:122) In all these regimes, land was owned by the state. Ethiopian economy is based on agriculture which contributes 47 percent to GNP and more than 80 percent of exports, and employs 85 percent of the population. Ethiopia’s agriculture is plagued by periodic droughts, soil degradation emanating from poor agricultural practices and overgrazing, deforestation, high population density, underdeveloped water resources and poor transport infrastructure which makes extremely difficult and expensive to get goods to the market. (BCC, 07) The EPRDF came up with the new agricultural policy in the beginning of 1991 and it was known as Agriculture Development Led Industrialisation (ADLI). ADLI is the policy that emphasised on modernising smallholder agriculture and intensifying yield productivity through the supply of appropriate technology, certified seeds, fertilizers, rural credit facilities and technical assistance. (Getachew, 2003:9) This policy introduced some reforms in agriculture as it introduced a nationwide agricultural extension program, the propagation of laws that liberalised the purchasing and distribution of inputs and to increase and to make credit facilities available to rural farmers. In 1995 Minister of Agriculture (MoA) introduced a vehicle to drive the policy, which was called the Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to End Poverty (PADETES). The PADETES started with 32047 farmers on board. The aim was to educate farmers in new farming methods which will increase productivity and make farmers self sufficient. Agriculture Sample Survey 2009/10 states that ‘country’s experience showed that farmers’ attitude and tendency to adapt and accept new innovations, modern agricultural techniques and technologies, such as use of fertilizers, irrigation, improved seeds and pesticides that help to improve their living standards through attaining enhanced productivity, do have positive impact on the development on the agricultural sector as a whole.’(Central Statistical Agency, 2010: i) Teshome (2006:1) shows complexity of Ethiopian agriculture when he says that it largest contributor to the GDP, exports and foreign earnings and it employs almost 85 percent of the population. On the contrary, despite its socio-economic importance its performance continues to be low due to many natural and manmade factors which will be discussed in this research.

Background- At the local, regional, national and global levels, unsafe abortion takes a tremendous toll on girls, women, families, communities, health systems and nations. An estimated 46 million induced abortions are performed annually with 78,000 deaths globally each year. In Ethiopia, unsafe abortion accounts for nearly 60% of all gynaecological admissions and almost 30.0% of all obstetric admission, about 22-54% of direct obstetric deaths are due to unsafe abortion. EC is increasingly regarded as a means to reduce abortion rates Objective – The aim of this study is to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of female college students’ towards sex and emergency contraceptives so as to prevent unintended pregnancy. Methods – A descriptive cross sectional survey was conducted among 352 sampled female college students of Dessie, Ethiopia from June 4 to June 5/2012. Selfadministered questionnaire was used to collect the data. Data was entered into a computer using Microsoft Excel 2007 and analyzed using SPSS version 16.0 statistical software and Binary logistic regression analyses are used to measure the associations. Result- The age of students ranged from 18 to 25 years. Of the total respondents 36.6% ever had sexual experience, 53.3% know at least one regular modern contraceptive method, 69.9% heard about emergency contraceptives (EC) but, only 33.9 % had good knowledge about EC and 15.4% of them had ever used it. Conclusion & recommendation- Less than fifty percent of the respondents were knowledgeable about EC. The correct knowledge of the method such as the time limit is lacking for most of the students. Information, education & communication to increase awareness and knowledge about emergency contraceptive is important. Contraception information sessions should address; full details how the EC works and full details of how the contraceptives should be taken / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

Please read the abstract in the 00front part of this document Copyright 2004, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Bayu, W 2004, Growth, development and yield responses of sorghum to water deficit stress, nitrogen fertilizer, organic fertilizer, and planting density, PhD thesis, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-09202006-093510 / > / Thesis (PhD (Agronomy))--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Plant Production and Soil Science / unrestricted