Thesis--University of Oklahoma. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 64-65).

Το οστό είναι ένα βιογενές υλικό, το οποίο συνίσταται από μια ανόργανη φάση, το βιοαπατίτη (~70%) και την οργανική φάση (~30%). Η οργανική φάση αποτελείται από ίνες κολλαγόνου τύπου Ι (οι οποίες αποτελούν το 90% της ολικής πρωτεΐνης του οστού) και πολυάριθμες μη κολλαγονούχες πρωτεΐνες (οι οποίες αποτελούν το υπόλοιπο 10% της ολικής πρωτεΐνης του οστού). Το κολλαγόνο τύπου Ι είναι μια εξαιρετικά ινώδης πρωτεΐνη με σταυροδεσμούς, που προσδίδει στο οστό μηχανικές και βιοχημικές ιδιότητες. Οι κρύσταλλοι του βιοαπατίτη, ενός μη στοιχειομετρικού αναλόγου του υδροξυαπατίτη [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2], βρίσκονται πάνω και μέσα στις ίνες του κολλαγόνου και τείνουν να είναι προσανατολισμένοι στην ίδια κατεύθυνση με αυτές. Ο όρος «ποιότητα οστού» αναφέρεται στο σύνολο των συνθετικών και αρχιτεκτονικών ιδιοτήτων του οστέινου ιστού που καθορίζουν τις ιδιότητες του υλικού και την ικανότητά του να εκτελεί μηχανικές λειτουργίες. Οι μη-επεμβατικές τεχνικές που χρησιμοποιούνται για τη μέτρηση της Οστικής Πυκνότητας (Bone Mineral Density) παρουσιάζουν εγγενή προβλήματα, καθώς η απορρόφηση ακτίνων Χ στις οποίες βασίζονται, είναι ευαίσθητη μόνο στο ανοργανο συστατικό του οστού (βιοαπατίτη) χωρίς να λαμβάνουν υπόψη το οργανικό (κολλαγόνο τύπου Ι). Έτσι, υπάρχει η ανάγκη για ανάπτυξη νέων τεχνικών, όπως η φασματοσκοπία Raman, με την οποία μπορεί να αξιολογηθεί η ποιότητα ενός οστού χρησιμοποιώντας πληροφορίες όπως είναι η ποσότητα και το είδος των σταυροδεσμών του, ο λόγος ανόργανης προς οργανική φάση, η κρυσταλλικότητα του οστού (λόγος ανθρακικών προς φωσφορικά), κ.ά. Στην παρούσα εργασία μελετήθηκε λοιπόν η ποιότητα ανθρώπινων γνάθων με χρήση φασματοσκοπίας Raman. Από τα φάσματα Raman που καταγράφηκαν επελέγησαν οι κορυφές που οφείλονται στο βιοαπατίτη και στο κολλαγόνο. Χρησιμοποιήθηκαν δυο δείκτες, ο λόγος βιοαπατίτη προς κολλαγόνο (Mineral to Matrix Ratio) και ο λόγος των μη αναγώγιμων σταυροδεσμών του κολλαγόνου προς τους αναγώγιμους σταυροδεσμούς του. Στην πρώτη περίπτωση, χρησιμοποιήθηκε ο λόγος των κορυφών στους 960 cm-1 για το βιοαπατίτη και το άθροισμα των κορυφών στους 855, 875 και 920 cm-1 για το κολλαγόνο, οι οποίες αποδίδονται στα αμινοξέα προλίνη και υδροξυπρολίνη του κολλαγόνου [960 cm-1 / (855 cm-1 + 875 cm-1 + 920 cm-1)]. Στην περίπτωση του λόγου των σταυροδεσμών του κολλαγόνου, χρησιμοποιήθηκε η περιοχή του αμιδίου Ι, και συγκεκριμένα οι δονήσεις στους 1658 και 1668 cm-1 για τους μη αναγώγιμους σταυροδεσμούς και οι δονήσεις στους 1680 και 1690 cm-1 για τους αναγώγιμους σταυροδεσμούς του κολλαγόνου [(1658 cm-1 + 1668 cm-1) / (1680 cm-1 + 1690 cm-1)]. Χρησιμοποιώντας αυτούς του δείκτες κατασκευάστηκαν διαγράμματα για την εκτίμηση της ποιότητας των οστών ανά σημείο ή/και ανά περιοχή των γνάθων. Από τη μελέτη προέκυψε ότι κάθε οστό έχει διαφορετικές μηχανικές ιδιότητες οι οποίες ποικίλουν είτε από πλευρά σε πλευρά της γνάθου ή σημειακά. Οι διαφοροποιήσεις αυτές πιθανόν σχετίζονται με τις συνήθειες του ανθρώπου, όπως π.χ. η μάσηση. Επίσης, έγινε προσπάθεια σύγκρισης των αποτελεσμάτων της φασματοσκοπίας Raman με την εγκαθιδρυμένη τεχνική DEXA η οποία αποτελεί το golden standard. Οι τιμές BMD (Bone Mineral Density) που συνελλέγησαν με την DEXA, συγκρίθηκαν με τις τιμές του MMR. Παρόλο που οι δυο τεχνικές αξιολογούν διαφορετικά στοιχεία, φάνηκε ότι υπάρχει συσχέτιση αποτελεσμάτων, καθώς περιοχές υψηλής και χαμηλής οστικής πυκνότητας αντιστοιχούν σε υψηλές και χαμηλές τιμές του MMR, αντίστοιχα. Επιπλέον, μελετήθηκαν και οι μεταβολές που προκλήθηκαν στο κολλαγόνο του οστού λόγω της μη συντήρησης του υλικού. Φάσματα Raman καταγράφηκαν σε τμήμα οστού της ανθρώπινης γνάθου πριν και μετά την ενυδάτωση με ρυθμιστικό διάλυμα PBS (Phosphate Buffer Solution). Οι κορυφές της περιοχής του αμιδίου Ι, χρησιμοποιηθήκαν για τον υπολογισμό