Vinte e oito bovinos machos inteiros da raça Brangus foram utilizados para se determinar os efeitos da estabilidade oxidativa no músculo e no fígado, comparando a utilização de fonte orgânica e inorgânica de selênio e extrato de alecrim, com base na análise da concentração de selênio no fígado e no soro, na análise da atividade da enzima glutationa peroxidase, da enzima superóxido dismutase e da catalase no fígado, e na análise de TBARS (substâncias reativas ao ácido 2-tio-barbitúrico) no músculo. Os tratamentos foram: 1) Controle - sem suplementação de selênio ou de extrato de alecrim; 2) Se IN - 2 mg de selênio/kg de matéria seca na forma de selenito de sódio; 3) Se - 2 mg de selênio/kg de matéria seca, na forma de selênio-metionina; e 4) Alecrim - 1400 mg de extrato de alecrim/kg de matéria seca. O ganho de peso foi maior com a suplementação de selênio inorgânico (P<0,05) em relação ao tratamento controle, mas não apresentou diferença em relação aos outros tratamentos. A eficiência alimentar foi maior em todos os tratamentos quando comparados ao controle (P<0,05). A ingestão de matéria seca não foi alterada pelos tratamentos (P>0,05). A concentração de selênio no fígado foi maior no tratamento selênio inorgânico (P<0,05) do que no tratamento controle, entretanto os tratamentos alecrim e selênio orgânico não apresentaram diferença entre si (P>0,05). A concentração de selênio no soro foi maior nos tratamentos selênio orgânico e inorgânico em relação ao controle por todo o período (P<0,05). O perfil de ácidos graxos na carne não foi alterado pelos tratamentos (P>0,05). A atividade da glutationa peroxidase foi maior no tratamento selênio inorgânico em relação ao controle (P<0,05). A atividade da superóxido dismutase foi menor no tratamento alecrim (P<0,05). Tanto a atividade da enzima catalase quanto a análise de TBARS não apresentaram diferença entre os tratamentos (P>0,05). / Twenty eight Brangus males were used to determine the oxidative stability of muscle and liver in order to compare organic and inorganic selenium source and rosemary extract based on the analysis of selenium concentration in the liver and in the serum, on the analysis of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in the liver and also based on TBARS analysis (substances related to 2-thiobarbituric acid) in the muscle. Treatments were: 1) Control . without selenium or rosemary extract; 2) Se IN . 2 mg selenium/kg dry matter, as sodium selenite; 3) Se . 2 mg selenium/kg dry matter, as selenium-methionine and 4)Rosemary . 1400 mg rosemary extract/kg dry matter. Weight gain was greater when inorganic selenium was used (P<0.05) in comparison with control, however there was no difference regarding the other treatments. Feed efficiency was higher than control for all treatments (P<0.05). Dry matter intake was not affected by treatments (P<0.05). Selenium concentration in the liver was greater for inorganic selenium (P<0.05) than for control, in spite of that rosemary and organic selenium did not differ between themselves (P<0.05). Selenium concentration in the serum was higher for organic and inorganic selenium treatments than for control during all the period (P<0.05). Fatty acid profile in the meat was not affected by the treatments (P<0.05). Glutathione peroxidase activity was greater for inorganic selenium treatment when compared to control (P<0.05). Superoxide dismutase activity was lower for the rosemary treatment (P<0.05). Neither catalase activity nor TBARS analysis differ among treatments (P<0.05).

The aim of this research was to determine if strategic marketing options will grow the sales of finer grade vermiculite.

Carbon dioxide capture and storage will be necessary to mitigate the effects of global climate change. Mineral carbonation - converting carbon dioxide gas to carbonate minerals - is a permanent and environmentally benign mechanism for storing carbon dioxide. The peridotite section of the Samail Ophiolite is host to exceptionally well-developed, naturally occurring mineral carbonation and serves as a natural analog for an engineered carbon dioxide storage project. This work characterizes the geochemistry and hydrogeology of peridotite aquifers in the Samail Ophiolite. Water samples were collected from hyperalkaline springs, surface waters, and boreholes in peridotite, and recent mineral precipitates were collected near hyperalkaline springs. Samples were analyzed for chemical composition. Geochemical data were used to delineate water-rock-CO₂ reactions in the subsurface and constrain a reaction path model for the system. This model indicates that mineral carbonation in the natural system is limited by the amount of dissolved carbon dioxide in water that infiltrates deep into the aquifer. The amount of carbon dioxide stored in the system could potentially be enhanced by carbon dioxide injection into the aquifer. Reaction path modeling suggests that injection of water at saturation with carbon dioxide at 100 bars pCO₂ and 90⁰C could increase the carbonation rate by a factor of up to 16,000 and bring carbonation efficiency to almost 100%. Dissolved gas samples from boreholes were collected at in situ conditions and analyzed for chemical composition. Boreholes with pH > 10 contain millimolar levels of dissolved hydrogen and/or methane, indicating these boreholes are located near areas of active low temperature serpentinization. Serpentinization rates were calculated using groundwater flow estimates and dissolved gas concentrations, and range from 3x10⁻⁸ to 2x10⁻⁶ volume fraction peridotite serpentinized per year. Additionally, laboratory incubation experiments show dissolved hydrogen can be stored in sealed copper tubes for at least three months with neither diffusive loss nor production of hydrogen from oxidation of the copper. These experiments demonstrate that copper tubes can be practical containers for collecting and storing dissolved hydrogen in freshwater. Groundwater ages in the peridotite section of the Samail Ophiolite are investigated through analysis of tritium, dissolved noble gases, and stable isotopes. Tritium-³Helium dating was used to estimate the age of modern groundwaters (< 60 years old), and helium accumulation was used as relative age indicator for pre-bomb groundwaters (> 60 years old). Waters with pH < 9.3 have ages from 0-40 years, while waters with pH > 9.3 are all more than 60 years in age. Helium accumulation indicates pH < 10 waters contain only atmospheric and tritiogenic helium, while pH > 10 waters have accumulated 30-65% of their helium from radiogenic production or mantle helium. pH > 10 waters are thus significantly older than pH < 10 waters. Noble gas temperatures are generally around 32⁰C, close to the current mean annual ground temperature. One hyperalkaline borehole has noble gas temperatures 7⁰C cooler than the modern ground temperature, indicating the water at that site may have recharged during a glacial period. Stable isotope data (Δ¹⁸O and Δ²H) for waters with pH < 11 plot between the northern and southern local meteoric water lines, in the typical range for modern groundwater. Hyperalkaline boreholes and springs are enriched in Δ¹⁸O, which suggests they recharged when the southern vapor source dominated, perhaps during glacial periods. Lastly, the potential for in situ mineral carbonation in peridotite is investigated through reactive transport modeling of dissolved CO₂ injection into a peridotite aquifer. Injection was simulated at two depths, 1.25 km and 2.5 km, with reservoir conditions loosely based on the peridotite section of the Samail Ophiolite. The dependence of carbonation extent (mass of carbon dioxide sequestered as carbonate minerals per unit volume) on different factors - such as permeability, reactive surface area, and temperature - was explored. Carbonation extent is strongly controlled by reactive surface area (RSA), with geometric RSA models producing 10 to 770 times more carbonation than conservative RSA models with the same initial permeabilities and temperatures. The ratio of carbon dioxide supply to RSA is also a key factor. The ideal relationship between CO₂ supply and RSA appears to be from 5x10⁻⁴ to 0.2 kg CO₂ /day per m²/m³ RSA. Temperature has also has an impact on carbonation rate: for the same initial permeability, carbonation is 7-35% faster at 90⁰C than at 60⁰C. Simulations of a 50-year carbon dioxide injection show that fracture porosity and permeability do not become overly clogged and carbonation continues at a more or less constant rate. We estimate that one dissolved CO₂ injection well in peridotite could store 1.4 Mtons CO₂ in 30 years with a storage cost of $6/ton. This suggests that an engineered carbon dioxide storage project in peridotite could be both feasible and economical. In situ mineral carbonation in peridotite should continue to be investigated as a safe and permanent mechanism for carbon dioxide storage.

No description available.

Owing to the diverse geological processes of genesis, metals occur in earth’s crust in a variety of minerals that form ore deposits across the globe. These deposits significantly differ in terms of their physical and chemical characteristics, and conditions of hosting. Productivity growth in any given metal industry is therefore governed by not only the advancements in technology, but also this unique variation in its natural input in course of cumulative extraction and depletion. Detailed analysis of the changes in process input intensities and sector productivity corresponding to a representative spectrum of geological transitions in copper ores reveals that the continuous and incremental technological developments had successfully offset the detrimental effects of depletion on sector productivity, often aided by the geological characteristics that changed to the miners’ advantage. However, the transition of ores below a threshold level of purity and then into the next prevalent chemical composition, was found to cause a steep rise in input intensities that would lead to a fall in productivity despite the introduction of a widely acclaimed innovative process of copper extraction. The study shows that the impacts of depletion are neither linear, nor uniform, and not always detrimental to productivity. It shows the usefulness of productivity studies in estimating the impacts depletion that may not proceed in strictly sequential manner in the short and medium term, as well as evaluating the benefits of technological change. Though the study is primarily based on copper industry, the findings hold relevance for other metal industries too.

Includes bibliographical references. / 1 v. : / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / This thesis investigates the nature and origins of minerals of a group known as layer (sheet) silicates or phyllosilicates. It consists of a collection of research papers grouped into 3 categories: modulated layer silicates, clay silicates and the weathering of rocks and minerals, including the formation of clay minerals. Central to the research has been the use of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). All three research categories were carried out simultaneously. / Thesis (D.Sc.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Geology and Geophysics, 1999

Graduation date: 1995

No description available.

minerology

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2008. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 228-234).