των εξής λόγων: 1660 cm-1 / 1690 cm-1, 1658 cm-1 / 1660 cm-1 και (1658 cm-1 + 1668 cm-1) / 1690 cm-1. Από τους παραπάνω λόγους, φαίνεται ότι η κορυφή στα 1658 cm-1 μπορεί να αποδοθεί στην αφυδατωμένη μορφή του κολλαγόνου. Η χρήση του ρυθμιστικού διαλύματος PBS βοηθά στη συντήρηση των οστών χωρίς να επηρεάζει τη δευτεροταγή δομή του κολλαγόνου τους. / Bone is a biogenic material which is distinguished from other forms of connective tissues by the fact that it becomes extremely hard. It consists of an inorganic phase, the bioapatite (~70%), and an organic matrix (~30%). Bone matrix is formed by type I collagen fibers (which make up 90% of the total protein of bone) and numerous non-collagenous proteins. Type I collagen is a highly cross-linked fibrillar protein which enhances the mechanical and biochemical properties of bone. On the other hand, crystals of bioapatite, a non-stoichiometric analogous of hydroxyapatite [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2] are found on and within the collagen fibers and they tend to be oriented in the same direction as the collagen fibers. The term "bone quality" refers to the ensemble of composition and architectural properties of bone tissue that together determine its material properties and its ability to perform mechanical functions. Non invasive techniques are used to measure Bone Mineral Density (BMD) but they have the disadvantage that they emit X rays and that they are able to account just the mineral matrix of bone (bioapatite) without considering the organic which also contributes to the bone strength. These reasons reinforce the need for finding new methods as Raman spectroscopy, which may be used for the estimation of numerous indicators associated with bone strength, such as the amount and the kind of collagen fibers, the ratio of inorganic/organic phase, crystallinity, bone aging, etc. In this work, Raman spectroscopy was used for the study of the quality of human mandibles. Raman spectra were recorded and the bands attributed to bioapatite and collagen were analyzed. The ratio of bioapatite to collagen (Mineral to Matrix Ratio) and the ratio of non-reducible to reducible collagen cross-links were determined. In the first case, the Mineral to Matrix ratio (MMR) was calculated using the intensities of the bands at 960 cm-1 for bioapatite and 855 cm-1, 875 cm-1 and 920 cm-1 for proline and hydroxyproline, [I (960 cm-1 / (855 cm-1 + 875 cm-1 + 920 cm-1)], while the ratio of collagen cross-links was calculated using the amide I envelope, and specifically, using the intensities of the bands at 1658, 1668 cm-1 for non-reducible cross-links and 1680, 1690 cm-1 for reducible collagen cross-links [I (1658 cm-1 + 1668 cm-1) / (1680 cm-1 + 1690 cm-1)]. These indicators were applied for the construction of diagrams showing the changes of bone quality within the same mandible. It was shown that each bone has different mechanical properties which vary spatially. These variations are possibly related to human habits such as chewing. Comparison of Raman spectroscopy (MMR) results against dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry BMD measurements was also attempted and similarity in their trends was noticed. Finally, the Raman spectral changes induced to mandible collagen due to different storage conditions, such as dehydration, were studied. Raman spectra were recorded from a sample of an as received human mandible and after immersion in PBS (Phosphate Buffer Solution). Sub-bands of amide I envelope were used for the calculation of the ratios 1660 cm-1 / 1690 cm-1, 1658 cm-1 / 1660 cm-1 and (1658 cm-1 + 1668 cm-1) / 1690 cm-1. From these ratios it was found that the presence of the band at 1658 cm-1 was due to dehydration and that immersion in PBS solution can, at least partially, rehydrate the collagen. At the same time, no collagen cross-linking changes were observed.

Problem: Third molar removal in sagittal split osteotomies(SSOs) is recommended by some authors at least 6 months preoperatively to prevent unfavorable fractures. Others authors suggest concomitant removal. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of third molars during SSOs. Methods: A prospective study of 677 SSOs was conducted. GroupI consisted of 331 SSOs and third molar removal. GroupII consisted of 346 SSOs without third molar. Intraoperative and postoperative evaluations were recorded. Results: The overall rate of unfavorable fractures was 3.1%, with incidences of 2.4% in GroupI, compared to 3.8% in GroupII(P=0.3). The rate of IAN entrapment was lower in GroupI(37.2%) than in GroupII(46.5%;P=0.01). Third molars increased procedural time by 1.7 minutes. Neurosensory deficits were higher in GroupII. Conclusion: Removal of third molars during SSOs is not associated with increased incidence of unfavorable fractures. Their presence decreases IAN entrapment, improve neurosensory recovery, but slightly increases operating time.

The current application of low persistence pesticides is unreliable for protecting wooden structures from termite attack. These applications may also pose an environmental and public health risk. Consequently, there is a need for the development of alternative systems to protect wooden structures from termites. Investigated here is the interaction between Australian termites, Coptotermes acinaciformis Froggatt, and to a lesser extent, Mastotermes darwiniensis Froggatt and Schedorhinotermes seclusus Hill, and a barrier system for protection of wooden structures. The aim was to develop an improved barrier for the protection of wooden structures that maximizes protection and minimizes environmental and health risks. Specifically, the performance of a barrier to protect wood against termite attack that incorporates a synthetic pyrethroid into polyurethane formulations is investigated. This research was conducted in parallel with other project contributors focusing on material science aspects of the research goals. A fundamental problem in assessing the value of termite barrier strategies lies in developing and interpreting laboratory assays that can deliver reasonable predictions of performance in the field. This is particularly the case with respect to the behaviour of termites over much longer periods in the field than can be undertaken in the laboratory. The approach to laboratory trials presented here is to define individual termite capabilities and, in combination with behavioural studies, to develop an understanding of factors which affect termite performance. The key experimental approach involved various laboratory based assays to evaluate termite foraging behaviour and performance against a range of barrier materials, progressing to field trials with the best performing material. Various species of termites; M. darwiniensis (Mastotermitidae), Cryptotermes primus (Hill) (Kalotermitidae), C. acinaciformis , Coptotermes frenchi Hill and S. seclusus (Rhinotermitidae), Microcerotermes serratus (Froggatt), Microcerotermes turneri (Froggatt) and Nasutitermes walkeri (Hill) (Termitidae) and Porotermes adamsoni (Froggatt) (Termopsidae); were investigated to determine the force that they can develop at their mandible tips. Larger termites can generate higher pressures on their mandible tips than smaller termites. By quantifying the mandible strength of a termite it was possible to contrast the capabilities of various economic termite species. Damage caused by an individual termite biting on synthetic materials was measured using electron microscope generated three dimensional models of indentations caused to the material. This was successful in quantifying the immediate capabilities of individual termites of different species. Most species were found to inflict a similar amount of damage to high density polyethylene. However M. darwiniensis caused much more damage than other species examined. Micro hardness testing was utilized to determine the relative hardness of pest termite mandibles. Termites were found to have mandibles much harder than any tested synthetic material. It was therefore found to be unrealistic to aim to develop barrier technology based on “harder than termite mandible material”. Trials using groups of termites in the laboratory demonstrated large differences in the performance of termites against various synthetic materials. There was a tendency for harder materials to suffer less damage. Mechanical properties of the barrier alone were found to be insufficient to stop termite damage. The resistance of polyurethane formulations incorporating insecticides to termite attack in the laboratory demonstrated a potential suitability for termite barrier technology. In behaviour trials, persistence of termite attack at the barrier face was found to be due not only to deterrent chemicals, but also to physical characteristics. Softer materials are not only easier for termites to remove but termites attack softer materials with greater tenacity, more termites spend more time attacking softer materials. Laboratory toxicity trials confirmed the bioavailability of Bifenthrin when incorporated within the barrier material and enabled the establishment of expected concentrations for effective protection. Termites were found to require direct contact with the barrier for mortality to occur. Trials designed to quantify repellence of the Bifenthrin in the barrier found that termites did not escape mortality by avoiding contact with the barrier material. As such pure Bifenthrin is shown to protect the barrier material directly by causing mortality rather than by repelling live termites away from the barrier. Field trials were conducted in northern Queensland where colonies of economic termites could be directly targeted. Wooden blocks were coated in polyurethane containing a range of Bifenthrin concentrations and trialed over an eight month period. Combination of the pyrethroid Bifenthrin in a polyurethane barrier at concentrations as low as 0.07% proved successful in preventing damage by the economically important termites M. darwiniensis and C. acinaciformis under high pressure field conditions. Only very small amounts of Bifenthrin migrated into adjacent soil, concentrations reached were in the order of 100 µg/kg of soil. For comparison the MLR for Bifenthrin in bananas for human consumption is 100 µg/kg. Bifenthrin in a polyurethane barrier could be used for the protection of houses and other wooden structures in the same manner as existing barrier film technology in order to minimise environmental and health risks associated with direct pesticide application techniques.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2008. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed June 2, 2008). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed on June 26, 2009). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1975.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1987.

Thesis (MSc.(Chemistry)) - University of Pretoria, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Southern California, 1999. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.